金酒的历史

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This podcast is sponsored by IQ bar.

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欢迎收听来自5minutehistory.com的《五分钟历史》播客，我们将用约五分钟时间纵览历史。若喜欢本节目并想支持我们，请考虑为我们买杯咖啡。访问5minutehistory.com/coffee了解详情。这是第83期节目——金酒的历史。让我们聊聊金酒。

Welcome to the five minute history podcast from 5minutehistory.com, where we take a historical look at things in about five minutes. If you enjoy the show and would like to support us, please consider buying us a coffee. Head on over to 5minutehistory.com/coffee to see how. This is episode 83, the history of gin. Let's talk about gin.

这种清爽馥郁、用途广泛的饮品已存在数百年，从医疗药剂蜕变为鸡尾酒单上的常客。但这是如何发生的？杜松子风味烈酒如何成为全球文化内涵最丰富且广受喜爱的饮品？金酒的故事如同其风味般复杂迷人。一切始于11世纪——不在酒吧，而在修道院。

Crisp, botanical, and endlessly versatile, it's a drink that's been around for centuries and has managed to go from a medicinal remedy to a cocktail menu mainstay. But how did that happen? How did juniper flavored spirit become one of the most culturally loaded and widely loved drinks in the world? The story of gin is as complex and intriguing as the drink itself. We start way back in the eleventh century, not in a bar, but in a monastery.

意大利修士为药用目的将杜松子浸泡于酒精中。杜松长期被认为具有促进消化、血液循环及治疗多种疾病的功效。这些早期草药浸液是金酒的雏形，当时更侧重疗效而非调酒。现代金酒最早可追溯至16世纪的荷兰，一种名为Genever的饮品开始流行。

Monks in Italy were infusing alcohol with juniper berries mainly for medicinal reasons. Juniper had long been believed to have healing properties, good for digestion, circulation, and a variety of ailments. These early herbal infusions were the ancestors of gin, although they were more focused on treating symptoms than on mixing cocktails. The first recognizable version of gin as we know it today originated in The Netherlands in the sixteenth century. There, a drink called Genever became popular.

这是以麦芽为基底，加入杜松子及其他草本调味的烈酒，至今仍有生产，但最初更多作为药物而非酒饮。荷兰蒸馏师加大产量后，很快引起英吉利海峡对岸的注意。八十年战争期间，与荷兰并肩作战的英国士兵尝到Genever，将其称为'荷兰人的勇气'并带回英国。

It was a malt based spirit flavored with juniper and other botanicals. It still exists today, but it was originally intended more as medicine than a tipple. Dutch distillers were producing it in increasing quantities, and it wasn't long before their English neighbors took notice. During the Eighty Years' War, English soldiers fighting alongside the Dutch got a taste for Geneva. They brought the habit back to England, referring to it as Dutch courage.

当奥兰治的威廉于1688年继承英国王位后，情况剧变。他鼓励本土烈酒生产，并对法国白兰地课以重税，结果导致金酒蒸馏业在英国遍地开花。随之而来的是臭名昭著的'金酒狂热'。18世纪初，金酒已无处不在。

Then when William of Orange took the English throne in 1688, things really took off. He encouraged domestic spirit production and put heavy taxes on imported French brandy. The result, an explosion in gin distilling across England. What followed next is infamous, the gin craze. By the early seventeen hundreds, gin was everywhere.

它价格低廉、制作简单且不受监管，无需许可证即可销售。人们在街头巷尾、市场摊位购买。整个社区——尤其是伦敦——都深陷其中。贫困人群更将金酒视为艰难生活的慰藉。

It was cheap, easy to make, and unregulated. You didn't need a license to sell it. People bought it on the street, in back alleys, from market stalls. Entire neighbourhoods, especially in London, were caught up in it. People experiencing poverty, in particular, turned to gin as a means of relief from their hard lives.

令当局震惊的不仅是消费量，更是其带来的影响。杜松子酒被指责导致犯罪率上升、社会动荡和普遍苦难。'母亲之祸'的绰号便源于这个时代，且不无道理。威廉·霍加斯1751年著名的版画《杜松子酒巷》生动展现了这种烈酒对社会造成的触目惊心的影响。

It wasn't just the volume of consumption that alarmed authorities. It was the effects that concerned them. Gin was blamed for a rise in crime, social unrest, and general misery. The nickname mother's ruin comes from this era, and for good reason. William Hogarth's famous 1751 engraving, Gin Lane, painted a stark picture of the spirit's impact on society.

为应对危机，议会自1736年起陆续颁布了一系列《杜松子酒法案》。这些法律试图通过征税和行业监管来限制消费。早期尝试均告失败——暴乱频发、非法商贩猖獗、民众普遍抵制。但1751年的法案更具威慑力，最终杜松子酒消费量开始下降。

To combat the crisis, parliament introduced a series of gin acts starting in 1736. The laws tried to limit consumption by taxing and regulating the industry. Early attempts failed. There were riots, illegal sellers, and widespread resistance. However, the 1751 gin act had more teeth, and eventually, gin consumption began to decline.

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Imagine you're a business owner relying on a dozen different software programs. Each one disconnected, more expensive, and more complicated than the last. It can be incredibly stressful. Right? Now picture Odoo.

Odoo将企业所需的所有工具整合到一个简洁平台：CRM、财务、库存、生产、营销、人力资源等，全部无缝衔接。各模块协同运作，让您全方位安心掌控企业运营。Odoo的开源应用操作友好，专为伴随企业成长而设计，助您省时省钱。告别多平台手忙脚乱，迎接高效集成管理。别再为复杂系统浪费资源，立即改用Odoo。

Odoo brings all the tools your business needs into one simple platform, CRM, accounting, inventory, manufacturing, marketing, HR, and more, all seamlessly connected. Everything works together, giving you the peace of mind that your business is running smoothly from every angle. Odoo's open source applications are user friendly and designed to scale with your business, saving you time and money. Say goodbye to juggling multiple platforms and hello to efficient integrated management. Stop wasting resources on complicated systems and make the switch to Odoo today.

访问odoo.com和0d00.com，了解Odoo如何简化和优化您的业务流程。Odoo——让现代管理化繁为简。

Visit odoo.com, 0d00.com, and discover how Odoo can simplify and streamline your business operations. Odoo, modern management made simple.

十九世纪开始出现重大变革。工业革命带来技术进步，包括柱式蒸馏器的发明，使酿酒师能生产更纯净、更中性的烈酒。这些酒体非常适合与植物香料调配，帮助杜松子酒摆脱了粗劣辛辣的形象。伦敦干金酒便诞生于此时。

By the nineteenth century, significant changes began to occur. The industrial revolution brought technological advances, including the invention of the column still. This allowed distillers to make cleaner, more neutral spirits. These spirits were perfect for blending with botanicals, which helped gin shed its rough, fiery image. This is when London dry gin emerged.

它比早期版本更清爽、更轻盈、更精致。杜松子酒如今已是体面饮品，开始出现在绅士俱乐部和调酒书中。其声誉终于开始恢复。与此同时，杜松子酒成为大英帝国的重要物资——驻守热带地区的殖民者和士兵用奎宁防治疟疾。

It was crisper, lighter, and far more refined than the earlier versions. Gin was now a respectable drink, and it began showing up in gentlemen's clubs and cocktail books. Its reputation had finally started to recover. At the same time, gin became a staple in the British Empire. Colonists and soldiers stationed in tropical climates used quinine to fight off malaria.

人们将奎宁溶于水，加糖掩盖苦味后掺入杜松子酒。这就是金汤力的起源，这款饮品迅速成为殖民地生活的一部分，最终传回英国本土。接着美国迎来禁酒令时期（1920-1933年）。虽然酒精被禁，杜松子酒却未消失，反而大行其道。

The quinine was dissolved in water, sweetened to mask the bitterness, and mixed with gin. This was the birth of the gin and tonic, a drink that quickly became part of colonial life and eventually made its way back to Britain. Then came prohibition in The United States. From 1920 to 1933, alcohol was banned, but gin didn't go away. In fact, it flourished.

与威士忌不同，杜松子酒无需陈酿，可快速廉价地秘密生产。这种俗称'浴缸金酒'的私酿虽未必安全，却极易获取。人们在遍布全国的非法酒吧里饮用，使之成为爵士时代的标志性烈酒。马天尼、汤姆柯林斯等经典鸡尾酒更巩固了杜松子酒在美国文化中的地位。

Unlike whiskey, gin doesn't need to be aged. It could be made quickly and cheaply, often in secret. Bathtub gin, as it came to be known, wasn't always safe, but it was accessible. People drank it in speakeasies across the country, and it became the spirit of the jazz age. Classic cocktails like the Martini and the Tom Collins cemented gin's place in American culture.

即便禁酒令结束，杜松子酒仍流行了一段时间。但到1960-1970年代，其地位开始下滑。伏特加以更顺滑、更现代、更简单的营销形象成为新宠，杜松子酒则被视为过时产物。直到21世纪初，局面才再次改变。

Even when prohibition ended, the spirit stayed popular at least for a while. However, by the nineteen sixties and nineteen seventies, gin began to lose ground. Vodka took over as the drink of choice, marketed as smoother, more modern, and less complicated. Gin was seen as old fashioned. That all changed again in the early two thousands.

精酿烈酒风潮兴起，随之而来的是金酒的复兴。小型蒸馏厂如雨后春笋般涌现，尝试使用非常规植物原料、本地食材和创意品牌设计。突然间，金酒又变得时髦起来。如今有适合各种口味的金酒，花香型、辛辣型、柑橘型、泥土气息型，应有尽有。有添加薰衣草的金酒，有海藻风味的金酒，还有藏红花调制的金酒，而且这股风潮不仅限于英国。

The craft spirits movement arrived, and with it came a gin renaissance. Small distilleries began popping up everywhere, experimenting with unusual botanicals, local ingredients, and creative branding. Suddenly, gin was cool again. Now there's a gin for every palate, floral, spicy, citrusy, earthy, you name it. There's gin with lavender, gin with seaweed, gin with saffron, and it's not just in The UK.

西班牙发展出了自己独特的金汤力文化。日本采用柚子、山椒等本土植物原料，酿造出优雅精致的金酒。在美国，金酒通过勇于创新的精酿蒸馏师之手实现了回归。与此同时，添加利、必富达和孟买蓝宝石等传统品牌依然蓬勃发展。它们在适应不断变化的口味同时，始终忠于金酒的本质。

Spain has developed its own strong gin and tonic culture. Japan produces elegant, delicate gins using local botanicals such as yuzu and sansho pepper. In The United States, gin has made a comeback in the hands of craft distillers who aren't afraid to innovate. At the same time, traditional brands like Tanqueray, Beefeater, and Bombay Sapphire continue to thrive. They've adapted to changing tastes while staying true to the core of what gin is meant to be.

这是一种以复杂植物香气为特色的烈酒，个性鲜明大胆。考虑到它动荡的过去，金酒如今在全球的受欢迎程度令人瞩目。它曾被颂扬、谴责、禁止，又重获新生。历经沧桑，它仍在不断进化。与许多其他烈酒不同，金酒并不以陈年时间或产地定义。

A bold, characterful spirit built around the complexity of botanicals. Gin's global popularity today is remarkable, considering its turbulent past. It's been celebrated, condemned, banned, and reborn. And through it all, it has continued to evolve. Unlike many other spirits, gin isn't defined by aging or region.

它的特质源自植物原料的风味平衡与蒸馏师的技艺。这赋予了它成长、适应并保持永恒魅力的空间。从修道院药剂到现代调酒术，金酒已证明它不仅仅是一种饮品。它是所处时代与地域的映照。无论你钟情于马天尼、金汤力，还是其他意想不到的喝法，每一杯中都承载着一段历史。

Its identity comes from the balance of flavors in the botanicals and the skill of the distiller. That gives it room to grow, to adapt, and to remain endlessly fascinating. From monastic medicine to modern mixology, gin has proved it's more than just a drink. It's a reflection of the time and place in which it's made. And whether you enjoy it in a martini, a G and T, or something entirely unexpected, there's a piece of history in every glass.

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感谢收听，我们下次见。

Thanks for listening, and I'll see you next time.