足球的历史

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好了，快速插播。敲门笑话。谁啊？Amazon Music。

Alright. Quick break. Knock knock. Who's there? Amazon Music.

Amazon Music什么？Amazon Music是Prime会员可以无广告收听顶级喜剧播客的地方。没有尴尬的插播，只有您最喜爱节目的不间断笑声。它免费、有趣，而且嘿，比我的敲门笑话强多了。下载Amazon Music应用，让欢乐时光延续，或访问amazon.com/adfreecomedy。

Amazon Music who? Amazon Music where prime members can listen to top comedy podcasts ad free. No awkward interruptions, just nonstop laughs from your favorite shows. It's free, it's funny, and hey, it's better than my knock knock jokes. Download the Amazon Music app and let the good times roll or go to amazon.com/adfreecomedy.

请访问amazon.com/adfreecomedy，无广告畅听最新剧集。

That's amazon.com/adfreecomedy to catch up on the latest episodes without the ads.

欢迎收听来自5minutehistory.com的《五分钟历史》播客，我们将用约五分钟时间带您了解历史。如果您喜欢本节目并想支持我们，请考虑为我们买杯咖啡。前往five minute history dot com斜杠coffee查看方式。这是第84期，足球的历史。让我们探索这个俘获数十亿人心的运动。

Welcome to the five Minute History podcast from 5minutehistory.com, where we take a historical look at things in about five minutes. If you enjoy the show and would like to support us, please consider buying us a coffee. Head on over to five minute history dot com forward /coffee to see how. This is episode 84, the history of soccer. Let's explore a game that has captured the hearts of billions.

无论您称它为soccer还是football，这个故事讲述了一个简单的球类游戏如何成为世界最受欢迎的运动。足球的根源可追溯至远古时代。在中国古代，早在公元前三世纪就有名为蹴鞠的游戏。它涉及将皮球踢过竹制门柱，士兵们既用它进行战斗训练，也作为宫廷娱乐。与此同时，在世界其他角落，不同文化也在创造自己的版本。

Whether you call it soccer or football, this is the story of how a simple game with a ball became the world's most popular sport. The roots of soccer stretch far back in time. In ancient China, a game called cuzhou was played as early as the third century BCE. It involved kicking a leather ball through a goal made from bamboo posts, and soldiers used it to train for battle as well as for courtly entertainment. Meanwhile, in other corners of the world, different cultures were inventing their own versions.

希腊人有一种叫episkiros的球类游戏，罗马人则玩一种更粗野、更具身体对抗性的harpastum。在中美洲，玛雅人和阿兹特克人也玩球类游戏，常与宗教仪式相关。虽然这些古代游戏与我们熟知的足球不尽相同，但它们共享一个核心理念：用身体移动球体并最终射门的乐趣与挑战。快进到中世纪的欧洲，画面开始显得更熟悉也更混乱。在英格兰，街头和田野上进行着被称为football的大型村庄间比赛。

The Greeks had a ball game called episkiros, and the Romans played a rougher, more physical game known as harpastum. In Mesoamerica, the Maya and Aztecs also played ball games, often linked to religion and ritual. Though these ancient games weren't quite soccer as we know it, they shared one key idea, the joy and challenge of moving a ball with the body and, ideally, into a goal. Fast forward to medieval Europe, and the picture starts to look more familiar and a lot more chaotic. In England, massive village wide games of what was loosely called football were played in streets and fields.

规则因地而异，非正式且常伴随暴力。球门可能是教堂大门或邻镇的某棵树，场地没有明确边界。这些比赛有时会被国王禁止，他们担心比赛造成太多混乱或让人们疏于练习被视为重要军事技能的射箭。但足球并未消失。几个世纪以来，它在英国各地的学校和城镇中演变，到19世纪时，伊顿、哈罗和拉格比等公学开始以更有组织的形式进行比赛。

The rules were local, informal, and often violent. Goals could be a church door or a tree in the next town, and the playing field had no real boundaries. These games were sometimes banned by kings who worried that they caused too much disruption or distracted people from practicing archery, which was seen as a vital military skill. But football didn't go away. Over the centuries, it evolved in schools and towns across Britain, and by the nineteenth century, it was being played in more organized forms at public schools like Eton, Harrow, and rugby.

问题是每所学校都有自己的规则版本。有些允许持球跑动，有些则不允许。没有统一的玩法。这种情况在1863年发生改变，当时几家英格兰俱乐部的代表在伦敦会面，成立了足球协会（FA）。他们制定了一套标准规则，禁止用手触球，这有助于将association football与rugby football区分开来。

The problem was that every school had its own version of the rules. Some allowed carrying the ball, others didn't. There was no single way to play. That changed in 1863 when representatives from several English clubs met in London to form the Football Association or FA. They created a standard set of rules that banned handling the ball, which helped set association football apart from rugby football.

这就是‘soccer’一词的真正由来，它源自‘association’这个词。随着这些新规则的实施，俱乐部开始成立，比赛更加定期举行，大批球迷开始涌入观赛。1872年，英格兰与苏格兰之间举行了首场正式国际比赛。到19世纪末，足球运动已远播至英国以外的地区。

And that's where the term soccer actually comes from. It's derived from the word association. With these new rules in place, clubs began to form, matches were played more regularly, and fans started turning up in large numbers. The first official international match took place in 1872 between England and Scotland. By the end of the century, soccer had spread well beyond Britain.

大英帝国在这项运动的扩张中扮演了重要角色。水手、商人和士兵将足球带到了世界偏远角落。阿根廷、巴西和乌拉圭等国迅速接纳了这项运动。在欧洲大陆，意大利、法国、西班牙和德国的民众对足球展现出极大热情。1904年，多个欧洲国家联合成立了国际足联（FIFA）——足球运动的国际管理机构。

The British Empire played a big part in that expansion. Sailors, traders, and soldiers brought the game with them to far flung parts of the world. It took hold in countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. In Continental Europe, it found enthusiastic audiences in Italy, France, Spain, and Germany. In nineteen o four, several European countries came together to form FIFA, the international governing body for football.

1930年，首届世界杯在乌拉圭举行。13支球队参赛，东道主最终夺冠。这标志着世界上最大体育赛事的开端。与其他领域一样，足球也受到战争影响。两次世界大战期间，联赛停摆，球员奔赴前线。

And in 1930, the first ever World Cup was held in Uruguay. 13 teams took part, and the hosts emerged as champions. It marked the beginning of what would become the world's largest sporting event. Like everything else, football was affected by war. During the first and second world wars, leagues were suspended and players were sent to the front lines.

但足球仍奇迹般地将人们凝聚在一起。著名的1914年圣诞停战事件中，英德士兵放下武器，在无人区自发进行比赛——这是残酷战争中罕见的和平时刻。二战后，足球为国家重建与联系发挥了关键作用。1950年巴西世界杯重燃全球热情，从此这项运动持续蓬勃发展。

However, football still managed to bring people together. One famous example is the Christmas truce of nineteen fourteen when British and German soldiers put down their weapons and played a spontaneous match in no man's land. It was a rare moment of peace in a brutal war. After World War two, football played a crucial role in helping nations rebuild and reconnect. The nineteen fifty World Cup in Brazil reignited global interest, and from that point on, the sport continued to grow.

俱乐部层面也迎来重大发展。英格兰、西班牙、德国和意大利的联赛规模激增，拥有狂热球迷和不断增长的收益。皇家马德里、曼联、巴塞罗那、尤文图斯和拜仁慕尼黑等俱乐部赢得全球追随者。1955年创立的欧洲杯（后更名为欧冠联赛）为顶级俱乐部提供了跨国竞技平台，成为最负盛名的俱乐部赛事。

At the club level, football was also experiencing significant growth. Leagues in England, Spain, Germany, and Italy became huge, with passionate fan bases and rising revenues. Clubs like Real Madrid, Manchester United, Barcelona, Juventus, and Bayern Munich gained global followings. The introduction of the European Cup in 1955, later renamed the UEFA Champions League, provided top clubs with a platform to compete beyond their domestic borders. It became the most prestigious club football tournament.

足球并非男性专属。女子足球自1990年代起迅速崛起。首届女足世界杯于1991年举行，影响力与日俱增。2019年法国女足世界杯吸引巨大观众群体，彰显女子足球的发展成就。足球运动也在拥抱新技术。

The game wasn't just for men. Women's football also began to rise, especially from the nineteen nineties onward. The FIFA Women's World Cup was first held in 1991, and it's been growing in stature ever since. The 2019 tournament in France drew huge crowds and global viewership, showing just how far the women's game had come. Football has also adapted to new technology.

门线技术和VAR（视频助理裁判）等创新改变了比赛判罚方式。数据分析、运动科学和先进训练方法将比赛提升至新高度。现代球员在体能、速度和技术层面都达到前所未有的水平。当然，足球经济也经历巨变——顶级俱乐部成为价值数十亿美元的全球品牌。

Innovations like goal line technology and VAR or video assistant referee, have changed how matches are officiated. Data analytics, sports science, and enhanced training methods have elevated the game to new heights. Players today are fitter, faster, and more technically skilled than ever before. And, of course, the economics of football have undergone a significant transformation. Top clubs have become global brands, some worth billions of dollars.

球员成为拥有代言、赞助和社交媒体影响力的明星，堪比流行歌手和影星。足球是生意，更是激情。其成功核心在于极简本质：只需一球一空地。全球每个角落的孩子们在街道、小巷、海滩和操场尽情踢球。

Players are celebrities with endorsements, sponsorships, and social media followings that rival pop stars and actors. The game is a business, but it's also still a passion. At the heart of football's success is its simplicity. All you need is a ball and some space. Kids play it in the streets, in alleyways, on beaches and schoolyards, in every corner of the globe.

足球是共通的语言、集体的欢乐，更是许多人摆脱困境的途径。贝利、马拉多纳、梅西和C罗等巨星都出身寒微，但天赋与拼搏使他们成为传奇。足球也是政治表达、社会变革的平台，被用于促进和平、对抗不公、凝聚人心。俱乐部和国家队常成为身份认同、希望与骄傲的象征。

It's a shared language, a common joy, and for many, a way out of hardship. Greats like Pele, Maradona, Messi, and Ronaldo all started with very little, but their talent and drive made them legends. Football has also served as a platform for politics, protest, and social change. It's been used to promote peace, challenge injustice, and bring people together. Clubs and national teams often become symbols of identity, hope, and pride.

如今全球200多个国家有超过2.5亿人参与足球运动，这是真正意义上的世界性运动。无论是座无虚席的球场欢呼，还是朋友在尘土飞扬的空地踢球，足球精神始终如一。随着新一代球迷和球员的加入，足球历史仍在续写，充满激情、戏剧性和跨越国界文化的团结时刻。感谢收听5minutehistory.com出品的《五分钟历史》播客。

Today, football is played in over 200 countries by more than 250,000,000 people. It's the world's game in every sense. From the roar of the crowd in a packed stadium to a group of friends kicking a ball in a dusty field, The spirit of the game is the same. As each generation brings new fans and players, the history of soccer continues to grow, full of passion, drama, and moments that unite people across borders and cultures. Thanks for listening to the five Minute History podcast from 5minutehistory.com.

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