2025年9月21日：颠覆者大学，塑造进化，帝王蝶的迁徙

眼下，我们正经历着国家有史以来最为动荡的政治时期。我是大卫·雷姆尼克，每周在《纽约客》广播节目中，我将与科里·布克、南希·佩洛西、利兹·切尼、蒂姆·瓦尔茨、凯坦吉·布朗·杰克逊、纽特·金里奇、小罗伯特·肯尼迪、'天神'查理曼等政界人士和思想家一同，试图解读当前局势。所有内容尽在《纽约客》广播节目，您可在任何播客平台收听。

Right now, we are living through some of the most tumultuous political times our country has ever known. I'm David Remnick, and each week on the New Yorker Radio Hour, I'll try to make sense of what's happening alongside politicians and thinkers like Cory Booker, Nancy Pelosi, Liz Cheney, Tim Waltz, Ketanji Brown Jackson, Newt Gingrich, Robert f Kennedy junior, Charlemagne the god, and so many more. That's all in the New Yorker Radio Hour wherever you listen to podcasts.

全美各地，人们对所谓的'觉醒主义'众说纷纭，而大学校园里的争议尤为激烈。

Across America, everyone has an opinion on, quote, wokeness, nowhere more than on our college campuses.

政治学应当在大学里被研究，但不该成为大学的操作系统。

Politics should be studied at a university. It shouldn't be the operating system of university.

在得克萨斯州，一所新兴大学正通过倡导公开辩论来重塑思想市场的秩序。

In Texas, one new university is prioritizing open debate to reset the marketplace of ideas.

如果我们的大学出了问题——而我坚信确实如此——那么整个美国很快也会被拖垮。

If our universities are screwed up, and I believe they are, then that will screw up America as a whole quite quickly.

我们地区的自然灾害并非飓风、龙卷风或地震，而是莱姆病。

The natural disaster in our area is not hurricanes or tornadoes or earthquakes. It is Lyme disease.

基因工程师认为他们找到了减缓蜱虫传播这种致残疾病的方法。目睹这一切令人惊叹。今晚我们将关注一项前所未有的尝试：通过基因改造野生小鼠来预防人类患病。你是否担心这是在玩弄大自然？

Genetic engineers believe they've found a way to slow the spread of the debilitating disease carried by ticks. It is amazing to see this. Tonight, a look at something that's never been attempted: genetically engineering wild mice to prevent people from getting sick. Do you worry about fooling around with Mother Nature?

抵达不易，初见难辨，但随后自然界最惊人的迁徙故事之一便展现在眼前。成群的帝王蝶，橙色的身影，盘旋飞舞，这是我们见过最非凡的景象之一。我是斯科特·佩利。我是比尔·惠特克。我是安德森·库珀。

It's not easy to get to, and it's not easy to see at first, but then one of the most amazing migration stories in nature reveals itself. Towers of monarch butterflies, Orange, twisting, soaring, and one of the most remarkable things we've ever seen. I'm Scott Pelly. I'm Bill Whittaker. I'm Anderson Cooper.

我是莎伦·阿尔方西。

I'm Sharon Alfonci.

我是约翰·韦特海姆。我是塞西莉亚·维加。

I'm John Wertheim. I'm Cecilia Vega.

我是莱斯利·斯塔尔。这些故事以及我们第五十八季今晚《60分钟》节目的预告内容。

I'm Leslie Stahl. Those stories and a preview of what's coming up in our fifty eighth season tonight on sixty Minutes.

眼下，我们正经历着国家史上最为动荡的政治时期之一。我是大卫·雷姆尼克，每周在《纽约客广播时间》里，我将与科里·布克、南希·佩洛西、利兹·切尼、蒂姆·沃尔兹、凯坦吉·布朗·杰克逊、纽特·金里奇、小罗伯特·F·肯尼迪、查理曼大帝等诸多政界人士和思想家一同，试图解读当前局势。尽在《纽约客广播时间》，各大播客平台均可收听。

Right now, we are living through some of the most tumultuous political times our country has ever known. I'm David Remnick, and each week on the New Yorker Radio Hour, I'll try to make sense of what's happening alongside politicians and thinkers like Cory Booker, Nancy Pelosi, Liz Cheney, Tim Waltz, Ketanji Brown Jackson, Newt Gingrich, Robert f Kennedy junior, Charlem agne the God, and so many more. That's all in the New Yorker Radio Hour wherever you listen to podcasts.

高等教育并非处于蓬勃发展的时期。学费成本无节制地上涨。对校园文化——触发警告、安全空间、微侵犯——的蔑视影响了选举走向，这场政治胜利部分得益于保守派活动家查理·柯克的工作。他11天前遇刺身亡，引发了全国范围内关于言论自由的讨论。正如记者约翰·韦特海姆去年首次报道的那样，言论自由是奥斯汀大学这所新兴学院的创立原则之一，该校推崇公开辩论、“可以畅所欲言但不可空谈”的哲学，目前还提供免费学费。这会是又一个政治化校园向右转，还是真正重塑思想市场的颠覆者？

These are not soaring times for higher education. Tuition costs rise unchecked. Contempt for campus culture, the trigger warnings, safe spaces, microaggressions, helped swing the election, a political win aided in part by the work of conservative activist Charlie Kirk. His assassination eleven days ago has prompted a nationwide conversation on free speech, which, as correspondent John Wertheim first reported last year, is a founding principal of the University of Austin, a college startup touting open debate, a shout nothing but say anything philosophy, and for now, free tuition. Will this be just another politicized campus swinging right, or a true disruptor resetting the marketplace of ideas?

拥有141年历史的德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校是美国规模最大的高校之一。橄榄球比赛能吸引超过10万名观众。但几个街区之外，在曾经的市中心百货商店楼层的Ruth's Chris牛排馆和Velvet Taco之间，坐落着美国最小的大学之一——UATX，奥斯汀大学。你会如何描述首届学员的成员？

141 years old, the University of Texas at Austin ranks among the country's largest schools. Football games draw more than a 100,000 fans. But blocks away, in between a Ruth's Chris and a Velvet Taco, on a floor of what was once a downtown department store, one of America's smallest universities, UATX, the University of Austin. How would you describe members of the founding class?

直言不讳。每次交谈后你都会有所收获，绝不会空手而归。

Very outspoken. You'll never enter a conversation and leave without something that you didn't know before talking to someone.

奥利维亚·阿尔图纳斯、迪伦·吴、康斯坦丁·惠特迈尔、格蕾丝·普莱斯和雅各布·霍恩斯坦是首届92名学生中的成员。如果说德州大学以长角牛橄榄球队闻名，那么UATX的焦点则是...

Olivia Altunas, Dylan Wu, Constantine Whitmire, Grace Price, and Jacob Hornstein are among the 92 students in the inaugural class. If UT is celebrated for Longhorn football, the focal point of UATX

追求真理。

Pursuing the truth.

所以你就实话实说吧。

So you stop by telling the truth.

真理的追寻。

Pursuit of truth.

对我来说，对真理的狂热追求意味着：我秉持这样一种心态，认为最佳的生活方式就是时刻假设自己在某些方面是错误的。

Thrillist pursuit of truth to me is, I have this kind of mentality that the best way that you should go about your life is to always assume that you're wrong in some capacity.

你准备好接受这点了吗？

You're prepared for that?

没错。

Right.

接受挑战和压力测试

To be challenged and stress tested

不仅如此，甚至还没准备好。这就是我来这所学校的原因。我希望他们受到挑战，因为我知道自己在某些方面是错的。

and Not so, it's not just even prepared. That's why I'm at this school. I want them to be challenged because I know that I'm wrong in some way.

你们有哪些与众不同的特点？

What are some things that differentiate you guys?

我们思想非常多元化。我在这里遇到过各种政治倾向的人，从支持伯尼·桑德斯的极左民主党人，甚至比那更左的，到让唐纳德·特朗普看起来像自由派的人都有。

We're very intellectually diverse. I've met people of every political persuasion here, from like far left Democrats who are for Bernie Sanders or to the left of that even to people who would make Donald Trump look like liberal.

大约一半学生来自德克萨斯州，三分之一是女性。他们学术能力都很强，SAT平均成绩在92百分位。有些人被芝加哥大学、乔治城大学等学校录取，但选择了UATX，因为它的独特之处。

Roughly half the students come from Texas. A third are female. They share academic strength, averaging in the ninety second percentile on the SAT. Some were accepted at schools like the University of Chicago in Georgetown, but chose UATX for what it is and is not.

我记得参观美国东北部一所大学时，带我参观的学生说，我们有不同学生群体的不同宿舍。我不想去一个那样的地方。

I remember visiting a college in in the Northeast Of The US, and the student guiding me there was like, we have different dorms for different student groups. I didn't want to go to a space that was like that.

为什么你认为在一所不仅接受和容忍不同观点，而且欢迎这些观点的大学里很重要？

Why do you think it's important to be in a college where differing views aren't just accepted and tolerated, but welcome?

我们实际上是在倾听对方的意见并相互理解。尽管如此，我们仍然是朋友。我强烈不同意雅各布说的许多事情，我想你也是。我不想摇摆不定。

We're actually listening to the other side and understanding each other. Still, we're friends with each other. I vehemently disagree with many of the things Jacob says, and I think you do too. I don't want to flip flop.

这就像什么？

It's like what?

你仍然很好地融入其中，这是一件美好的事情。

You still belong pretty well, and it's a beautiful thing.

这与许多其他校园的氛围并不完全相同。早在哈马斯于2023年10月7日袭击以色列之前，大学就已经成为抗议的场所，并且倾向于左倾。但过去十年里，这种氛围变得更加激烈。演讲者被大声压制。当学生感到被忽视时，教授们被取消。

Not exactly the vibe on so many other campuses. Long before Hamas attacked Israel on 10/07/2023, colleges have been sites of protest and have leaned left. But the atmosphere has intensified over the past decade. Speakers shouted down. Professors canceled when students feel unheard.

然后是清算。校园的混乱首先导致了国会听证会。麦吉尔女士，事实是宾夕法尼亚大学会管制它不喜欢的言论。接着是哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和哈佛大学校长的辞职。

Then the reckoning. Campus chaos led first to congressional hearings. Ms. McGill, the fact is that Penn regulates speech that it doesn't like. Then to the resignation of the presidents at Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, and Harvard.

从历史学家的角度来看，美国改进、改革、振兴其大学是极其重要的。

From a historian's point of view, it's terribly important that The United States improves, reforms, revitalizes its universities.

尼尔·弗格森出生于苏格兰，毕业于牛津大学，新近受封爵士，是UATX的创始人之一。作为历史学家，他以保守观点闻名，曾在哈佛大学担任教授十余年，现为斯坦福大学胡佛研究所高级研究员。你说学术界存在某种腐朽现象，具体指的是什么？

Scottish born, Oxford educated, and recently knighted, Neil Ferguson is one of the founders of UATX. An historian, also known for his conservative views, Ferguson spent more than a decade as a professor at Harvard and is now a senior fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution. You say something is rotten in the state of academia. What do you mean by that?

直到2000年代初，大学似乎仍是思想最自由、言论最开放、最能承担学术风险的地方。但在过去十年间的某个时刻，这种氛围发生了转变，开始压制自由表达。

Right up until, I guess, the early 2000s, it still seemed like universities were the places where you could think most freely and speak most freely and take the most intellectual risk. And at some point in the last ten years, that changed, and it changed in a way that began to stifle free expression.

我们发现数据显示，哈佛大学教师中自认保守派的比例不足3%，而自由派超过75%，与美国公众的政治倾向严重失衡。

We came across some data that less than 3% of the Harvard faculty identifies as conservative. More than 75% identifies as liberal. Wildly out of proportion with the American public.

如今学术精英与普通美国选民之间存在着巨大鸿沟。

There's a huge disconnect now between the academic elite and the average American voter.

弗格森指出，这种政治失衡叠加社交媒体影响，再加上校园行政人员对言论的监控，形成了一种文化——研究显示近80%学生因害怕被排斥而在校园自我审查，教师群体同样感到寒意。

Ferguson says this political imbalance, plus social media, plus an army of campus administrators monitoring speech, equals a culture where, per one study, nearly 80% of today's students self censor on campus for fear of being ostracized. Faculty feels the chill too.

某位不愿具名的大学校长曾告诉我，他平均每天都会收到一封校内成员的邮件，要求开除某些人的言论不当者。这让我鲜明地联想到斯大林时期苏联的黑暗岁月，而它正在美国校园上演。

The president of a university I won't name once told me that he received, on average, one email a day from a member of the university community calling for somebody else to be fired for something they'd said. That reminds me vividly of the bad old days of Stalin Soviet Union, and yet it's happening on American campuses.

事态已经严峻至此。

The stakes are that high.

我认为如果一个大学体系开始出现问题，那么整个社会也必定会随之出现问题。校园里萌生的思想会迅速蔓延到企业、媒体机构。大学塑造了你一生看待世界的方式。如果我们的大学出了问题——我相信它们确实如此——那么美国整体也会很快被拖垮。

I think if a university system starts to go wrong, then something is bound to go wrong for the society as a whole. The ideas that start on campus pretty quickly spread to corporations, to media organizations. University forms the way you think about the world for the rest of your life. If our universities are screwed up, and I believe they are, then that will screw up America as a whole quite quickly.

2021年，弗格森与自由媒体创始人巴里·韦斯、数据分析公司Palantir联合创始人乔·朗斯代尔，以及马里兰州圣约翰学院前校长波诺·卡内洛斯共同创立了UATX。克林顿执政时期的美国财政部长、哈佛大学前校长拉里·萨默斯担任顾问。

In 2021, Ferguson launched UATX with founder of the free press Barry Weiss, Joe Lonsdale, cofounder of data analytics company Palantir, and Pono Canelos, the former president of St. John's College in Maryland. Larry Summers, the former Harvard president and U. S. Treasury Secretary under Clinton, became an adviser.

在这则公告中，他们宣布——原话是——不再等待美国大学自我修正。UATX获得德克萨斯州初步批准，并从私人捐助者处筹集近2亿美元，部分用于支付学费。

In this ad, they announced they were, quote, done waiting for America's universities to fix themselves. UATX received initial approval from the state of Texas and raised nearly $200,000,000 from private donors in part to cover tuition.

大家早上好。

Morning, everyone.

卡内洛斯被任命为校长。

Canelos was named president.

我们的工作就是颠覆固有观念。

Our work is to stir up settled ideas.

现任该校校长的他表示，大学已沦为回音室，这对学术有害。校园里究竟发生了什么？是的。是什么让你得出这个结论？

Now the school's chancellor, he says that to the detriment of learning, colleges have become echo chambers. What is going on on campuses Yeah. That are leading you to draw this conclusion?

人们似乎已经习惯认为，任何事物都有两种版本。因此，根据你的立场，总有一个正确版本和一个错误版本。但事实是，一种观点遇到另一种观点，不应让我们固守两种意见，而应促使我们形成更优的见解。

It's as if people have come to expect that they're just sort of two versions of everything. And therefore, there's a right version and a wrong version, depending on which side you stand. But the truth is that one opinion meeting another opinion shouldn't leave us with two opinions. It should leave us with better opinions.

让我问你，你究竟

Let me ask you, what what do you

具体指什么？我们持有的基督教

mean by that exactly? The Christian

价值观

values that we have that

为消除学生在课堂说错话的恐惧，UATX配备了一件武器。向美国观众解释下，什么是查塔姆守则？

To combat fears of saying the wrong thing in class, UATX comes armed with a weapon. Tell an American audience, what do you mean by Chatham House rule?

查塔姆守则是英国人的伟大发明，规定讨论参与者若听到有趣或争议性言论，可以引用信息但不得透露发言人。人们害怕自己政治不正确的言论被曝光在X平台或Instagram上。课堂发生的事应当止于课堂。

The Chatham House rule is a great British invention, and it says that if you are a participant in a discussion, and you hear an interesting thing said, maybe a controversial thing, you can refer to the information that you've gleaned, but you can't attribute it to a person. People fear that the thing they said that was not not right was politically incorrect ends up on x or, for that matter, on Instagram. And that that which happens in the classroom should stay in the classroom.

UATX采用小班研讨制，课程以西方文明为基础，包括圣经、希腊经典等。师资包含前海军上校、希腊东正教神父马克西莫斯教授混沌与文明课程，还有科技创业者。

At UATX, classes are small, seminar style, and based in Western civilization. The Bible, Greek classics. Faculty includes a former Navy captain, a Greek Orthodox priest, Father Maximos teaches a class on chaos and civilization, and a tech entrepreneur.

你这是在试图扮演史蒂夫·乔布斯的角色，对吧？

You're trying to play the Steve Jobs role here, right?

校园内没有科学实验室，但创始人们选择奥斯汀是因为其蓬勃发展的创业文化，将学生与埃隆·马斯克的Neuralink等公司联系起来。

There are no on campus science labs, but founders chose Austin for its booming start up culture, linking students with companies like Elon Musk's Neuralink.

你如何看待这项前沿研究

How do you take this cutting edge research

并帮助孩子们提升技术技能，甚至资助他们自己的想法。

and helping the kids sharpen their tech skills and even fund their own ideas.

我们既有非营利部分，也有初创企业部分。

We have both a nonprofit and a startup side.

为了遏制高得离谱的高等教育成本，UATX校园设施极其简陋。我们吃了多少土豆

To stem the scandalously high cost of higher education, the UATX campus is bare bones. How many potatoes do

？

we eat?

所有的

All of

辣椒，都是辣的吗？我们走吧。

them, peppers, hot? Let's go.

没有宿舍。学生们住在德克萨斯大学本科生旁边的公寓里。也没有膳食计划。孩子们，自己做饭吧。我们找到的最接近大学狂欢的事，是学生们在学习德州两步舞。

No dorms. The students live in apartments next to UT undergrads. And no meal plan. Cook for yourselves, kids. The closest thing we found to a college rager, students learning the Texas two step.

当隔壁的家伙们在玩啤酒乒乓时，你却在读亚里士多德，和激光打交道。

When the guys next door are playing beer pong and you're reading Aristotle and working with lasers.

谢谢你，切斯。

Thank you, Chess.

有羡慕吗？

Any envy?

这并不是说，你知道，我们都是古板的人，整天只知道读亚里士多德。我们也有乐趣。

That's not to say that, you know, we're all prudes and we just spend our whole day reading Aristotle. We have fun.

是的。

Yeah.

在招生方面，UATX用MEI（即才能、卓越与智慧）取代了DEI（多样性、公平性与包容性）。性别、种族、民族这些因素在你们的招生决策中占多大比重？

As for admissions, UATX swaps DEI, diversity, equity, inclusion, for what some call MEI, merit, excellence, and intelligence. Gender, race, ethnicity, what is the factor of that in your admissions decisions?

我们在招生中完全不考虑这些因素。我们最关注的是心智——具体指什么？是指深度思考的能力、解答问题的能力、挑战常规的能力。

We don't take any of that into consideration in admissions. The primary thing that we're interested in is the mind. Meaning what? The kind of capacity to think deeply, to answer questions, to challenge norms.

不得不说，我们并没有看到一个特别多元化的学生群体。

I gotta tell you, we did not see a particularly, diverse student body.

我们正投入资源寻找智力层面的多样性人才。如果你关注多样性，我建议你看看学生们的社会背景和家庭境况。

We are putting resources into finding talent of an intellectual variety. And if you're interested in diversity, I recommend you look at the social backgrounds of our students, at the family circumstances of our students.

UATX的高调捐助者包括支持特朗普的亿万富翁比尔·阿克曼（哈佛校友，10月7日后公开批评母校）和哈兰·克罗（保守派最高法院大法官克拉伦斯·托马斯的密友）。批评者抨击UATX只是披着言论自由外衣的右翼大学，被称为'反觉醒大学'。哈佛是自由派大学，UATX将成为保守派大学。

High profile UATX donors include Trump backing billionaire Bill Ackman, a Harvard grad who vocally criticized his school after October 7, and Harlan Crow, close friend of conservative Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas. Critics attack UATX as a right wing university simply wearing the cloak of free speech. UATX has been called the the anti woke university. Harvard is a liberal university. UATX is gonna be a conservative university.

政治应该成为大学的研究对象，而不应成为大学的操作系统。任何带有明显政治倾向的大学都未能履行其最高使命。

Politics should be studied at a university. It shouldn't be the operating system of university. Any university that is identifiably political is not fulfilling its highest mission.

反对意见可能是，你们是否会过度依赖捐赠者？在其他校园看到过捐赠阶层不满时会发生什么。你担心这种情况吗？

Pushback might be, are you gonna be too dependent to donors? Seen on other campuses what happens when the donor class gets dissatisfied. Do you worry about that?

如果捐赠者试图以违背我们使命的方式推动我们，总会有人站出来指出问题。

If donors are ever pushing us in a way that is not aligned with our mission and that, somebody's gonna call us out on it.

而且支持者并非全来自右翼。自由派法律学者纳丁·斯特拉森曾担任美国公民自由联盟主席近二十年，直到最近还是UATX的顾问。

And the backers aren't solely from the right. A liberal legal scholar Nadine Strassen was president of the ACLU for nearly twenty years and was until recently a UATX adviser.

最重要的公共政策议题在校园里未能得到坦诚公开的讨论，包括堕胎、移民、警务实践，以及任何与种族和性别相关的话题。

The most important topics of public policy debate are not being candidly and frankly discussed on campus, including abortion, immigration, police practices, anything to do with race and gender.

斯特劳森主张，只要不造成严重伤害，所有言论都应被允许。你认为审查制度比允许甚至最客观的仇恨言论导致更糟糕的结果吗？

Provided it comes with no serious harm, Straussson argues all speech should be allowed. You think censorship leads to worse outcomes than allowing even the most objectively hateful speech?

我关注的是消除潜在的歧视态度。这不是通过惩罚表达来实现的，而是通过教育，通过更多的言论而非更少。

My concern is to try to eliminate the underlying discriminatory attitudes. You don't do that by punishing expression. You do that through education, through more speech, not less.

自由开放的言论理念引起了共鸣。当UATX宣布成立时，数千人提交了工作咨询。UATX的一些学者曾在原校受到纪律处分或被取消资格，部分顾问和教师是在争议阴云下来到这里的。

Free range free speech resonated. When UATX announced its founding, thousands sent in job inquiries. Some of UATX's academics were disciplined, canceled, they may say, at their previous schools. Some of the advisers and faculty came here under some clouds of controversy.

我是说，那不是我们追求的目标。我们并不是，你知道的，为那些

I mean, that's not what we're seeking. I mean, we're not, you know, shelter for

即便是被取消的人。

Even for the cancel.

被取消的人提供庇护。但许多在学术文化乃至公共领域推动边界的人，可以说，为此付出了代价，他们的声音仍应被倾听。

People who've canceled. But many of the people who are pushing boundaries in academic culture, let's say, the public sphere, have paid a price for that and still should be heard.

UATX的国家认证要等到首届学生毕业才会决定，这是新大学的常规流程。目前新生申请已开放，学费依然全免，言论同样自由。

UATX's national accreditation won't be decided until the first class is graduated, a standard for new universities. Meanwhile, new student applications are open. Tuition still free. So is the speech.

大家好，我是南希·卡特莱特，或许你们更熟悉我作为巴特·辛普森的配音身份。在《辛普森一家解密》中，我们将深入探究让这部动画永葆青春的秘密。你可曾好奇《辛普森一家》为何总能预言未来事件？还有谁比该剧的创作者、演员、编剧和明星嘉宾更适合解答呢？

Hi, I'm Nancy Cartwright. You may know me better as the voice of Bart Simpson. On Simpsons Declassified, we're diving into the mysteries that keep the Simpsons for ever young. Have you ever wondered how The Simpsons regularly predicts future events? Who better to ask than the show's creators, performers, and writers, the celebrity guests?

记得关注并收听《辛普森一家解密》，各大播客平台均可订阅。

Be sure to follow and listen to Simpsons Declassified wherever you get your podcasts.

现在请听六十 Minutes特派记者约翰·勒普博士报道。生物学家查尔斯·达尔文在加拉帕戈斯群岛之旅中开始构建进化论，他发现动物在不同岛屿上进化出独特性状。近两个世纪后，在另一座岛屿上，科学家们不仅观察着进化——更掌握了塑造进化的技术。去年，我们在楠塔基特岛遇见一群现代达尔文主义者，他们希望通过基因工程降低莱姆病传播率。这种蜱媒疾病主要流行于美国东北部和中西部上游地区，但也遍布全美各地。

Now, Doctor. John LePouc on assignment for sixty Minutes. Biologist Charles Darwin began crafting his theory of evolution on a trip to the Galapagos Islands, where he discovered animals had developed unique traits that varied from island to island. Nearly two centuries later, on a different island, scientists aren't just observing evolution they now have the technology to shape it. This past year, we met a team of modern day Darwins on Nantucket, where they're hoping to use genetic engineering to reduce the transmission of Lyme disease, a tick borne illness found primarily in the Northeast and Upper Midwest, but also throughout The United States.

科学家的目标可能会让你惊讶。它并非人们通常联想到的鹿，甚至不是蜱虫，而是莱姆病的主要携带者——野生老鼠。这是一种前所未有的方法，科学家与当地居民共同决定是否要塑造进化。距马萨诸塞州科德角海岸30英里处，是楠塔基特岛，这个长14英里、宽3英里的绿洲以其自然美景、原始海岸线和受保护的景观闻名。但隐藏其中的是一种折磨着岛上15%居民的祸患。

The scientist's target may surprise you. It's not the deer often associated with the disease or even the ticks, but wild mice, the main carriers of Lyme. It's a first of its kind approach where scientists and locals are working together to decide whether to sculpt evolution. 30 miles off the coast of Cape Cod, MA is the island of Nantucket, a 14 mile long, three mile wide oasis known for its natural beauty, pristine shorelines and protected landscape. But hidden is a scourge that's afflicted fifteen percent of its residents.

我们地区的自然灾害不是飓风、龙卷风或地震，而是莱姆病。这种瘟疫严重到足以让社区考虑对野生生物进行基因改造以消除它，或至少大幅降低其危害程度。

The natural disaster in our area is not hurricanes or tornadoes or earthquakes. It is Lyme disease. It is the one plague that might be severe enough that communities might want to engineer a wild organism in order to get rid of it, or at least reduce the level a lot.

去年十月，在岛屿灌木丛深处，我们发现了麻省理工学院副教授凯文·埃斯维尔特——基因工程领域的先驱——正挥舞白旗寻找蜱虫。

Last October, deep in the island's brush, we found MIT associate professor Kevin Esvelt, a pioneer in genetic engineering, waving a white flag in search of ticks.

所以我们直接抓住它。

So we just grab it.

这些传播莱姆病的微小媒介并不难找。

These tiny vectors of Lyme disease were not hard to find.

我们直接把它放进去。

And we just pop it in.

这些都是大家伙。是的，因为这些主要是成虫。

These are the big ones Yeah. Because these are largely adults.

如果成虫都这么小，想象一下那些微小的、微小的叫什么来着，若虫？

If the adults are this small, imagine the tiny, tiny what are they called, nymphs?

若虫，没错。我们通常认为它们只有罂粟籽大小。

Nymphs, yeah. We often think of poppy seed sized.

埃斯韦尔特的合作者是萨姆·特尔福德，塔夫茨大学的流行病学家，过去四十年一直在楠塔基特岛研究蜱虫。

Esvelt's collaborator is Sam Telford, an epidemiologist at Tufts University who's been studying ticks on Nantucket for the last forty years.

有百分之五十的概率，甚至更高，这实际上携带了莱姆病。

There's a fifty percent chance, maybe more, that this is actually carrying Lyme disease.

但你并不害怕，因为它必须

But you're not afraid because it has to be

它必须附着。附着超过二十四小时。

It has to attached. Be attached more than twenty four hours.

对。才能感染你。

Right. To infect you.

没错。

That's correct.

这些家伙会吸血膨胀，是的，体积能增大50到100倍，你

These guys will swell up Yeah. 50 to a 100 times that size with blood, you

看，它能变得那么大。这就是它们吸血饱胀的标志，说明它们一直在你身上进食。

know, it becomes that big. That's how you know when they're engorged, you know, that they've been feeding on you.

如果你看到它那么大，那你就有麻烦了。

If you see it that big, then you're in trouble.

科学家们来这里不只是为了采集蜱虫。他们对这个小家伙很感兴趣。这是只野鼠吗？

The scientists aren't here just to collect ticks. They're interested in this critter. This is a wild mouse?

这是只野生的白足鼠。你给它做了标记？我标记了。这样明年四月或五月我回来时，就能了解它们越冬的成功率。

This is a wild white footed mouse. And you've tagged it? I've tagged it. So when I come back in April or May of next year, we get an idea of what overwintering success is.

作为一项创新研究的一部分，泰尔福特正在楠塔基特岛追踪鼠群动态。科学家们希望通过基因工程技术打断莱姆病传播的关键感染循环。白足鼠是莱姆病菌的主要宿主。当未感染的蜱虫叮咬受感染的老鼠时，细菌会转移到蜱虫体内；而当这只受感染的蜱虫再去叮咬健康老鼠时，传播循环便持续下去。

Telford is tracking the mouse population on Nantucket as part of a novel project. The scientists want to use genetic engineering to interrupt a cycle of infection necessary for Lyme disease to flourish. White footed mice are the main host of Lyme bacteria. When an uninfected tick bites an infected mouse, the bacteria transfer to the tick. When that infected tick then bites an uninfected mouse, the cycle continues.

鹿不会感染莱姆病，但它们会帮助传播这种疾病，因为蜱虫会附着在它们身上吸血并繁殖，一只雌蜱可产下多达2000枚卵。埃斯维尔特和特尔福德的大胆设想是：改变老鼠的基因构成，使它们对莱姆病免疫。这样一来，叮咬它们的蜱虫就不会被感染。无需杀死老鼠就能阻断传播链。

Deer don't get infected, but they help spread the disease because ticks embed on them to feed, then reproduce, with a single female tick laying as many as 2,000 eggs. Here's Esvelt and Telford's big idea: change the genetic makeup of the mice so they're immune to Lyme. That way, the ticks that bite them won't get infected. You don't have to kill the mouse in order to interrupt the cycle.

直接出去毒死所有老鼠不是更经济直接吗？消灭老鼠就完事了。但这样整个食物链中依赖这些老鼠的环节都会受到影响。

It'd be so much more economical and straightforward to just go out and poison all the mice, right, get rid of the mice. But then there's a whole food chain that might depend on these mice that would be impacted.

我们的理想是运用新技术确保野生动物能和平生存，维持正常生态功能，同时不再传播致人痛苦的疾病。快进来吧，

The dream is that we can use new technologies to ensure that wild creatures can live in peace, playing their normal ecological role, but without causing disease that make people suffer. Come on in,

若埃斯维尔特的理想成真，80岁的蒂莫西·莱普雷医生或许终于能退休了。

If Esvelt's dream becomes a reality, 80 year old Doctor. Timothy Lepprey might finally be able to retire.

那你觉得自己是怎么感染莱姆病的？

So how did you get Lyme disease, do you think,

温妮？是因为贴在我耳朵上的胶带吗？

Winnie? Was it because of the tape that had my ear?

过去四十年间，他既是岛上急诊科主任、唯一的外科医生，还兼任法医。如今莱普雷医生在南塔克特岛经营着唯一的私人诊所，每年接诊数十名莱姆病患者。

Over the past forty years, he's been the island's emergency room head, sole surgeon, even its medical examiner. Today, Doctor. Lepprey runs the only private practice on Nantucket, where he treats dozens of patients with Lyme disease each year.

跟着我的手指移动。

Follow my finger.

没错，他的候诊室里确实有只巨型蜱虫。

And yes, that's a giant tick in his waiting room.

私人诊所虽然收入不高，但好歹是有报酬的

Being in private practice, it is, while not well paid, get paid

比如，呃，用鸡和甜甜圈之类的

in like, what, chickens and donuts and

其实我们更偏爱龙虾。龙虾、蛤蜊和扇贝都行。不过你什么都收对吧？我确实来者不拒。快过来吧，肖恩。

We prefer lobsters, actually. Lobsters, clams and scallops. But you'll take anything, right? I will take anything. Come on down, Sean.

莱姆病可以用抗生素治疗，但若不及时处理，感染可能扩散至心脏、关节和神经系统，33岁的肖娜·阿斯普林特就是如此。

Lyme disease can be treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, the infection can spread to the heart, joints and nervous system, as it did for 33 year old Shauna Asplint.

我的身体无时无刻不在疼痛。

My body hurts all the time.

好的。

Okay.

我不确定这是否与我的莱姆病有关。我的脖子僵硬，脚踝和臀部都疼。

I don't know if that's for my Lyme disease or what. My neck is stiff, my ankles are sore, and my hips.

阿斯普伦特10岁时首次被诊断出患有莱姆病。几年后，她左脸失去了知觉。至今仍能看到这种疾病留下的后遗症。

Asplent was first diagnosed with Lyme when she was 10 years old. A few years later, the left side of her face stopped moving. A residual effect from the disease is still noticeable today.

让我看看你的笑容。

Let's see your smile.

还是有点歪，然后

It's still a little off, and then

如果我

if I

挑起眉毛，它根本不动。

raise my eyebrows, it just doesn't move.

我们接诊面瘫患者，目睹幼童膝盖肿胀，也常见莱姆病皮疹患者。这彻底改变了人们的行为与生活方式。

We see people with facial palsy. We see little kids with swollen knees. We see people with Lyme rashes. So it alters people's behavior and activities.

楠塔基特岛的问题可追溯至1926年，当时居民投票引进两只雌鹿陪伴岛上孤独的雄鹿。随着鹿群繁衍，蜱虫数量激增。更甚的是，上世纪五十年代岛上半数土地被划为保护区，未开发的灌木丛与野生草原为莱姆病宿主创造了完美繁衍环境。

The problem on Nantucket can be traced back to 1926, when locals voted to import two female deer to the island to give a lone buck company. As the deer population grew, so did the ticks. On top of that, by the nineteen fifties, half the land on the island was put into conservation. The untamed brush and wild grasslands create an ideal ecosystem for Lyme's host to thrive.

我们面临蜱媒疾病危机，是因为人为改造的环境既最大化蜱虫数量，又培育了莱姆病最佳宿主——鼠类。这最终反噬了我们，字面意义上的反噬。

We have a problem with tick borne disease because we engineered the environment to maximize the number of ticks and to maximize the number of mice that are the best host of Lyme disease. And it came back and bit us, literally.

11岁的加拉帕戈斯群岛之旅点燃了埃斯维特对进化论的毕生痴迷。2013年，他率先提出利用革命性基因编辑技术CRISPR永久改变物种遗传特性，从而破解遗传规律。

A trip at age 11 to the Galapagos Islands sparked Esvelt's lifelong obsession with evolution. In 2013, he was the first to propose that CRISPR, a revolutionary technology that enables scientists to edit DNA, could be used to change a species' genetics in perpetuity, hacking the laws of inheritance.

我的意思是，这并非我们获得了生存优势。

I mean, it's not like we won a fitness advantage.

该构想催生了MIT埃斯维特实验室的

This idea led to the project they call Mice Against Ticks in the sculpting evolution lab Esvelt runs at MIT. For the last nine years, he and researcher Joanna Buchthal have been studying whether they could add a gene for an antibody that prevents Lyme infection to a mouse embryo that, as we see here, has progressed into two cells. Is it going to be into one of those cells or both of them?

因此，我们的技术需同时注射两个细胞，以确保抗体基因最大概率整合进DNA。

So, our technique involves injecting both cells to maximize the likelihood that we get the antibody gene in their DNA.

巴克索尔和胚胎学家扎克·希尔向我们展示了他们如何对实验小鼠进行基因工程改造。

Buckthal and embryologist Zach Hill showed us how they genetically engineer lab mice.

他将实际穿过质膜，将注射物质送入这两个细胞的细胞核内。

He's going to actually inject through the plasma membrane and into the nucleus for both of these cells.

你飞镖玩得怎么样？不太行吧。你会打中

How are you at DARTs? Not very good. You're gonna hit

这个我可擅长多了。

A lot better at this.

你会正中这个的中心。

You're gonna hit the center of this.

哦，好的，没问题。

Oh yeah, okay.

我已经在培养皿里准备好了一个胚胎。现在正试着定位这里的细胞核。

So I already have an embryo set up on the dish here. So I'm just trying to find the nucleus here.

看到这个真是太神奇了。

It is amazing to see this.

所以你能在细胞核中看到的那一小簇爆发，实际上是他将基因组编辑工具直接注入含有DNA的细胞核时的景象。

So that little burst that you can see in the nucleus is when he's actually injecting the genome engineering tools directly into the nucleus where the DNA is.

注射混合物同时包含抗体基因和CRISPR，后者就像分子剪刀。当CRISPR找到并切割目标DNA区域后，细胞会将基因插入小鼠的遗传密码中。这只小鼠出生后将对莱姆病免疫，它的后代也同样免疫。如果我接种了脊髓灰质炎疫苗，我的孩子不会因此对脊髓灰质炎免疫，除非他们也接种疫苗。

The injection mix contains both the antibody gene and CRISPR, which acts like molecular scissors. After CRISPR finds and cuts the targeted area of DNA, the cell inserts the gene into the mouse's genetic code. When this mouse is born, it will be immune to Lyme disease, and so will its children. If I get a polio vaccine, my kids aren't gonna be immune to polio unless they get the vaccine too.

完全正确。这是一种可遗传的免疫接种。

That's exactly right. So this is a heritable immunization.

你这话是什么意思？

What do you mean by that?

我们实际上是在编码免疫力，使这种免疫力能够代代相传。每只获得抗体基因的小鼠都将真正获得免疫。

What we're actually doing is we're encoding immunity so that that immunity is passed on generationally. And every mouse that gets the antibody gene is actually immune.

典型的常规进化过程非常缓慢，需要数千年甚至数百万年。你们这是在加速进化吗？

Typical standard evolution happened very slowly, right, over thousands, maybe millions of years. Are you speeding up evolution here?

我们确实在加速进化进程，正因如此我们必须格外谨慎，因为我们在做自然界中本不可能发生的事。计划

We are absolutely speeding up evolution, and that's precisely why we have to be careful because we are doing things that couldn't happen naturally. The plan

是逐步在楠塔基特岛释放数千只基因改造老鼠，从冬季原生鼠群数量稀少时开始。但首先，埃斯维尔特需要获得社区支持。他选择楠塔基特岛不仅因其高莱姆病感染率，更因这里拥有紧密团结、教育程度高且具有镇民大会民主传统的社区。

is to release thousands of engineered mice on Nantucket over time, starting during the winter months when the native mouse population is low. But first, Esvelt needs community buy in. He chose Nantucket not only for its high rate of line, but also for its tight knit, well educated community with the tradition of town hall democracy.

我现在宣布10月23日选举委员会会议于下午5:30正式开始。

I am going to call the October 23 select board meeting to order at 05:30 p. M.

我们还需要从小规模开始

We also need to start small

去年秋天我们亲眼见证了这一点，当时科学家们第十次向当地居民展示最新研究成果。

We saw this in action last fall when, for the tenth time, the scientists presented their latest findings to locals.

看来我们确实培育出了首批具有遗传性莱姆病免疫能力的实验室小鼠，能够阻断疾病传播链。

So it appears that we have indeed produced the first heritably Lyme immune laboratory mice capable of breaking the disease transmission cycle.

随后进行了公开问答环节。

Followed by a public Q and A.

我们这里有大量的田鼠。我们是否应该预期数量会更多？

We have a huge population of field mice here. Shall we expect a larger population?

我曾两次感染莱姆病，所以觉得这个主意很酷。但老鼠是食物链的基础，所以对食物链进行干预让我有些谨慎。

Having had Lyme disease twice, I thought, what a cool idea. But mice are kind of the foundation of the food chain, so tinkering with the food chain makes me a little cautious.

需要多久才能真正见效，防止我再次感染莱姆病？

How long before it's actually going to take effect and keep me from getting Lyme disease again?

参加这些会议时，情况是怎样的？

When you're in these meetings, what's that been like?

有些人对此非常热衷，有些人则深表疑虑。但让我感到振奋的是，特别是在楠塔基特，几乎所有人都同意我们应该以这种方式开发这类技术。不能仅仅是科学家在实验室里灵光一现，然后砰的一声，技术就出现了。

Some people are really gung ho about this. Some people have deep reservations. But what I found heartening about this, and Nantucket in particular, is that pretty much everyone agrees that this is how we should go about developing these kinds of technologies. That it should not just be scientists in their laboratories get a clever idea, and then boom, it's there.

蒂莫西·莱普尔医生表示他支持这项提案。就在这里。但作为一名狂热的猎鹰爱好者，他希望进行更多测试，以确保不会对岛屿的生态系统造成意外后果。田鼠的变化会导致鹰的变化吗？

Doctor Timothy Lepre says he's supportive of the proposal. Right here. But as an avid falconer, he wants more testing to be done to ensure there won't be unintended consequences to the island's ecosystem. Could a change in in the field mouse lead to a change in the hawk?

嗯，这就是问题所在。我认为不会。

Well, that's the question. I don't think so.

我们并不这么认为

We don't I think

这一点必须被证明。

that has to be shown.

你担心玩弄大自然会带来问题吗？

Do you worry about fooling around with mother nature?

当然担心。但另一方面，如果大自然要让我的孩子染上疾病，我也不是特别喜欢她。所有科技都在对大自然说，你很美，我们非常感激你，我们需要保护你。但我们并不总是对自然运作的方式感到满意。所以我们要改变它。

Absolutely. But on the other hand, I'm not terribly fond of mother nature if she's gonna give my kids disease. All of technology is saying to mother nature, you're beautiful, and we appreciate you very much, and we need to conserve you. But we're not always happy with the way things work naturally. And so we're going to change it.

但在这种情况下，你正在为所有人改变环境。

But in this case, you're changing the environment for everybody.

我同意这次情况不同，因为个人很难选择退出。我认为这意味着我们需要以不同的方式开展科学研究，因为我们需要确保人们能尽早发声，真正影响技术发展的方向。

This is, I agree, different because it's hard for individuals to opt out. And I think that means we need to do the science differently because we need to ensure that people have a voice early enough to actually influence the direction that the technology has developed.

如果联邦和州监管机构同意，该团队计划首先在一个私人小岛上进行小规模田间试验，释放这些经过基因改造的老鼠，以便在楠塔基特岛进行任何潜在实验之前，更好地了解其生态影响。对你而言什么是全垒打？我认为是成功的田间试验。它能让我们大幅减少被感染的蜱虫比例，同时避免...

If federal and state regulators agree, the team plans to first release the engineered mice in a small field trial on a private island so they can better understand the ecological impacts before any potential experiments on Nantucket. What is the home run for you? I think it's a field trial that works. It's something that allows us to dramatically reduce the fraction of ticks that are infected, that doesn't have

生态系统显然没有出现任何问题。然后社区进行了充分讨论并做出决定。正如我们之前讨论的，即使他们拒绝，我们选择退出，这也有其积极意义。

anything obviously go wrong with the ecosystem. And then the community has a good discussion and then they decide. And I think there's benefits as we discussed, even if they say no, and then we walk away.

今年早些时候，我们报道了自然界最壮观神秘的迁徙现象之一——每年春季从墨西哥飞往美国的帝王蝶大迁徙。数千万只帝王蝶正进行着史诗般的空中归途。它们在墨西哥偏远山区的森林树丛中越冬，从出生地加拿大和美国北部长途跋涉后在此休憩。据信帝王蝶这种迁徙行为已持续数千年，但如今它们的数量已大不如前。

Earlier this year, we reported on one of the most remarkable and mysterious migrations in the natural world happening every spring from Mexico to The United States. Tens of millions of monarch butterflies are on an epic aerial journey home. They've spent the winter hanging out in trees and a forest on a remote mountain in Mexico, resting up after flying all the way from Canada and the Northern U. S, where they were born. It's believed monarchs have been making this journey for thousands of years, but there's a lot fewer of them than there used to be.

过去三十年间，墨西哥境内的帝王蝶种群数量减少了70%。我们于二月抵达当地，恰逢目睹帝王蝶结束冬眠开始启程。这些帝王蝶每年十月底开始陆续飞抵墨西哥米却肯州的山区。

The population in Mexico has declined 70% in the last thirty years. We arrived there in February, just in time to watch the monarchs emerge from their slumber and begin to take flight. The monarchs come to these mountains in Michoacan in Mexico, starting in late October.

现在去看它们还会让你兴奋吗？

Do you still get excited going up to see them?

每次都是无可替代的体验。

Every time there's no substitute.

我们的向导之一豪尔赫·里卡兹是非营利组织世界自然基金会墨西哥分会的主任。

One of our guides, Jorge Ricards, is the director of the nonprofit World Wildlife Fund in Mexico.

我们将下马步行，需要非常非常小心且保持安静，以便...

We're going to leave the horses, walk a little bit, very, very carefully and very quietly, so

我们不会打扰这些蝴蝶。

we won't disturb the butterflies.

帝王蝶在海拔11000英尺的冷杉和松树林中栖息。这里约有6600万只，但起初很难发现它们。那些看似垂枝上悬挂的枯叶团，实则是成千上万只蝴蝶聚集在周围的树上。数量如此之多，以至于

The monarchs roost in patches of fir and pine trees 11,000 feet up. There are some 66,000,000 of them here, but it's hard to see them at first. There are what appear to be clumps of dead leaves hanging from sagging branches. But those are butterflies, tens of thousands of them clustered together in trees all around. There's so many of them on

树枝上密密麻麻停满了蝴蝶，压得

the branches of the trees that the branches are

所有树枝都朝着想象的方向弯曲

all pointing Imagine, toward the

想象一下蝴蝶群聚的景象，数量之多竟压弯了树木。它们偏爱冷杉，因为细密的针叶提供了大量附着面。

imagine the likeness of a butterfly, and there are so many of them here that they actually bend the trees. And they like the firs because they have so many little leaves or spicules, so there's lots of surface to cling onto.

帝王蝶正处于某种休眠状态。迁徙途中它们靠花蜜增肥，以度过漫长的冬季。这座山的气候堪称完美——树冠为蝶群遮挡风雨，虽然空气清冷但湿度适宜，能保持体内水分。

The monarchs are in a kind of hibernation. On the way here, they fattened up on nectar, which helps them survive and rest through the long winter months. The climate on this mountain is ideal. The canopy of trees protects the butterflies from storms, and though the air is cool, it's relatively humid, so they stay hydrated.

集群看起来灰暗单调，因为它们的翅膀都收拢着。

The clusters are so drab when you're looking at them because they have their wings closed.

许多蝴蝶的腹面颜色暗淡或较浅，这在自然界中很常见。所以看起来并不怎么吸引人。

In many butterflies, the underside is drab or less lightly colored, and that happens in nature a lot. So it's not very inviting.

确实不太吸引人。

Wouldn't be Too inviting.

对捕食者来说。

For predators.

我们为什么要小声说话？

Why are we whispering?

它们对声音非常敏感。对二氧化碳也很敏感，所以我们说话越少越好。它们会把声音与捕食者联系起来，就像其他哺乳动物那样。所以它们能

They are very sensitive to sound. They are also sensitive to CO two, so the less we talk, the better. They relate that with a predator. As other mammal might be So they can

感知到类似老鼠呼吸的声音。或者是鸟？鸟的呼吸声。

sense a like a a mouse breathing. Or a bird? A bird breathing.

没错。

That is right.

在我们周围的森林地面上，帝王蝶散落一地。但它们大多并未死去。它们只是在夜间从树上掉落，肌肉因寒冷而无法飞行。将它们捧在手心，你的气息能让它们苏醒。

On the forest floor all around us, monarchs litter the ground. But most are not dead. They've just fallen from trees during the night, and their muscles are too cold for them to fly. Cup them in your hands. You can revive them with your breath.

它们需要达到特定温度才能恢复飞行肌功能。当它们躺在地面时极度脆弱，鸟儿和老鼠都深谙此道。快好了，就是这样。

They need a certain temperature to get their mother wing muscles back. They are very, very vulnerable when they're on the floor. And the birds know that and the mice know that. That's almost ready. There you go.

加油啊，小家伙。

Come on, little buddy.

可能还需要再暖一会儿。好了，看啊。它喜欢你。哇哦。

Maybe a little more. There you go. Yeah. He likes you. Wow.

当阳光开始洒向树梢，点点橙光闪现。帝王蝶正逐渐回暖，缓缓展开翅膀。

When the sun begins to hit the trees, flashes of orange appear. The monarchs are warming and slowly opening their wings.

确实，随着气温上升，我们会看到更多活跃景象。

Really, as the day warms up, we're gonna see more activity.

考特·惠兰二十多年来持续带领旅行团来此拍摄帝王蝶。他带我们来到蝴蝶群刚起飞的位置。几分钟后，突然间漫天蝶影翩跹，这景象堪称奇观。

Court Whelan has been bringing tour groups here and photographing monarchs for more than twenty years. He shows us a spot where some butterflies have taken flight. Then, after a few minutes, suddenly the air is filled with them. This is extraordinary.

就是这里。这就是一切的意义所在。大自然知道何时上演一场好戏，也知道如何上演一场好戏。

This is it. This is what it's all about. This is nature knows when to put on a show, and how to put on a show.

为什么它们现在突然全都飞走了？

Why have they all now just suddenly taken off?

今天是个暖和的日子。阳光充足。所以我们正在逐步升温，越来越热。

So it's a warm day. We're getting a lot of sunlight. So we're just ramping up, ramping up.

我是说，疯狂的是不仅这边这样。是的。那边也是。那边也是。我是说

I mean, what's insane is it's not just over here. It's Yeah. Over there. It's over there. Mean

这太不可思议了。但，是的，都是因为高温和阳光。

It's extraordinary. But, yeah, it's it's all the heat and it's all the sun.

你甚至能听到蝴蝶翅膀的声音。是的。让我们安静一会儿。

You can actually hear the sound of butterfly wings. Yeah. Let's just be quiet for a second.

看那个。快看。

Look at that. Look.

看那个。我的

Look at that. My

天哪。哇。

gosh. Woah.

这几乎是再好不过的景象了。就像装满帝王蝶的雪花玻璃球。

This is about as good as it possibly gets. It's like a snow globe of monarchs.

有只蝴蝶停在你身上。哦，它飞走了。

You got a butterfly on you. Oh, there we go.

这些帝王蝶如何能抵达此处仍是个谜。多数仅存活约一个月，短暂一生中忙于进食交配，雌蝶产卵。但在夏末秋初时，会出现所谓的帝王蝶超级世代——从毛毛虫孵化成蛹，一两周后破茧成蝶。

It's still something of a mystery how these monarchs managed to get here. Most only live about a month. They spend their short lives eating and mating, and females lay eggs. But in late summer and early fall, what's called a super generation of monarchs appear. Hatched as caterpillars, they transform into chrysalises, and then, after a week or two, emerge as butterflies.

此时它们会展现惊人能力：感知冬季临近的白昼缩短与气温变化，抑制关键生殖激素（称为滞育期），从而保存能量存活九个月，是普通帝王蝶寿命的九倍。竟存在能完成全程迁徙的超级帝王蝶世代，实在不可思议。

And that's when they do something extraordinary. With winter coming, they sense the shorter days and changing temperatures and suppress a key reproductive hormone, a process called diapause, which helps them conserve their energy and live up to nine months, nine times longer than most monarchs. It's crazy that there's this super generation of monarchs that can make it all the way.

这是和

It's And

其余的会在一个月后相继死去。

then the rest would die off after a month.

令人惊叹的是它们如何启动这一机制——不发育性器官，而是将能量用于迁徙飞行。

What is amazing is how they detonate this process of not developing sexual organs, but using that energy for the flight.

落基山脉以西出生的帝王蝶会留在原地，进行短距离迁徙。而加拿大及美国北部落基山脉以东诞生的超级世代，则会飞往墨西哥。数亿只蝴蝶集结成队，开启约3000英里的旅程，耗时可能超过三个月。为指引方向，帝王蝶触角内含有生物钟，并通过感应太阳位置与地球磁场的体内罗盘导航。它们为何来此？

Monarchs born West Of The Rockies stay there and migrate shorter distances. It's this super generation, born in Canada and East Of The Rockies in the Northern United States, that flies to Mexico. Hundreds of millions of them join up on a journey of some 3,000 miles, which can take them three months or longer. To help them find their way, monarchs have circadian clocks in their antennae and navigate using internal compasses that respond to the position of the sun and the earth's magnetic field. Why are they coming here?

这是个未解之谜。或许是史前迁徙路线，可能由地形地貌决定，也可能与气候有关。

Well, that's a big mystery. Maybe it's a prehistoric route. Maybe it was determined by, geographical conditions in terms of topography. Maybe it had to do with climate.

你指的是历经多代仍保持完全相同本能，清楚目的地且全体抵达同一地点的现象。

You're talking about multiple generations who all have this exact same instinct and know where to go and all go to the exact same spot.

这...这简直是自然界最神奇的奥秘之一。它们究竟如何知晓？

That's that's that's one of the most magical things that can happen in the natural world. How do they know?

1975年研究人员在这片山脉发现帝王蝶，11年后墨西哥政府将此地划为联邦保护区。但数十年来，非法砍伐持续威胁着曾覆盖45英亩的蝴蝶栖息地，如今仅剩4.5英亩。世界自然基金会多年致力于遏制破坏，评估森林健康状况，测量蝶群规模并植树造林。他们还与当地社区及原住民合作保护土地，并帮助其从旅游业中获益。

The monarchs were discovered by researchers on this mountain range in 1975, and the Mexican government declared the area a federal reserve eleven years later. But for decades, illegal logging threatened the butterflies' roosting spots, which once covered as much as 45 acres. It's now down to four and a half. World Wildlife Fund has spent years trying to combat the destruction, assessing the health of the forest, measuring the size of butterfly colonies, and planting trees. They've also worked with local communities and indigenous groups to protect the land and help them profit from tourism.

好消息是森林正在恢复生机。因为能看到这样的景象实在太罕见了。

The good news is the forest is rebounding. Because it's just so unusual to see this.

这几乎像视觉错觉，因为所有东西都以这种奇怪的频率颤动。仿佛整个世界都在微微脉动。

It's like almost an optical illusion because everything's beating at this weird frequency. It's like the whole world is kinda pulsing.

所以它们在这里做什么？

So what what are they doing here?

没错。这是帝王斑蝶典型的泥坑吸水行为。所以

Yeah. So this is kind of a classic mud puddling of of monarch butterflies. So

泥坑吸水？

Mud puddling?

是的。泥坑吸水。这是个正经科学术语。它们主要是为了补充水分，但蝴蝶也需要摄取盐分等微量元素。虽然看起来不起眼，但这泥坑里的少量积水就足够它们获取水分了。

Yeah. Mud puddling. It's a real scientific term. So they're mainly after hydration, but butterflies are known to need some trace elements like salts and whatnot. And it doesn't look like much, but just this little bit of water in this mud puddle is enough for them to get some water.

之后它们会在傍晚前返回栖息地。

And then what will happen is they'll return to the roost before evening.

在墨西哥度过大约四个月后，这一代超级帝王蝶已接近它们漫长生命周期的终点。它们终于准备好交配并北迁产卵。它们会在返回出生地之前死去，它们的后代也可能活不到抵达那里。但未来的世代终将抵达，而有一支大军正试图帮助它们。在堪萨斯州，志愿者们前来捕捉并标记帝王蝶，以便科学家追踪它们的迁徙路线。

After about four months in Mexico, this super generation of monarchs are near the end of their long life cycle. They're finally ready to mate and migrate north to lay their eggs. They'll die before they can make it back to where they were born, and their offspring might not live long enough to get there either. But future generations will, and there's an army of people trying to help them. In Kansas, volunteers come out to catch and tag monarchs so scientists can track their migration.

干得漂亮。他们是由87岁的生态学家奇普·泰勒招募的，他自幼就对帝王蝶着迷。蝴蝶和蛾类有超过10万种，但人们几乎只认识帝王蝶。帝王蝶究竟有何特别之处？

Good job there. They're recruited by Chip Taylor, an 87 year old ecologist who's been fascinated by monarchs since he was a child. There's over a 100,000 species of butterflies and and moths, but pretty much the only one people know are monarchs. What is it about monarch butterflies?

这个嘛，帝王蝶有种魅力。我是说，

Well, monarchs have got charisma. I mean,

等等。帝王蝶有魅力？

Wait. Wait a minute. Monarch butterflies have charisma?

是啊。它们的魅力在于平易近人——体型大、色彩美、飞行慢。

Well, yeah. They have charisma because they are accessible. They're large. They're beautiful. They're slow.

你能轻易捕捉到它们。它们的迁徙跨越加拿大和墨西哥。

You can catch them. It involves Canada. It involves Mexico.

三十年前，泰勒在堪萨斯大学创立了名为'帝王蝶观察'的非营利组织。

Taylor founded a nonprofit called Monarch Watch at the University of Kansas thirty years ago.

不错。

Nice.

迄今为止，该项目已成功标记超过200万只蝴蝶。如何给如此脆弱的蝴蝶做标记呢？

And so far, it's helped tag more than 2,000,000 of them. How do you tag a butterfly that's so delicate?

这是一种生命力顽强的蝴蝶，需要迁徙数千英里。所以它其实是相当坚韧的蝴蝶。

This is a rough butterfly, and that has to go thousands of miles. So it's a pretty tough butterfly.

它适应力很强。

It's resilient.

是的，适应力很强。

Yeah, it's resilient.

但这种适应力正面临考验。返回美国的帝王蝶需要马利筋植物产卵，这是它们新生毛毛虫唯一的食物来源。

But that resilience is being tested. Monarchs returning to The U. S. Need milkweed plants to lay their eggs on. It's the only source of food their newly born caterpillars will eat.

但如今马利筋已难觅踪迹。由于转基因玉米和大豆作物允许大规模喷洒除草剂，农业用地上的马利筋几乎被根除。帝王蝶保护组织鼓励人们在花园和公共土地上种植马利筋，建立所谓的"帝王蝶驿站"。目前已有5万处这样的驿站。在墨西哥，这些努力已引起关注。

But milkweed is now hard to find. It's been virtually eradicated on agricultural land because of genetically modified corn and soybean crops that allow for mass spraying of herbicides. Monarch Watch encourages people to plant milkweed in their gardens and on public land, creating what they call monarch way stations. 50,000 of them have been planted so far. In Mexico, those efforts have gotten noticed.

它们正在取水。世界自然基金会帝王蝶项目的负责人爱德华多·伦东向我们展示了他最近发现的一个标签。所以这是来自奇普·泰勒的帝王蝶观察项目的标签之一吗？

They are taking water. Eduardo Rendon, head of World Wildlife Fund's Monarch Butterfly Program, showed us a tag he recently found. So this is one of the tags for Monarch Watch from Chip Taylor?

没错。我在大约12米外的地方发现的。当时我正在测量蝶群范围，然后看到了地面上的这个标签。但这是我们能证明来自美国和加拿大的帝王蝶来此过冬的唯一方式。

Exactly. I find maybe 12 meters far over here. Yeah. I was measuring the colony, then I see the ground, and I find this tag. But it's the only way that we can to prove that monarch from United States and Canada come here to cover winter.

踏上这场神奇迁徙的帝王蝶中，实际抵达米却肯山区的不足20%。科学家表示，日益恶劣的风暴和上升的气温导致许多蝴蝶死亡，不过去年成功完成迁徙的帝王蝶数量几乎翻了一番。这在墨西哥尤其是个好消息，因为十月底帝王蝶的到来恰逢一个极具精神意义的庆典——亡灵节。此时当地许多人相信逝去的亲友灵魂会回来探望亲人。所以这也解释了为什么帝王蝶会回归。

Less than 20% of the monarchs that head out on this miraculous migration actually make it to the mountains of Michoacan. Scientists say worsening storms and rising temperatures kill off many, though this past year, the number of monarchs that survived the trip nearly doubled. It was particularly welcome news in Mexico, where the butterfly's arrival in late October coincides with a deeply spiritual celebration, what's known as the day of the dead. That's when many here believe the souls of family and friends who died returned to visit their loved ones. And so that's why the butterflies are returning as well.

当地人相信帝王蝶是逝者灵魂的化身

Local people believe that the monarchs are the returning spirits of

正是如此。

That is correct.

那些逝者的灵魂。

Of the of the dead.

完全正确。谁知道呢？也许我们实际上正在帮助某位祖先的灵魂飞回来。

That is correct. Yes. So who knows? Maybe we are actually you are reviving. You're helping someone's ancestor fly back.

是的，确实如此。所以这非常神奇。

Yes, indeed. So it's very magical.

过去几个月里，《60分钟》节目组横跨各大洲寻找新故事。如今，像归家的旅人一样，我们迫不及待想分享沿途的发现。我们曾勇攀至高山之巅。

Over the past months, sixty Minutes has crisscrossed continents in search of new stories. Now, like travelers returning home, we're eager to share what we discovered along the way. We ventured to the highest mountains.

就在这里。

Here it is.

远赴重洋。也深入前线。

Out to sea. And along the front.

你介意为我们演奏一曲吗？

Would you mind playing for us?

噢，荣幸之至。

Oh, with pleasure.

我们被艺术大师们震撼。快看

We were awed by virtuosos. Oh, look

在那一点上。

at that.

哦，我的天。自然奇观。

Oh, my God. Natural wonders.

说说你考虑过的另一个地方。泰国。泰国是你原本打算去的另一个选择。

Say the other place you were thinking of. Thailand. Thailand was the other one you were gonna go with.

得了吧。

Come on.

一位读心术大师。

A master mentalist.

好吧。现在你真的吓到我了。

Okay. Now you're freaking me out.

以及一台被编程来创造杰作的机器。

And a machine programmed to create a masterpiece.

变黑吧。变黑吧。变黑吧。我无所谓。

Go to black. Go to black. Go to black. I don't care.

我们还融入了乐趣。

We also tapped into fun.

全是即兴发挥。我们互相施纳德。

It's all improvised. We schnadel with each other.

你和

Are you and

我在施纳德吗？

I schnadeling?

我们是

We're the

正在施纳德的过程中。

process of schnadeling right now.

我是莱斯利·斯塔尔。下周我们将带着《60分钟》第五十八季的首播节目回归。

I'm Leslie Stahl. We'll be back next week with the fifty eighth season premiere of sixty Minutes.

眼下，我们正经历着国家有史以来最为动荡的政治时期。我是大卫·雷姆尼克，每周在《纽约客广播时间》中，我将与科里·布克、南希·佩洛西、利兹·切尼、蒂姆·瓦尔茨、凯坦吉·布朗·杰克逊、纽特·金里奇、小罗伯特·F·肯尼迪、Charlemagne the god等政界人士和思想家一同，试图解读当前局势。所有内容尽在《纽约客广播时间》，各大播客平台均可收听。

Right now, we are living through some of the most tumultuous political times our country has ever known. I'm David Remnick, and each week on the New Yorker Radio Hour, I'll try to make sense of what's happening alongside politicians and thinkers like Cory Booker, Nancy Pelosi, Liz Cheney, Tim Waltz, Ketanji Brown Jackson, Newt Gingrich, Robert f Kennedy junior, Charlemagne the god, and so many more. That's all in the New Yorker Radio Hour wherever you listen to podcasts.

正在热播。每个走进这家诊所的人都带着谜团。

Now streaming. Everyone who comes into this clinic mystery.

我们不知道自己在寻找什么。

We don't know what we're looking for.

他们的身体就是犯罪现场。症状与病史皆为线索。

Their bodies are the scene of the crime. Their symptoms and history are clues.

你救了她的命。

You saved her life.

我们既是医生，也是侦探。

We're doctors and we're detectives.

说实话，我有点喜欢这样

I kinda love it if I'm being

解开谜题，拯救病人

Solve the puzzle. Save the patient.

《华生探案》。所有剧集现已在Paramount+平台上线

Watson. All episodes now streaming on Paramount plus.