自动人行道即将结束

这里是99%隐形节目。

This is 99% Invisible.

我是罗曼·马尔斯。

I'm Roman Mars.

大多数时候，我都尽量避免在机场逗留。

For the most part, I try to spend as little time as possible in airports.

那里嘈杂拥挤，到处散落着太多蓝莓松饼和凯撒鸡肉卷的碎屑。

They are loud and crowded and littered with the crumbs of way too many blueberry muffins and chicken Caesar wraps.

但我要说，童年时我有一个非常美好的机场回忆。

But I will say that I have one very positive airport memory from my childhood.

我主要在俄亥俄州长大，每年我都会独自前往田纳西州孟菲斯探望姑妈。

I grew up mostly in Ohio, and every year, I would travel by myself to visit my aunt in Memphis, Tennessee.

为了到达那里，我总是要经芝加哥转机。

And to get there, I would always fly through Chicago.

在奥黑尔机场1号航站楼，有一条连接B和C登机区的隧道。

And at the O'Hare Airport in Terminal 1, there is this tunnel that connects Concourses B And C.

当我踏入这条隧道时，仿佛进入了通往另一个宇宙的虫洞。

When I stepped into this tunnel, it was like I entered a wormhole into another universe.

我周身被脉动的霓虹灯马赛克包围。

I was surrounded on all sides by a mosaic of pulsing neon lights.

乔治·格什温的《蓝色狂想曲》正在播放。

George Gershwin's rhapsody in blue was playing.

这种体验既令人神游又平静安宁，我十分喜爱。

It was transportive and calming, and I loved it.

我想那是我人生中第一次真正欣赏一个空间的设计。

I think it was one of the first moments in my life where I actively appreciated the design of a space.

我对这条隧道也有种难以言喻的依恋。

I also have a weirdly meaningful attachment to this tunnel.

我出生在芝加哥。

I was born in Chicago.

我的家人至今仍住在离奥黑尔机场半小时车程的地方。

My family still lives half an hour from O'Hare.

这位是记者贾斯珀·达维多夫。

That is reporter Jasper Davidoff.

对我来说，这条光影隧道真正特别且超现实的地方在于——当你穿行其中时，脚下的地面是移动的。

And for me, what really makes this tunnel of light so special and otherworldly is that as you travel through it, the ground beneath your feet is moving.

好了。

Alright.

我们开始吧。

Here we go.

当你乘自动扶梯进入隧道时，会踏上一个金属传送带。

When you go down the escalator into the tunnel, you step onto a metal conveyor belt.

从那里开始，你将漂浮着穿过这个通往登机口的神秘彩色通道。

And from there, you float through this mystical colorful portal on the way to your gate.

我已经开始听到《蓝色狂想曲》的开场旋律了。

And I'm starting to hear the opening sounds of Rhapsody in Blue.

天啊。

Oh my god.

那些灯光，它们就在我头顶闪烁。

And the lights, they're just flashing above me.

即便你从未飞过奥黑尔机场，你也极有可能体验过这种拖着行李箱在航站楼里缓慢穿行的感觉。

Even if you've never flown through O'Hare, the odds are pretty good that you've experienced this feeling of drifting slowly through a concourse with your suitcase.

因为这条光之隧道，其实是为机场里一个相当普通的设施——自动人行道——打造的戏剧性场景。

Because the tunnel of light is a dramatic setting for a pretty common piece of airport infrastructure, the moving walkway.

自动人行道，有时也被称为'人员输送带'，在美国大多数主要机场都能见到。

Moving walkways or people movers, as they're sometimes called, can be found in most major American airports.

至少在理论上，它们承担着相当重要的功能：让一群行色匆匆的旅客，能以比步行稍快的速度，穿越那些短距离空间。

And at least in theory, they serve a pretty important function, moving a bunch of very rushed people, very short distances, a little quicker than they can on their own two feet.

但自动人行道的问题在于，你几乎只能在机场看到它们，这让我不禁思考：这些东西到底是怎么回事？

But the thing about moving walkways is that you pretty much only see them at the airport, which got me thinking, like, what is the deal with these things?

它们是如何在机场变得如此普遍，却几乎在其他地方绝迹的？

How did they get to be so ubiquitous in airports and basically nowhere else?

而事实证明，它们最初并不是为了让你准时登机而发明的。

And it turns out, they were not invented to get you to your plane on time.

移动人行道最初是被视为一种大众运输工具而设计的。

The moving walkway was originally seen as a form of mass transportation.

在一个世纪的时间里，一群建筑师和工程师梦想着把人行道变成能载人穿越整座城市的魔毯。

Over the course of a century, a group of architects and engineers dreamed of turning the sidewalk into a magic carpet that could carry people all throughout the city.

而这个梦想始于纽约。

And that dream began in New York.

在十九世纪中叶，曼哈顿基本上只有两种出行方式。

In the mid eighteen hundreds, there were basically only two ways to get around Manhattan.

你可以乘坐马车，也可以步行。

You could take a horse drawn carriage or you could walk.

纽约最早的公共交通形式被称为'公共马车'。

The first form of public transportation in New York was called the omnibus.

这是一种如果挤一挤能容纳约12人的马车。

It was a carriage that could fit about 12 people if they squeezed.

只需12美分，你就能体验一段颠簸到令人作呕的旅程，从14街以下的某个地址到另一个14街以下的地址。

For 12¢, you could get a bumpy, nauseating ride from one address below 14th Street to another address below 14th Street.

由于缺乏真正的大众运输工具，街道上拥挤混乱不堪。

And without any real mass transit, the streets were crowded and chaotic.

特别是在纽约和其他大城市，人们意识到需要更好的出行方式。

Specifically in New York and other larger cities, there was a recognition that they needed better ways for people to get around.

这位是李·格雷，建筑历史学家，北卡罗来纳大学夏洛特分校的名誉教授。

This is Lee Gray, an architectural historian and professor emeritus at UNC Charlotte.

我是垂直运输史领域的公认专家，偶尔也研究水平运输——如果它与建筑相关的话。

And I am a recognized expert in the history of vertical transportation and occasionally horizontal transportation if it has in reference to buildings.

比如电梯、自动扶梯和移动步道。

So as elevators, escalators, and moving sidewalks.

这正合我胃口。

This is my kind of guy.

我怎么能把整个学术生涯都用来研究电梯呢？还有，你知道它们为何如此吸引我吗？

How can I spend an entire academic career studying elevators, and and, you know, the sort of fascination they hold for me?

你知道，我为什么要做这个？

You know, why do I do this?

我不知道。

I don't know.

李说，正是在拥挤的曼哈顿，一位发明家萌生了彻底改变城市交通方式的想法。

Lee says that it was in crowded Manhattan that an inventor had an idea to completely change how people move about the city.

他的名字叫阿尔弗雷德·斯皮尔。

His name was Alfred Spear.

与纳粹建筑师阿尔伯特·斯佩尔没有任何关系，特此澄清。

No relation to Nazi architect Albert Spear, just to clear that up.

阿尔弗雷德·斯皮尔没那么臭名昭著。

Alfred Speer is not so infamous.

事实上，他根本不太为人所知。

In fact, he's not very well known at all.

大多数人完全不知道他是谁。

Most people have no clue who he was.

如果你把这些资料整理好并恰当呈现，完全可以为这个人拍一部精彩的HBO纪录片。

If you compile it together and and presented it properly, you could do one hell of an HBO documentary on the man.

这是马克·奥尔巴赫，来自斯皮尔家乡新泽西州帕塞伊克镇的当地历史学家。

This is Mark Auerbach, a local historian from Speer's hometown of Passaic, New Jersey.

马克说阿尔弗雷德·斯皮尔是个多才多艺的人。

Mark says that Alfred Speer was a man of many talents.

他既是街道监理，也算城市规划师，但同时也是木匠和发明家。

He was a street superintendent, a city planner of sorts, But he was also a carpenter and an inventor.

我猜他喜欢创造东西、制作东西，总是观察事物并思考如何改进它们。

I guess he liked creating things and making things and always looking at things and how can he improve it.

对他来说，任何事都可以成为目标。

Anything and everything was fair game for him.

如果他发现问题且思维一直活跃，他能如何改进呢？

If he saw a problem and his mind was always working, what can he do better?

斯佩尔的主要工作是经营一家位于下曼哈顿的葡萄酒商店。

Speer's primary job was running a wine business that had a store in Lower Manhattan.

1871年的一个早晨，他走出酒铺，看着街上熙熙攘攘的人群，自言自语道：我们必须为此做些什么。

And one morning in 1871, he stepped outside of his wine shop and looked at the gobs of people packing the streets, and he said to himself, we gotta do something about this.

于是斯佩尔做了他最擅长的事。

And so Speer did what he did best.

他开始动手捣鼓起来。

He started tinkering.

1871年，阿尔弗雷德·斯佩尔提出了他称之为'无尽人行道系统'的设想，这个系统将载着人们沿百老汇大街上下移动，并运行在常规人行道的上方。

So 1871, Alfred Speer proposed, he called it an endless traveling sidewalk system that would have taken people up and down, the length of Broadway, and it would have run, above the regular sidewalk.

它将被安装在立柱上，人们需登上一段台阶才能踏上这条移动人行道。

It would have been mounted on, sort of stanchions, and you would ascend a flight of steps, and you would step onto the moving sidewalk.

简单来说，想象一个与附近建筑物二楼齐平的平台，上面有两条平行的人行道，一条固定，一条移动。

Basically, picture a platform at about the 2nd Floor of the nearby buildings with two parallel sidewalks, one fixed and one moving.

移动人行道将有18英尺宽，并持续运转。

The moving sidewalk would be 18 feet wide and be in constant motion.

这样人们可以随时上下。

That way, people could step on and off whenever they pleased.

上面还会设置一些长椅和遮阳棚供人休憩。

There would be some benches on there and some awnings for a bit of shelter.

沿途会时不时设有休息室和吸烟室。

Along the side, there would be drawing rooms and smoking rooms every now and then.

从街道会有楼梯通向移动人行道，或者商家可以直接从他们的店铺搭建一座桥连接到平台层。

There would be stairs coming up to the moving sidewalk from the street, or business owners could simply build a bridge from their establishments to the platform level.

它会带着你前行，然后你可以从移动人行道上轻松跳下，进去喝杯柠檬水或咖啡什么的，然后再回到移动人行道上。

And it would take you along, and then you could hop off a light from the moving sidewalk and go in and get a glass of lemonade or coffee or whatever, then get back on the moving sidewalk.

这是一种非常轻松优雅的出行方式。

And it was this very easy and elegant way to travel along.

这大约与纽约市第一批高架列车兴建的时间相同，移动人行道被视为一种替代交通策略。

This was around the same time that the first elevated trains were going up in New York City, and the moving sidewalk was seen as an alternative transit strategy.

就像一列永不停歇的火车。

It would be like the train that never stopped.

引用斯佩尔的话说，这将是一列永无止境的火车，迎合美国人特有的急躁性格。

To quote Speer, it would be an endless train that would appeal to a uniquely American sense of impatience.

这也是它的吸引力所在。

And so that's also the attraction.

我不需要等待。

I don't have to wait.

我跳上移动人行道，它就会带我去目的地。

I jump on the moving sidewalk, and it takes me there.

你可以走进车站，立即上车出发。

You can walk down into a station, immediately get on board, and go.

斯佩尔的计划在他构思的几年间不断变化，但当他正式向纽约市提议时，他希望人行道的移动速度达到每小时10英里。

Speer's plan shifted over the couple years that he developed the idea, but by the time he officially proposed it to the city Of New York, he wanted the sidewalk to be moving at 10 miles an hour.

与汽车相比这听起来可能很慢，但若以跑步机的标准来看，这速度快得危险。

That might sound slow compared to a car, but if you think in terms of a treadmill, it's dangerously quick.

为了防止纽约市民摔倒，斯皮尔构想了一整套换乘站系统，本质上是移动平台，能帮助行人快速通行。

And so to prevent New Yorkers from falling flat on their face, Speer imagined a whole system of transfer stations, basically moving platforms that would help pedestrians get up to speed.

斯皮尔计算出，以每小时10英里的速度，他的发明能够全天候每小时运送18,000名乘客。

At 10 miles an hour, Speer calculated his invention would be capable of transporting 18,000 passengers every hour all day long.

斯皮尔坚称这是解决城市拥堵问题的唯一方法。

Speer was insistent that this was the only way to solve the city's congestion problem.

在向州政府提交的提案报告中，他用全大写字母写道：这是快速交通的解决方案，也是唯一真正的解决方案。

In a report he submitted to the state government about the proposal, he wrote, in all caps, it is the solution and the only true solution of rapid transit.

1871年，他为'一种无需停靠的快速直达乘客无限列车'申请了首批两项专利。

And in 1871, he filed his first two patents for, quote, an endless train for rapid through transit of passengers without stops.

作为有影响力的商人，斯皮尔成功说服了当地领导阶层，让他们相信移动人行道是曼哈顿的最佳规划方案。

Influential businessman that he was, Speer managed to get quite far convincing local leaders that a moving sidewalk was the best plan for Manhattan.

事实上，他促使纽约州立法机关通过了两项支持无限列车的法案。

In fact, he got the New York state legislature to pass two bills supporting the endless train.

嗯，没错。

Well, yeah.

连续两届政府（1873年和1874年）都基于他已获得专利的事实支持了这个项目。

Two administrations in a row, 1873, 1874, supported it based upon the fact that he was granted a patent.

你觉得当时人们会普遍认真对待这个方案吗？

Do you think this is, like, people generally would have taken this seriously?

毫无疑问。

Absolutely.

你无法为异想天开的事物申请专利。

You don't get a patent on something that's whimsical.

谁知道呢？

And who knows?

也许斯皮尔移动步道本可以像中央公园一样成为曼哈顿不可或缺的部分，或者，我不知道，时代广场的埃尔莫。

Maybe Spears moving sidewalk could have become as integral to Manhattan as Central Park or, I don't know, Times Square Elmo.

但它始终未能建成，因为纽约州长约翰·迪克斯两次否决了提案。

But it never got built because both times New York governor John Dix vetoed the measures.

关于否决原因众说纷纭，但除了成本问题，据说州长还特别不满步道将在百老汇上空双向穿行两次的设计。

Reports vary over why, but in addition to the cost, it's said the governor wasn't a big fan of the fact that the sidewalk would be looming over Broadway twice, once in each direction.

提案被否决后，斯皮尔基本放弃了交通梦想，转而专注于葡萄酒生意。

After the veto, Speer mostly gave up on his transportation dreams to focus on his wine business.

但他的移动步道构想已经公诸于世，很快便自行发展起来。

But his idea of a moving sidewalk was out in the world, and pretty soon, it took on a life of its own.

随后几十年间，欧洲各大城市涌现出更多移动步道提案。

In the following decades, there were more moving sidewalk proposals in cities throughout Europe.

直到1893年芝加哥世博会，他们真的在密歇根湖的码头上建造了一条。

And then in 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, they actually built one out on a pier into Lake Michigan.

你只需支付费用，就能乘坐移动步道——你知道的——一直延伸到码头尽头看湖景，步道会环形折返带你回来。

And you paid a fee and you could ride out on the moving sidewalk, out in you know, out at the end of the pier, see the lake, it would curve around, and it would bring you back.

所以它算不上交通系统，更像是某种游乐设施。

So instead of transportation system, it was kind of an amusement ride, sort of.

但斯皮尔的构想真正得以完整实现，是在1900年巴黎世博会上。

But it was the nineteen hundred World's Fair in Paris where Speer's idea was most fully realized.

在当时堪称一项惊人的技术壮举。

A pretty amazing technological feat for the times.

它全长约四公里，是一个完整的环形，位于巴黎市中心。

It was about four kilometers long, a full circle, in the city of Paris, pretty much in the center.

这是加州大学洛杉矶分校的媒体考古学家厄基·霍塔莫。

That's Erky Hotamo, a media archaeologist at UCLA.

他说这被称为Le Trotois Roulon，即移动步道。

And he says it was called Le Trotois Roulon, the moving walkway.

没错，巴黎的Trotois Roulon确实非常特别。

Yeah, so the Trotois Roulon in Paris was quite a special one.

它是建在地面之上的。

So it was built above the ground level.

设有两个移动平台，一个是高速的，另一个速度稍慢些。

And it had two mobile platforms, the high speed one and the sort of like a little bit slower speed one.

此外还有固定平台。

And then it had stationary platforms.

所以基本上有三种选择。

So basically three options.

这条步道旨在帮助人们穿越展会场馆，连接各展馆之间的长距离。

This walkway was designed to help people traverse the fairgrounds, connecting the long distances between the pavilions.

从这个意义上说，它确实具有实用功能。

So in that sense, I mean, it, definitely had a practical function.

但很快人们就发现，它的意义远不止于此。

But very soon it was clear that this was much more than that.

它本身就是一大景点。

It was really an attraction in its own right.

这是人们在任何地方都未曾体验过的新事物。

So it's something that people had never experienced anywhere.

巴黎的自动步道比人们此前见过的任何设施都更宏大、更壮观。

Paris's moving walkway was bigger and bolder than anything anyone had seen before.

这条步道能在约25分钟内载着乘客穿越市中心，横贯整个世博园区。

Over the course of about twenty five minutes, the walkway would carry passengers through the city center, traversing the footprint of the fair.

这可不是码头边那种游乐园的游乐设施。

This was not an amusement park ride relegated to a pier.

它就直愣愣地杵在你面前。

It was in your face.

在某些路段，字面意义上就是如此。

At certain points, quite literally.

在某些路段，阿鲁兰大道上的步道沿着林荫大道铺设。

In some places, the Attorney to Aruland ran along boulevards.

由于步道建在高架平台上，最终竟延伸到了居民窗前。

And because it was on a higher level on a platform, so it ended up being in front of people's windows.

有些人对此非常震惊，认为这简直就是在侵犯他们的隐私。

Some people were really shocked about the idea, thought that their privacy was was being basically, like, violated.

但一些具有前瞻思维的企业家试图利用这条潜在的新客流。

But some forward thinking entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of this new stream of potential customers.

有传闻说，比如某些风月女子会在步道经过的窗前兜售服务。

There were stories that for example the public ladies were selling or trying to sell their services in some of the windows that this platform passed.

这条自动步道堪称工程奇迹。

The Trottoir was something of an engineering marvel.

整套系统由电动机驱动，在当时电力基础设施尚未普及的年代实属罕见。

The whole thing ran on electric motors at a time when electric infrastructure was not widespread.

因此世博会主办方不得不在现场自建发电站，并确保整个系统连续运转数月之久。

So the organizers of the World's Fair had to build their own power station on the grounds and then keep the whole thing running continuously for several months.

现存最早的默片片段中，就有记录巴黎自动步道乘客的珍贵影像。

Some of the earliest surviving silent film is of people riding the Paris moving walkway.

托马斯·爱迪生的电影公司当时确实在现场全程记录。

Thomas Edison's film company was actually there documenting the whole thing.

他们将摄影机架设在步道上进行跟拍。

They placed a camera on the walkway and let it roll.

从影片中可以看到，这个由木材和电力驱动的庞然大物正滑过巴黎市中心。

Watching the film, you see this mass of wood and electricity gliding through Central Paris.

沿途华丽的公寓与宏伟的庆典建筑逐一掠过。

You see the ornate apartments and grand festival buildings go by.

你完全可以想象乘坐这种交通工具的极致兴奋感。

And you can really imagine the sheer thrill it would have been to take this ride.

特别是对于初次体验电力驱动的人们而言。

Especially if it was one of the first times you had experienced electric power.

有个镜头记录了一对老夫妇从低速平台跳下，各自抓着用于保持平衡的立柱。

There's one moment where an older man and woman hop down from the lower speed platform, each grabbing one of the poles that were attached for balance.

那位女士脸上露出呆萌的表情，仿佛在说：我真的刚从时速两英里的自动人行道下来吗？

And the woman has this goofy little expression on her face, like, did I really just get off a sidewalk moving two miles an hour?

巴黎的鲁兰城堡最终实现了阿尔弗雷德·斯皮尔斯的梦想，证明了在主要城市内部建造移动步道确实是可行的，尽管它仍只是与世界博览会相连的临时性景点。

The Chateau Roulan in Paris finally brought Alfred Spears' dream to life and showed that it was actually possible to build a moving walkway inside a major city, but it was still a temporary attraction connected to a world's fair.

若要使这项技术真正得到推广，就必须建造具有实际交通功能的永久性移动步道。

If the technology was going to take off in a meaningful way, there would need to be a permanent walkway that served a practical transportation function.

曾有一瞬间，移动步道似乎即将被安装在一个极其实用的地点——连接布鲁克林与曼哈顿的桥梁上，这座桥每日通行人数超过30万。

And for a second, it looked like a moving walkway might get installed in an extremely practical place, a bridge that connected Brooklyn to Manhattan, one that more than 300,000 people used every day.

我指的是布鲁克林大桥。

I mean, the Brooklyn Bridge.

要知道，这座桥一旦建成，立即就会成为世界上最著名的大桥之一。

This is, you know, this is one of the most, you know, assumed the minute it's completed, it's one of the most famous bridges in the world.

1902年，纽约桥梁专员古斯塔夫·林登塔尔提出了一项计划：建造能以每小时10英里的速度运送通勤者跨越东河的移动步道。

In nineteen o two, New York's commissioner of bridges, Gustave Lindenthal, came up with a plan to build a moving walkway that could whisk commuters over the East River at 10 miles an hour.

但他没走多远。

But he didn't get very far.

《纽约时报》称这座桥的设计宏伟但不切实际，政府官员似乎无法摆脱移动步道的游乐园形象。

The New York Times called the bridge plan magnificently impractical, and government officials couldn't seem to get over the moving walkway's amusement park reputation.

但反对这条移动步道最有力的理由是布鲁克林大桥已经有火车了。

But the most powerful argument against this moving walkway was that the Brooklyn Bridge already had a train.

到这时，缆车已经在大桥上运行了近二十年。

By this point, cable cars have been crossing the bridge for nearly twenty years.

随着二十世纪初地铁的扩展，火车显然已成为纽约首选的交通方式，这让人不禁要问：移动步道到底有什么用？

And as the subway expanded in the early twentieth century, it became clear that the train was now New York's transportation mode of choice, which made people ask, what was the moving sidewalk even for?

但真正的信徒们并未动摇。

But true believers were undeterred.

他们不断建造移动步道的演示版本，试图说服持怀疑态度的交通官员。

They kept building demo versions of a moving sidewalk to try and convince skeptical transportation officials.

那些大型模型通常会发生的情况是，城市官员会到场参观。

What tended to happen at those large models is city officials would show up.

他们会乘坐体验，然后说‘哇，这真是太棒了’。

They would ride around, they would say, wow, that was really cool.

我们会考虑这个方案的。

We'll think about this.

然后第二天就会改口说，你知道，我们其实并不感兴趣。

And then the next day next day go, you know, we're not we're not really interested.

抱歉。

Sorry.

这是一种模式。

It was a pattern.

有时他们甚至会对此表现出极大的热情。

And sometimes they would even be wildly enthusiastic about it.

然后当要对它进行投票时，他们就会说，嗯，这有点太过头了。

And then when it would come to vote on it, they would just say, well, it's a little it's a bridge too far.

我们就是做不到。

We just can't do it.

若不是有新支持者接过接力棒，将人行道改造成传送带的梦想可能就此破灭了。

And the dream of turning sidewalks into conveyor belts might have just died there, were it not for a new champion who picked up the baton.

与之前支持移动步道的人不同，这些家伙并非出于乌托邦式的交通梦想，而是为了大量销售橡胶制品。

Unlike the previous moving walkway supporters, these guys were not motivated by utopian transportation dreams, but instead by the desire to sell a lot of rubber.

固特异。

Goodyear.

轮胎仍是我们的主营业务，但从原始产品中已衍生出数千种新产品线，为人们服务的新方式。

Tires are still our main business, but from the original products have come thousands of new lines, new ways to serve people.

二战期间，固特异轮胎公司获得了大量军事合同，得以在北美各地开设新工厂。

During World War two, the Goodyear Tire Company received a bunch of military contracts that allowed them to open new factories across North America.

战后，他们开始寻求创造销售产品的新途径，其中一项创意就是传送带。

After the war, they started looking to create new ways to sell their product, and one of their ideas was conveyor belts.

这些传送带能完成许多实用工作。

These moving belts can do so many useful things.

它们绵延数英里，可运输大量散装物料。

Miles long, they carry great tonnages of bulk materials.

传送带在许多地方、以多种方式也能运送人员。

Belts can carry people too in many ways, many places.

固特异公司外出寻找可以试验其人力传送带技术的地方，最终他们选择了泽西城的一个火车站。

Goodyear went out looking for places where they could try out their human conveyor belt technology, and eventually they landed on a train station in Jersey City.

那里有一条坡度陡峭的长隧道，乘客必须穿过它才能到达列车。

There was a long tunnel with a steep grade that riders had to traverse to get to the train.

史蒂文斯·亚当森制造公司与固特异合作，建造了两条并排的自动人行道，将乘客沿斜坡上下运送往返列车。

And the Stevens Adamson Manufacturing Company in association with Goodyear built two moving walkways side by side to carry passengers up and down that incline to and from the train.

这一方案取得了巨大成功。

And it was wildly successful.

讽刺的是，自动人行道的成功并非作为火车的替代品，而是作为改善火车出行体验的方式。

Ironically, the moving walkway succeeded not as an alternative to the train, but as a way to make train travel better.

火车能带你去目的地，但自动人行道能带你到火车站。

The train would get you where you needed to go, but the moving walkway would get you to the train.

到了二十世纪五十年代，通过自动人行道连接整座城市的梦想已逐渐消逝。

By the nineteen fifties, the dream of an entire city connected by moving sidewalks had gone by the wayside.

但放弃这一宏伟愿景实际上让这项技术得以成功。

But letting go of that lofty vision actually allowed the technology to succeed.

自动人行道开始在火车站、博物馆和体育场等小型场所流行起来。

And the moving walkway started to catch on in smaller settings like train stations, museums, and stadiums.

1956年德克萨斯州的山姆·休斯顿体育馆翻修时，安装了一条自动人行道。

When the Sam Houston Colosseum in Texas was renovated in 1956, it got a moving walkway.

1959年圣地亚哥的旅行者汽车旅馆开业时，其业主建造的人行天桥上就配备了自动人行道。

When the Travelator motel opened in San Diego in 1959, the pedestrian bridge built by its owner got a moving walkway.

加州最早的洗车行之一安装了移动步道，这样在车辆清洗时你可以沿着步道滑行。

One of the first car washes in California put in a moving walkway so you could glide alongside your car as it got cleaned.

但移动步道最终在一个新兴机构——机场中找到了最合适的应用场景。

But the moving walkway ultimately found its perfect use case in an up and coming institution, the airport.

许多美国最早的现代化机场建于三十至四十年代。

Many of the first modern American airports were built in the thirties and forties.

但随着客机以及像波音707这样的喷气式飞机的出现，商业航空旅行开始呈指数级增长。

But with the introduction of airliners and then jet planes like the seven zero seven, commercial air travel got exponentially more popular.

到1950年，美国航空公司的载客量已达到1938年的13倍。

And by 1950, airlines in The US were carrying 13 times the passengers that they had in 1938.

当时国内新兴的机场根本无法应对这种激增需求，很快就需要进行扩建。

The country's fledgling airports were not prepared for this boom, and very quickly, they needed to expand.

飞机无法垂直停放，所以机场只能横向扩展。

You couldn't stack airplanes vertically, so airports sprawled outward.

这意味着乘客要走更多的路。

And that meant a lot more walking.

这就需要更多水平连接设施。

It demanded more of these horizontal kind of connective devices.

你知道吗？

You know?

是啊。

Yeah.

有些机场，我记得像是有五个足球场那么大。

In some cases, they were I I had something like five football fields.

知道吗？

You know?

我想说的是芝加哥奥黑尔机场。

I think that's Chicago O'Hare.

如果你不幸乘坐某家航空公司的航班到达，又需要快速转乘另一家，就得经历这段不可思议的跋涉。

You know, if you were unlucky to come in on one one airline, had to shift quickly to another, you know, you had this incredible track you had to make.

阿拉斯泰尔·戈登是记者兼评论家，其著作《裸机场》记录了航空基础设施的演变历程。

Alastair Gordon is a journalist and critic whose book Naked Airport chronicles the evolution of aviation infrastructure.

他指出奥黑尔机场曾被称为'心脏骤停走廊'，因为旅客从值机到登机要经历史诗般的跋涉。

He says that O'Hare actually became known as Cardiac Alley because of the epic journey that passengers had to take to get from check-in to boarding.

这个故事不断重演，短短几十年间，人们开始害怕去机场了。

This story repeated over and over, and in the span of just a few decades, people began to dread their trips to the airport.

约翰·厄普代克曾描述过老鼠的通道，你知道，就是从停车场到真正的飞机那段路。

John Updike talks about this rat's passage, you know, from, you know, the parking lot to to the actual airplane.

就连卡夫卡也写过关于机场的事，你知道，他对整个环境感到相当疏离。

Even Kafka wrote about an airport and, you know, kind of was alienated by the whole thing.

正如你能想象的，当人们说机场很'卡夫卡式'时，卡夫卡本人确实去过机场并有过某种抑郁的时刻，你知道。

As you as you can imagine, Kafka would be so when you say, you know, airports are Kafkaesque, you know, he really actually did go to an airport and have some kind of depressive, you know, moment.

航空公司感叹道，要是有办法能确保登机过程不需要漫长而不舒适的跋涉就好了。

If only, the airlines lamented, there were some way to ensure that getting to your plane would not require an interminable uncomfortable slog.

就在这时，自动人行道这个其实相当古老的想法终于迎来了它的高光时刻。

And this is where the moving walkway, this actually quite old idea, finally met its moment.

1958年，达拉斯爱田机场安装了首条机场自动人行道。

In 1958, the Dallas Love Field Airport installed the very first airport moving walkway.

这项设施深深抓住了美国公众的想象力。

That was the installation that captured the imagination of the American public in a profound way.

当时人人都拍下了乘客站在移动步道上准备登机的照片。

Everybody included photographs of people riding the moving sidewalk, going out to get on the plane.

爱田机场那条傻乎乎的小传送带时速只有1.5英里，但在公众眼中，它和万米高空巡航一样迷人。

The dopey little conveyor belt at Love Field only moved about one and a half miles an hour, but to the public, it was just as sexy as cruising at 10,000 feet.

这都是太空时代航空旅行魅力的一部分。

It was all part of the space age appeal of air travel.

显然，人们会专程过来反复乘坐它。

And apparently, people would just come and just ride it back and forth.

懂吗？

You know?

他们哪儿也没去，但对这个未来感十足的东西着了迷。

They weren't going anywhere, but they were they were fascinated by this futuristic thing.

达拉斯机场开创了先例，其他机场迅速效仿。

Dallas kicked off a trend that other airports were quick to follow.

在洛杉矶国际机场，乘客需要步行1250英尺才能从值机处到达登机口，美国航空公司为此发起了一项'让飞行告别步行'的宣传活动。

At LAX, where passengers had to walk for 1,250 feet to get from check-in to their planes, American Airlines started promoting a campaign to take the walking out of flying.

他们安装了一条名为'星际步道'的自动人行道，并想出了个绝妙的营销点子。

They've put in a moving sidewalk called the Astroway, and they came up with a clever idea to market it.

这让人想起《我爱露西》的经典场景——露西和埃塞尔手忙脚乱地处理传送带上源源不断的巧克力糖，边包装边往嘴里狂塞。

It was a throwback to the famous I love Lucy scene where Lucy and Ethel are scrambling to deal with a flood of chocolate bonbons rushing to them on a conveyor belt and wrapping them up and shoving them frantically in their mouths.

他们请来了露西尔·鲍尔本人体验星际步道，证明它既安全又有趣。

They got Lucille Ball herself to come ride the AstroWay, and show that it was safe and fun.

我从洛杉矶国际机场美航的一位女职员那里获得了些精彩的宣传照片，她办公桌里就存着这些珍贵资料。

I got some great publicity photographs from this woman in American Airlines at LAX who had all this incredible material just in her desk.

这些露西尔·鲍尔的照片旨在向女性展示：穿着高跟鞋也能安全使用洛杉矶机场的这条自动人行道。

And it was these photographs of Lucille Ball, who'd been hired just to show, mainly to show women that you could ride on this astroway, you moving sidewalk at LAX, that you could even even with high heels on, you could ride this thing.

有张经典照片配文说：'看啊妈妈，我不用扶'。

And there's a great picture of a story going saying, look, mom, no hands.

从六七十年代开始，全美各地机场陆续开始安装自动步道。

Beginning in the sixties and seventies, airports all around the country began installing their own moving walkways.

这种设计不仅是为了显得时髦。

The appeal wasn't just to seem snazzy.

提着沉重行李的疲惫旅客们很感激能有机会让双腿休息。

Wary passengers with heavy bags appreciated the chance to rest their legs.

对于行动不便的人来说，它们确实是非常实用的便利设施。

And for people with mobility issues, they were a really useful accommodation.

但这些人行道也向机场旅客传递了一个信息：这些看似不悦的迷宫实际上是现代且高效的。

But the walkways also signaled to airport goers that these unpleasant labyrinths were actually modern and efficient.

如果要选一条最能体现这一理念的人行道，那很可能就是奥黑尔机场的那条。

And if there's a single walkway that best represents that idea, it's probably the one at O'Hare.

富有远见的建筑师赫尔穆特·雅恩在八十年代中期设计了奥黑尔机场的新联合航站楼。

The visionary architect Helmut Jahn designed the new United Terminal at O'Hare in the mid eighties.

该航站楼由两条平行的长形候机厅组成，配有高耸的玻璃天花板。

The terminal consisted of two long parallel concourses with soaring glass ceilings.

你知道，这里充满了光线。

You know, this was filled with light.

这是一个宏伟的玻璃穹顶，这个构想让人联想到欧洲那些伟大的火车站。

It was this this great glass vault, this idea is reminiscent of the great train stations in in Europe.

要知道，这确实是一个开创性的设计。

You know, this was this was really a groundbreaking design.

之前从未有人见过这样的建筑。

No no one had seen anything like this before.

这位是菲利普·卡斯蒂略，Jan建筑事务所的董事总经理。

This is Philip Castillo, managing director at Jan's architecture firm.

他表示，Jan需要解决的一个关键问题就是乘客登机时必须穿行的这条超长隧道。

And he says that one thing Jan needed to reckon with was this extremely long tunnel that passengers needed to navigate to get to their gate.

他们意识到这里需要做些特别的设计。

They recognized it needed to be something.

它不能只是这条800英尺长、有着混凝土墙、瓷砖和吊顶的隧道。

It cannot just be this 800 foot long tunnel with concrete block walls or tile and a lay in ceiling.

它需要超越这些。

It needed to be more than that.

就这样，我们有了奥黑尔的光之隧道。

And that is how we got the O'Hare Tunnel Of Light.

这个设计将原本可能令人痛苦的漫长通道变成了我和罗曼小时候都期待的魔毯之旅。

A design that turned what could have been a horrible slog into a magic carpet ride that both Roman and I looked forward to as kids.

菲利普还记得他第一次走过完工后的隧道时的情景。

Philip remembers the very first time he walked through the completed tunnel.

我觉得它很棒。

I thought it was great.

我甚至爱上了那里的音乐。

I even loved the music.

我认为这种关于如何从A点移动到B点的理念确实有些令人动容。

I thought it was really kind of poignant to this kind of idea of how one moves from point a to point b.

我至今仍然喜欢它。

And I still like it.

我至今仍享受走过那里的感觉。

I still enjoy going down there.

但奥黑尔的光之隧道可能是自动人行道作为交通技术的高光时刻，因为近几十年来，这种自动运输系统已逐渐衰落。

But the O'Hare Tunnel Of Light may have been the high point for the moving walkway as a piece of transportation technology because in recent decades, the people mover has gone into decline.

是的。

Yes.

奥黑尔机场那令人眩晕的自动人行道还在，但它是航站楼里仅存的一条了。

The trippy moving walkway at O'Hare is still there, but it's the only one left in the terminal.

2015年，美联航拆除了另外八条自动人行道。

In 2015, United ripped out all eight of the other moving walkways.

全美许多其他机场也在发生同样的情况，包括拉斯维加斯、奥兰多、辛辛那提和旧金山。

The same thing is happening at a lot of other airports around the country, including Las Vegas, Orlando, Cincinnati, and San Francisco.

机场开始对自动人行道失去兴趣，有几个相互关联的原因。

There's a few converging reasons why airports started falling out of love with the moving walkway.

随着设备老化，维修变得更困难且更昂贵。

As the equipment got older, repairs became harder and more expensive.

人们也越来越意识到这些自动步道其实并不能让人们走得更快。

There's also a growing acknowledgment that these people movers just don't move people quickly enough.

曾有人尝试提高运行速度，但提速通常意味着更多绊倒事故。

There have been attempts to make them go faster, but faster usually means more trips and falls.

因此大多数自动步道仍以每小时1-2英里的合理速度运行。

And so most of them keep chugging along at a reasonable one to two miles per hour.

研究发现，在机场使用自动步道确实能让你稍快到达登机口——前提是周围没人。

Studies find that using the moving walkway at an airport will get you to your gate a tiny bit faster if there's no one around.

但如果因为人们不遵守'靠右站立'的礼仪导致步道拥堵，反而会拖慢你的速度。

But if they get clogged up with pedestrians because people aren't following proper etiquette and standing on the right, they can actually slow you down.

其实我们心里都明白这个道理。

And we all kinda know this intuitively.

如果你赶飞机快迟到了，你会冒险挤上拥堵的自动步道，还是直接跑过去？

If you're late to your flight and you're rushing to make it before the doors close, are you going to risk getting jammed up on the moving walkway or just run for it?

但从根本上说，我认为自动人行道减少的最大原因在于机场本身已经发生了变化。

But fundamentally, I think the biggest reason that we're seeing fewer moving walkways is just that airports have changed.

随着安检加强，乘客往往提前很久到达机场，实际上被困在航站楼里无所事事。

With increased security, passengers tend to get to the airport really early, and then they are essentially trapped in the terminal with nothing to do.

机场不再是一个需要尽快通过的地方。

The airport is no longer a place to move through as quickly as possible.

它变成了像购物中心一样的休闲场所。

It's a place to hang out like a mall.

如今的机场在某种程度上，它们有点像购物中心。

Airports today, they're they're, to some extent, they're they're kinda like shopping centers.

要知道，你在航站楼里就像是被困住的观众，因为要等飞机总得找点事做。

You know, you're really a captive audience in there because you're waiting for your plane and you have to do something.

那何不购物呢？

So why not shop?

如果你只是从哈德森书店逛到星巴克，其实根本不需要自动人行道。

And you don't really need a moving walkway if you're wandering from the Hudson News to the Starbucks.

我认为过去五年它们被全部拆除，正是因为购物餐饮已成为机场体验的核心部分。

I think in the last five years, they've all been removed because this concept of shopping or eating is much more part of the airport experience.

但尽管有人批评自动人行道注定淘汰——说它们过时、缓慢或占地太多——对我来说它们依然很酷。

But for every critique about how moving walkways are doomed because they're archaic or slow or take up too much space, for me something else remains true, which is that they rock.

这些令人愉悦的机器能让你短暂沉浸在现代社会零件运转的交响曲中。

They're joyful machines that just for a minute absorb you into the symphony of moving parts that is our modern world.

回顾历史上所有成功的自动人行道，它们成功的主要原因并非效率，而是人们真心享受乘坐的乐趣。

If you look back at all the moving walkways that were successful throughout history, they succeeded in large part not because they were efficient, but because people genuinely enjoyed riding them.

所以即使我花三十秒走自动步道，你也会看到我站在右侧让其他乘客通过。

So even if I lose thirty seconds taking the moving walkway, you're gonna see me on that thing standing on the right to let the other passengers go by.

好的。

Alright.

这是旅程的最后一段自动步道，我已经踏上了。

This is the final moving walkway of the journey, and I've stepped on.

行李员肯定在笑我，不过没关系，因为我玩得很开心。

The baggage attendants are definitely laughing at me, but that's okay because I'm having a great time.

所以我也在笑。

So I'm laughing too.

自动步道即将结束。

The moving walkway is now ending.

请向下看。

Please look down.

广告之后，我们将带来关于自动步道的科幻故事。

Coming up after the break, we've got some moving walkway science fiction.

好的。

Okay.

欢迎回来，我身边是报道这个故事的贾斯珀·达维多夫。

We are back, and I'm with Jasper Davidoff, who reported that story.

我听说你想给我讲一个关于自动步道的科幻故事？

And I hear you wanna tell me about a piece of moving walkway science fiction.

是的。

Yes.

所以这段关于自动人行道的历史小插曲，我们没能在文章中完全呈现。

So there was this little bit of moving walkway history that we couldn't quite fit into the piece.

这是上世纪四十年代的一个短篇故事，讲的正是作为城市交通的自动人行道，作者是罗伯特·海因莱因。

And it's this short story from the nineteen forties that is actually about a version of moving walkways that do serve as urban transit, and it's by the author Robert Heinlein.

好的。

Okay.

嗯，我喜欢他的书。

Well, I like his books.

我...我对他的政治立场不太确定，但我喜欢他的书。

I I'm, unsure about his politics, but I like his books.

明白。

Okay.

有意思的是你提到这个，因为我们马上就会深入探讨这点。

Well, it's actually funny that you say that because we will get to that very much.

好的。

Okay.

我们之所以谈论他，是因为他写了这个名为《道路必须滚动》的短篇故事。

But we are talking about him because he wrote this short story, and it is called The Roads Must Roll.

哦，太棒了。

Oh, excellent.

是啊。

Yeah.

这标题真绝妙。

That's an amazing title.

这确实是个很扎实的标题。

It is a really solid title.

这个故事实际上被改编成了广播剧。

And this story was actually turned into a radio play.

所以我想给你们带来一小段片段。

So I I wanted to bring you a little snippet of that.

这真是纯粹的广播剧艺术啊。

That's some real theater of the mind radio right there.

我真的很喜欢。

I really like it.

它非常能唤起共鸣。

It's it's very evocative.

《道路必须滚动》的核心设定是：它本质上构建了一个反乌托邦世界，故事发生在美国的一个未来版本，在那里城市已经被州际高速公路的统治所撕裂。

So the deal with the Roads Must Roll is that, it's essentially creating this dystopia, set here in The US in a version of the future where cities have been torn apart by, you know, the dominance of interstate highways.

汽车交通如此拥堵，以至于人们寸步难行，所有人的生活都被毁了。

And there's so much automobile traffic that, no one can get anywhere and everyone's lives are ruined.

不可能。

Impossible.

是啊。

Yeah.

谁能想象出这样的

Who who can imagine this version of

美国？

The US?

谁能想象这样的世界？

Who can imagine such a world?

嗯，

Well,

要知道，在1940年，美国还远未达到那种汽车主导的混乱程度。

you know, in 1940, this was not quite, the the level of car brains chaos that, The US would eventually reach.

所以海因莱因在这里有点先见之明。

So Heinlein's being a little bit prescient here.

但在他的版本中，社会没有屈服于汽车的霸权，《道路必须滚动》里的社会转而采用了一种超级强化版的自动人行道来满足所有出行需求。

But in his version, instead of bowing down to the supremacy of the car, the society in the roads must roll essentially turns to a supercharged version of the moving walkway to get everywhere.

然后工程师们接管了一切。

Then the engineers took over.

他们禁止了汽车，拆毁了高速公路，取而代之的是建造了滚动道路。

They banned the automobiles, tore up the superhighways, and in their place, they built the rolling road.

这些机械化道路像巨大的传送带一样运转，通过巨型转子以每小时5到100英里的速度旋转，运送货物、食物和人们穿梭于城市与海岸之间。

Mechanized roads that moved like huge conveyor belts, twirling along on their giant rotors at speeds ranging from five to 100 miles an hour, carrying the freight, the food, and the people from city to city and coast to coast.