第72集 - 征服狂热 II

这就是狄奥多罗斯·西库鲁斯记载的德摩斯梯尼联络阿特拉斯时所说的话——‘让我们除掉这个毛头小子，这个蠢货，这个笨蛋’。

And that's where Diodorus Siculus' story of Demosthenes reaching out to Atlas and saying, you know, let's get rid of this kid, this simpleton, this boob.

狄奥多罗斯·西库鲁斯记载，在亚历山大继位后，原文如此：

And Diodorus Siculus says that after Alexander becomes king, quote.

‘菲利普死后，阿塔罗斯立即开始策划叛乱，并同意与雅典人合作对抗亚历山大’，引文结束。

Immediately after Philip's death, Attalus embarked on a course of revolution and agreed to cooperate with the Athenians against Alexander, end quote.

稍早前，狄奥多罗斯解释了亚历山大对此将作何反应——这将是典型的亚历山大式先发制人：果断而迅猛的打击。

A little earlier, Diodorus explains what Alexander's response to this was going to be, and it's a typically Alexandrian decisive and speedy sort of preemptive strike.

在我的罗宾·沃特菲尔德译本中，狄奥多罗斯写道：‘然而阿塔罗斯正伺机夺取王位，亚历山大决定除掉他。’

And in my Robin Waterfield translation, Diodorus says, quote, Attalus, however, was waiting in the wings to seize the throne, and Alexander decided to do away with him.

阿塔罗斯是菲利普最后一任妻子克利奥帕特拉的兄弟——确切地说是叔叔。

Attalus was the brother, uncle actually, of Philip's last wife Cleopatra.

事实上，就在菲利普国王去世前几天，克利奥帕特拉刚为他生下了一个孩子。

And in fact, Cleopatra had produced a child for Philip just days before the king's death.

阿塔罗斯此前已被派往亚洲，与帕米尼翁共同担任远征军的指挥官。

Attalus had been sent on ahead to Asia as joint commander with Parmenion of the expeditionary force.

He had won the affection of the soldiers with his generosity and cordiality and had become very popular in the army.

He had won the affection of the soldiers with his generosity and cordiality and had become very popular in the army.

Alexander had good reasons then, Diodorus writes, to be concerned about the possibility that Atlas might link up with his opponents amongst the Greeks and claim the throne.

Alexander had good reasons then, Diodorus writes, to be concerned about the possibility that Atlas might link up with his opponents amongst the Greeks and claim the throne.

So he chose one of his friends, a man called Hecateias or Hecateias if you prefer, and sent him to Asia with sufficient soldiers and instructions to bring Attalus back, alive preferably, but if this was impossible, to murder him at the earliest opportunity.

So he chose one of his friends, a man called Hecateias or Hecateias if you prefer, and sent him to Asia with sufficient soldiers and instructions to bring Attalus back, alive preferably, but if this was impossible, to murder him at the earliest opportunity.

So Hecatayah sailed over to Asia, joined Parmenion and Attalus, and waited for a chance to carry out his mission, end quote.

So Hecatayah sailed over to Asia, joined Parmenion and Attalus, and waited for a chance to carry out his mission, end quote.

Well, at some point, if you believe the Diodorus story here, Attalus maybe realizes that he's been caught and tries his best to squirm out of this maybe.

Well, at some point, if you believe the Diodorus story here, Attalus maybe realizes that he's been caught and tries his best to squirm out of this maybe.

That's my interpretation of how one tries to figure out his change of heart and his turning over of the incriminating letters from Demosthenes right to Alexander, it's not gonna save his neck, but Diodorus writes, quote, he had in his keeping the letter he'd received from Demosthenes, and he sent it off to Alexander along with expressions of goodwill in an attempt to have the charges against him dropped.

That's my interpretation of how one tries to figure out his change of heart and his turning over of the incriminating letters from Demosthenes right to Alexander, it's not gonna save his neck, but Diodorus writes, quote, he had in his keeping the letter he'd received from Demosthenes, and he sent it off to Alexander along with expressions of goodwill in an attempt to have the charges against him dropped.

But Hecateus or Hecateus but Hecateus murdered Attalus as ordered by the king, and then the restiveness and rebelliousness of the Macedonian expeditionary force in Asia came to an end.

But Hecateus or Hecateus but Hecateus murdered Attalus as ordered by the king, and then the restiveness and rebelliousness of the Macedonian expeditionary force in Asia came to an end.

Though this was not just because of Attalus' murder, but also because Parmenion was squarely Alexander's man, end quote.

Though this was not just because of Attalus' murder, but also because Parmenion was squarely Alexander's man, end quote.

所以故事讲到这儿，如果我要拍亚历山大的电影，我希望由马丁·斯科塞斯来执导——顺便说下，这本该就是他的项目。

So this is the part of the story here where if I'm making my Alexander film, I want Martin Scorsese directing it the way, by the way, he was supposed to have done.

在奥利弗·斯通的电影上映并扼杀这个项目之前就听说过。

Heard before Oliver Stone's movie came out and squelched it.

我是说，这就像黑手党《教父》式的处境，把其他家族成员置于这种境地。

I mean, this is a mafia, godfather ish type position to put other family members in.

我的意思是，有多位现代历史学家的二手资料都表明，如果没有现场另一位将军帕米尼昂的默许，阿塔罗斯的刺杀根本不可能发生。

I mean, have multiple secondary sources, modern historians, who are suggesting that there's no way this Attalus assassination happens without Parmenian approving of it, the other general on the scene with the expeditionary force.

但帕米尼昂可是阿塔罗斯的岳父啊。

But Parmenian is the father-in-law to Attalus.

对吧？

Right?

阿塔罗斯娶了他的女儿。

Attalus is married to his daughter.

如果你决定任由女婿被干掉，这种关系动态就很有意思了。

If you decide you're gonna let your son-in-law be whacked, that's an interesting dynamic.

那可能是交易中不可协商的部分。

That might have been the part of the deal that was nonnegotiable.

对吧？

Right?

我们要除掉阿特拉斯。

We're taking Atlas.

你想要什么作为交易条件？

What do you want for the deal?

你想要什么来保持沉默？

What do you want to be quiet?

你想要什么才能满意？

What do you want to be happy?

就像我读到的一位历史学家说的，你总能再找个女婿。

I mean, as one of the historians I was reading said, you can always get another son-in-law.

在阿特拉斯被除掉后，帕米尼昂的一些家族成员确实得到了不错的晋升和职位。

And after Atlas is taken out, some of Parmenian's family members do get some plum sort of promotions and positions.

所以如果有人试图拍摄自己的电影，而这部分内容恰好是你了解不足的灰色地带，你可以凭空编造出各种可能的交易，让这个看似不可协商的问题消失，让各方都带着不错的安慰奖离开。

So if one is trying to make their own movie and this is part of that gray area you don't know enough about, you could conjure up all sorts of deals that might be made here to make a, you know, nonnegotiable problem go away and everybody sort of walk away with pretty good consolation prizes.

而且阿塔罗斯并非唯一被除掉的人。

And Atlas isn't the only one who gets whacked.

他只是在亚历山大发起的继承清洗中，众多将被消灭的人物之一——具体数量难以确定，但绝对相当可观。

Just one amongst an indeterminable, but certainly significant number of people that are gonna be wiped out as part of the succession purges that Alexander initiates.

虽然具体人数无法确定，但确实会有许多人被杀，而且他们通常会被指控与腓力遇刺案有牵连。

An indeterminate number of people will be killed though, and they will often be killed on charges that they were somehow involved in Philip's assassination.

这让人有点联想到苏联大清洗时期，所有人都因与基洛夫遇刺案有直接或间接关联而被处决。

I mean, it reminds you a little bit of the Soviet Union great purge where everybody was being executed for having something to do one way or another with the assassination of Sergei Kirov.

对吧？

Right?

可能确实有几分相似，不过阿塔罗斯很可能确实是个合理目标。

It's a little like that maybe, but Atalus probably was a legitimate target.

我读过的几位历史学家都暗示，他或许早料到这个结局。

Several of the historians that I was reading were suggesting that he maybe even knew this was coming.

另一位心知自己将成亡命王后的人是他的侄女克里奥帕特拉。

The other person that would have known she was a dead queen walking was his niece Cleopatra.

她肯定立刻明白，一旦亚历山大掌权且他母亲有发言权，她就难逃一死。

She must have known right away Alexander takes over and his mother has any say in it that she's not gonna make it.

事实上，1977年发现的与腓力同葬墓群中，有一人被认为是克里奥帕特拉及其新生儿——可能是腓力的女儿（也有人说是儿子）。

In fact, one of the people buried in that tomb complex with Philip that was found in 1977 is thought to be Cleopatra and her newborn child, probably Philip's daughter, some would say son.

目前尚无法确定。

It's unknown.

他们发现了新生儿的残骸并进行分析，发现其出生后不久即遭杀害。这推翻了旧有观点——即亚历山大掌权与克里奥帕特拉母子遇害之间存在时间差。

They found a few pieces of that newborn and did an analysis, and it was killed so soon after birth that the old views that used to be out there that there had been a little bit of a time lag between Alexander taking control and Cleopatra and the newborn being killed seemed to be wrong.

她很可能几乎立即遭到了杀害。

She seems to maybe have been killed almost right away.

传统上这归咎于亚历山大的母亲奥林匹亚斯。

That is traditionally blamed on Alexander's mother Olympias.

伊丽莎白·卡尼在其杰作《奥林匹亚斯》中详细剖析了这一点。

Elizabeth Carney in her wonderful book Olympias breaks down that whole point.

是她干的吗？

Did she do it?

不是她干的吗？

Didn't she do it?

如果真是她所为，当时人们对此有何看法？

If she did do it, what did they think about it?

并得出基本结论：这在当时不会引起太大震惊。

And comes to the basic conclusion that it wouldn't have been considered all that eyebrow raising.

唯一可能让人觉得奇怪的是，这是一个女人对另一个女人施加暴力，这在那之前并不常见，但之后却变得司空见惯。

And the only weird part might have been that it was one woman inflicting violence on another woman, which wasn't so normal before that time period, but does become normal afterwards.

她某种程度上使其常态化，具体方式已无从考证。

She sort of normalizes it, and how it was done isn't known.

当然，后世有些历史学家试图渲染女性间的冲突，其中一位甚至描绘奥林匹亚斯将她的对手和新生的婴儿拖过炽热的炭火。

But, of course, there are some lurid tales by later historians trying probably to milk the whole female angle, but one later historian has Olympias dragging her rival wife and the newborn over glowing coals.

实际情况很可能并非如此。

Probably didn't happen that way.

伊丽莎白·卡尼认为可能发生的情况与另一个时期的事件相似。

Elizabeth Carney thinks what's likely is what had happened at another time period.

正如我们之前提到的，在菲利普墓地的六位埋葬者中，奥林匹亚斯可能要对其中五人的死亡负责。

As I believe we said, out of the six people buried in the Philip Tomb compound, Olympias might have been responsible for five of their deaths.

后来会有一个人是上吊自杀的女性。

A later person's going to be a female who hangs herself.

伊丽莎白·卡尼认为婴儿可能被杀，也许就在克丽奥佩托拉眼前，然后克丽奥佩托拉被允许体面地上吊自尽。

Elizabeth Carney thinks maybe the baby was killed, maybe in front of Cleopatra's eyes, and then Cleopatra was allowed to, with dignity, hang herself.

谁知道呢？

Who knows?

但在一处记载中，亚历山大将会谴责他母亲对克丽奥佩托拉的野蛮行径。

But Alexander, in one source, will reproach his mother for behaving savagely to Cleopatra.

现在指出这一点是因为我不想让它被忽视，亚历山大刚当上国王五秒钟，我们就已经遇到了一个分岔路时刻，你必须决定你认为发生了什么，这将影响你对亚历山大的看法。

Now just to point this out because I didn't wanna have it go unnoticed, Alexander's been king all the five seconds, and we already have one of those fork in the road moments where you kinda have to decide what you think happened, and that's going to influence the way you see this Alexander figure.

我的意思是，如果他下令处死他父亲的最后一任妻子和新生儿，他就是那种人。

I mean, if he ordered the death of his dad's last wife and the newborn, he's one kind of guy.

对吧？

Right?

如果他明知故犯地视而不见，让他母亲动手，那就是另一种人了。

If he looked the other way knowingly and let his mom do it, it's another guy.

如果他根本不想杀他们，但他母亲抢先下手杀了他们，那又是另一种人了。

If he didn't wanna kill them at all, but his mom got to them first and killed them, it's another guy.

所以他对其中一些结果是有控制权或责任的。

So as he has control or responsibility over some of these outcomes.

对吧？

Right?

历史可能难以确定动机、原因和确切发生了什么，但你可以说，突然间他们都死了，所有人都在议论这件事。

History may be difficult to determine motives and reasons and exactly what happened, but you can say things like, well, all of a sudden, they died and everybody talked about it.

好吧。

Okay.

这个结果你至少可以，你知道的，试着去理解和接受。

That's an outcome you can, you know, get your mind around, your arms around.

这确实发生过，而判定亚历山大的参与程度，正是试图理解他应该位于传记光谱的哪个位置——一端是屠夫，另一端是哲人王。

It really happened, and deciding Alexander's involvement is part of trying to come to grips with, you know, where he should fall on the biographical spectrum between a butcher on one end and a philosopher king on the other.

我们当然明白，所有这些都需要通过翻译的视角来评估。

We do understand, of course, right, that all of this needs to be assessed through a translation lens.

有句话说过去就像另一个国度，他们行事方式不同？

What's that line that the past is like another country, they do things differently there?

在某个时代被视为正常、正确甚至值得赞扬的行为，在另一个时代可能被认为是邪恶和可怕的。

And what is considered okay and right and maybe even commendable in one time period can be considered evil and horrific in another.

有人抱怨这是文化相对主义，让过去的人逃脱了责任。

There are people who complain that this is cultural relativism, and it lets people from the past off the hook.

但如果他们不知道某事是错误的，有时很难让他们为此负责。

But if they didn't know something was wrong, it seems pretty difficult sometimes to hold them accountable for that.

如果你不确定，试着想象一千年后的人们如何看待我们现在习以为常、甚至不去思考好坏的事情。

If you're not sure about that, just try to imagine people a thousand years from now considering some of the things that we do routinely and don't even think about whether or not they're good or bad to do.

想象一下仅仅因为我们做了那些事就被评判。

Imagine being judged solely on the fact that we did that.

你可能会说，我们当时不知道更好的做法。

You might say, we didn't know any better.

他们可能会说，这不是借口。

They might say, that's no excuse.

所以要小心。

So be careful.

我能想象这样一个场景：亚历山大所负责的那些人——马其顿王国的普通民众会说，天啊，我们正面临马其顿作为重要国家历史上最生死攸关的时刻。

There is a scenario I can imagine in my mind where the very people Alexander was responsible to, right, the average people in the Kingdom Of Macedonia would say, oh my god, we face the most existential moment in, you know, the history of Macedonia as a state that matters.

别管什么年轻女子或新生儿被杀的事了。

Forget whether some young woman or some newborn has been killed.

你要是搞砸了，我们成千上万的人都会死。

You screw this up, and tens of thousands of us are gonna die.

你知道的，强硬起来，做个真正的国王。

You know, get tough and be the king.

对吧？

Right?

所以这取决于你如何看待这个局面。

So it depends on how you wanna view this situation.

但在我看来，这一刻亚历山大彻底粉碎了关于他可能是个孩子、傻瓜或蠢货的看法，在我的超级英雄版亚历山大故事中，他就像摘下克拉克·肯特的眼镜，扯开衬衫，在这一刻露出胸前的S标志。

But in my mind, this is the moment where Alexander completely destroys this idea that he might be a child, a simpleton, a boob, and he does so by essentially, in my superhero story of Alexander, pulling off the Clark Kent glasses and pulling open his shirt and revealing the s on his chest at this moment.

必须是这一刻，因为如果超人再不现身，一切都会彻底完蛋。

And it has to be this moment because if Superman doesn't appear, everything is gonna go to hell in a handbasket.

我最喜欢的关于这一刻的描述来自普鲁塔克。

And my favorite description of the moment is in Plutarch.

我正在读一本让我相当享受的书。

And I have a book that I'm enjoying quite a bit.

其实不算是书。

It's not really a book.

这是一本名为《亚历山大大帝历史资料译丛》的史料汇编。

It's a compilation of sources called Alexander the Great historical sources in translation.

他们新出了个普鲁塔克译本，我只读过其中的节选片段。

And they have a newer version of a Plutarch translation that I don't have, just passages in it.

但其中一段关键描述就是，你知道，就像超人电影里的危机时刻，露易丝·莱恩即将从大楼坠落，而他必须在此刻化身超人来拯救世界——至少从马其顿人的视角看是这样。

But one of the passages is this key one that describes, you know, this crisis moment in the Superman film where Lois Lane's about to fall and off the building, and he's got to just, you know, become Superman at this moment to save the day, at least if you're looking at it from a Macedonian viewpoint.

如果从雅典人或底比斯人的视角看，这一刻他就变成了达斯·维达。普鲁塔克在西格勒译本中写道：‘于是二十岁的亚历山大接管了这个王国，四面八方都充斥着刻骨嫉恨、致命敌意与重重危机。’

If you're looking at it from, like, an Athenian or Theban viewpoint, this is when he becomes Darth Vader And Plutarch, from the Siegler translation, says, quote, and so at the age of 20, Alexander took over the realm, which was in every quarter fraught with bitter jealousies and deadly enmities and dangers.

那些作为邻邦的蛮族部落不愿接受被征服的命运，渴望恢复祖辈的独立王国。

For the barbarian tribes who were his neighbors would not accept their subjugation and yearned for the independent kingdoms of their ancestors.

此外，尽管腓力二世在武装冲突中击败了希腊，却尚未有足够时间彻底征服和驯服她。

In addition, although Philip had defeated Greece in armed conflict, he had not had sufficient time to completely subdue and tame her.

事实上，他所做的一切只是带来了变革与混乱，然后让那些不习惯新环境的人们陷入持续的不安与动荡之中，引文结束。

All he had done, in fact, was bring change and confusion, and then with people unused to the new circumstances, leave behind him a state of restlessness and turmoil, end quote.

现在，普鲁塔克正是在这里铺垫这一关键时刻。

Now this is where Plutarch sets up the moment.

他安排了这些情节——虽然无人知晓是否真如此发生——

He has these and who knows if it happened this way?

他让这些身经百战的马其顿将军们——那些曾辅佐他父亲征服各族的老将们——出言警告他需谨慎行事。

He has these hard bitten Macedonian generals, the guys who were his dad's generals who helped conquer all these people in the first place caution that he needs to be careful.

局势复杂多变，各方势力暗流涌动。

There's a lot of moving parts, a lot going on.

要知道，或许我们这边需要采取怀柔政策。

You know, maybe we need to be conciliatory over here.

在那边稍作让步。

Give a little over there.

这种策略菲利普可能会认可。

It's a strategy one could see Philip being okay with.

我们该如何评价他的这类战术？

What do we say about his sort of tactics?

他属于那种为达目的不择手段的人。

He was a kind of, by any means, necessary guy.

对吧？

Right?

他根本不在乎。

He didn't care.

他从不虚张声势，比如能用钱解决的问题，他绝不会逞强。

There was there was no chest pounding if he could get something with money, for example.

亚历山大可不会那样做。

Alexander's not gonna be that way.

对亚历山大而言，行事方式本身就是意义的一部分——普鲁塔克记载他几乎直接驳回了这些建议。

For Alexander, the way you do things is part of what matters, and Plutarch has him essentially waving off the advice.

想想看：这个二十岁的年轻人刚加冕为王，就驳回了专业谋臣的建言，宣称绝不采用那种方式。

Remember, 20 year old kid been king for five seconds, waving off the advice of the professionals and saying he's not gonna do it that way.

普鲁塔克写道：'马其顿人对这种困境深感忧虑，认为亚历山大应当彻底放弃希腊事务，不再施加任何压力。'

And Plutarch says, quote, the Macedonians were fearful of this predicament and felt Alexander should completely abandon the Greek situation and apply no further pressure there.

他们认为应当以怀柔手段使叛离的蛮族归顺，并通过安抚政策将动乱扼杀在萌芽状态。

They thought he should use gentle means to bring back into line the barbarians who had defected and used conciliation to check unrest at its first appearance.

然而亚历山大的立场与此截然相反。

Alexander, however, started from a position diametrically opposed to this.

他决心以雷霆行动和英雄气概来巩固王国的安全防线，坚信一旦显露出丝毫动摇，所有敌人都会扑向他。（引文结束）

He set out to establish security and safeguards for his realm with action and a heroic spirit, assuming that all would descend upon him if he were to waver in his resolve, end quote.

请记住，这是我们已知的亚历山大大帝真正掌权的第一个历史时刻，他掌握了主动权，这也是我们开始见证他展现那些日后闻名特质的机会。

Now remember, this is the first historical moment that we know of that Alexander is really in charge here, that he has agency, and this is where we get a chance to see him start to unveil some of the things that he's going to be known for.

对吧？

Right?

如果说有超能力，正如我们所说，亚历山大的其中一项就是速度——令人晕头转向的速度，这种速度不断让对手措手不及，既体现在战术战场层面，也体现在宏大战略层面。

If there's superpowers, as we said, one of them is, in Alexander's case, speed, disorienting speed, speed that continually wrong foots the people that he's up against, and speed at the tactical battlefield level, but also with the giant strategic level.

如果亚历山大是你在战争游戏桌对面的对手，你想知道他的作战倾向——他会主动出击，在你甚至认为他不可能到达之前，就出现在你意想不到的地方。

If Alexander's your opponent on the other side of the wargame table and you wonder what his tendencies are, he's going to move on you, and he's going to be where you don't expect him before you even think it's capable of getting that far.

你将在这里见证这一点，因为他做的第一件事就是集结军队，开始从马其顿向南进军。

You'll see it here because the first thing he does is get the army together and start marching south from Macedonia.

他已经平定了后方的局势。

He's pacified things back at home.

对吧？

Right?

如果这是一场危机处理，第一步就是平息后方所有潜在问题，确保首都一切安定，然后挥师南下。

If this is a triage sort of deal, the first step is quelling any sort of problems in your rear, make sure everything's settled back, you know, in the capital, and then head on down south.

当你抵达每一个这些地点时，尽量和平地将他们重新纳入麾下。

And as you arrive at each of these locations, bring them back into the fold peacefully, hopefully.

如果不行，那正是军队派上用场的时候。

If not, well, that's what the army's for.

他遇到的第一批人是色萨利人，他们与马其顿人有着长期的关系，尤其是在这一时期之后。

The first group of people he encounters are the Thessalians who have a long term relationship, especially after this period with the Macedonians.

他们几乎算是帝国中的合作伙伴。

They're almost partners in empire.

称他们为马其顿人的表亲并不公平，但有时他们确实给人这种感觉，如果你愿意这么理解的话。

Not fair to call them cousins of the Macedonians, but they sometimes seem like that, if you will.

而这正是亚历山大可以利用的一点，采取一种类似'好警察、坏警察'的策略态度。

And that's gonna be something Alexander can exploit with a sort of a good cop, bad cop kind of attitude.

比如他会说'我们本是同根生'这样的话。

You know, talks about we descend from the same people.

还会说'我们一直保持着良好的互利关系'。

You know, we've had a good relationship with each other, mutually beneficial.

他说这番话的同时，已经成功包抄了那些试图在军事上牵制他的色萨利部队。

And while he says that, he's managed to outflank the force of Thessalians that were blocking a position that was intended to create a military disadvantage for Alexander.

当你能一边包抄对手，一边大谈共同祖先之类的好话时，他至少有两个理由让人不得不说：你知道吗？

And when you can make all those good cases about a shared ancestry and all those sorts of things while you're out flanking the opponent, he's got at least two reasons why it's a good idea to just say, you know what?

你说得很有道理。

You make a good case.

我们重新结盟吧。

We're back in.

随后亚历山大挥师南下，比如我们会在底比斯人尚未准备好时，就突然兵临城下。

And then Alexander heads down south, and we'll show up outside Thebes, for example, before the Thebans are ready to have him there.

和其他许多城邦一样，底比斯人驱逐了马其顿驻军。

Like a bunch of other cities, the Thebans have expelled their Macedonian garrisons.

他们某种程度上认为，先前与亚历山大父亲达成的协议已经失效。

They're sort of free thinking that a earlier deal made with Alexander's dad.

史料记载，当他率全副武装的军队列阵出现在底比斯城外时，这相当于带着黑帮做派再次来到谈判桌前。

And when he shows up with the army in battle array with their armor on outside Thebes, the sources say, this is the equivalent of coming into the negotiations with Thebes and just once again, there's a little mafia style to this whole thing.

一种低调却暗藏杀机的威慑氛围，但以一种优雅的方式进行——你走进谈判室，把手枪往谈判桌上一放，抬头时对其存在只字不提，直接开始谈正事。

A sort of an understated, murderous intimidation sort of an air, but, you know, done in a classy sort of way where you walk into the negotiations and you just place the handgun on the negotiating table, look up, don't acknowledge its existence at all, and just start talking turkey about the deal.

大家都知道枪就在那里。

Everybody knows the gun is there.

所有人都明白这象征着什么，但没人需要粗俗到刻意去点明它。

Everybody knows what it symbolizes, but nobody has to be as gauche as to draw attention to it.

底比斯人领会了信息，于是他们屈服了。

The Thebans get the message, and they give in.

雅典人派了一个代表团来说，哦，是的。

The Athenians send a delegation to say, oh, yeah.

别在意德摩斯梯尼曾资助底比斯人抵抗你的事。

Never mind the money that Demosthenes was providing to the Thebans to resist you.

你知道的，我们再次承认你是这个组织的领袖。

You know, we acknowledge you as the head of the organization again.

在一连串迅速的事件中，亚历山大将继续前往这个组织现在的实际总部——他父亲创建的所在地。除了原本就不在组织内的斯巴达外，所有原始成员都将宣誓让亚历山大接替他父亲的地位，原先关于报复波斯人150年前对希腊所作所为的协议仍然有效。

And in sort of a quick chain of events, Alexander will move on to the to current the actual, know, sort of the seat of this organization his dad created, and everybody who was in the original organization with the exception of Sparta, which wasn't in the original organization, will pledge that Alexander basically takes his dad's place, the original deal of going back and and paying the Persians back for what the Persians did to the Greeks a hundred and fifty years previously is still on.

大家都参与其中，一切如常。

Everybody's in, you know, business as usual.

正是在这段时间，亚历山大的人生中发生了两个传统上属于他传奇故事的事件。

It's during this time period when Alexander has two stories that fit into the timeline of his life that are traditionally a part of the Alexander canon.

第一个故事是，当他南下时，他前往德尔斐神谕所与女祭司交谈，以获得预言。

The first one is that while he's down here, he goes up to the oracle at Delphi to talk to the priestess and get a a prophecy.

于是他前往那里，却发现正值冬季，神谕所在冬季关闭。

So he goes up there only to find out that it's winter, and the oracle shuts down for winter.

所以神谕所关闭了，而他不是那种习惯被拒绝的人。

So it's closed, and he's not the kind of guy that's used to taking no for an answer.

根据记载，他闯入内殿找到女祭司，可能用词有点重。

So the sources have him, you know, going back into the inner sanctum, finding the priestess, and sort of, you know, roughing her up might be too strong a word.

但你知道，他摇晃着她让她明白，事情没那么简单。

But, you know, shaking her and letting her know, you know, you don't get off that easy.

据说当他摇晃她时，她说了些话。

And she's supposed to have remarked while he's shaking her or what have you.

我的孩子，你战无不胜。

My son, you are invincible.

而这正是亚历山大想听到的，于是他离开时宣称这就是他寻求的预言。

And that's all Alexander wanted to hear anyway, and he left saying that basically that was the prophecy he was after.

另一个发生在他南下期间的故事——具体是在科林斯时——据说是与著名的犬儒主义哲学家第欧根尼的相遇。这位哲学家总在寻找品德高尚之人，崇尚贫穷的美德，赤身睡在木桶里。

And the other story that happens while he's down here, while he's in Corinth specifically, is this alleged encounter with the famous cynic philosopher Diogenes, the guy who was always in search of a good man who believed in sort of the virtues of poverty and would sleep in a barrel naked.

你很难想象像亚历山大这样叱咤政坛的明日之星会对这种人着迷。

Not the kind of guy you would expect an up and comer in the geopolitical glitterati like Alexander to be, you know, fascinated with.

但话说回来，如果我们用这种方式探究，或许能部分了解他内心的真实面貌——毕竟这是他崇拜的类型。

But, again, this is maybe part if we're going to do it this way, looking into to trying to figure out who this guy might have been inside, if if this is the kind of person he admires.

故事讲述他带着几名随从偶遇第欧根尼，看着对方躺在阳光下等着被注意却未被理睬。

And the story is that he comes upon Diogenes with a few of his men, and he's just watching him laying in the sun expecting to be noticed and not being noticed.

最终他有些焦躁，主动打破沉默对这位他仰慕的哲学家说：我能为您做些什么吗？

And finally getting a little antsy, he breaks the ice by saying to this philosopher that he admires, is there anything I can do for you?

第欧根尼回答：有的。

To which Diogenes replies, yes.

你可以挪动一下。

You can move a little.

你挡住光了。

You're blocking the light.

亚历山大的部下对这个回答很不满，开始躁动起来，亚历山大却回应说，也许这很能说明问题，他对此并无异议。

Alexander's men were not thrilled with this answer and got agitated to which Alexander responded, maybe tellingly that he was good with it.

若他不是亚历山大，他愿成为第欧根尼。

If he were not Alexander, he would be Diogenes.

这话从一个人嘴里说出来很有意思。

Interesting line for a guy to make.

想和那个住在桶里、赤身裸体的家伙互换位置吗？

Wanna switch places with the dude with no clothes living in a barrel.

当我们试图寻找线索来推测他的思想和身份时，这种联系显得颇为耐人寻味。

It's an interesting connection to the man when we start to try to find little clues as to what he might have thought, who he might have been.

这让我想起米克·贾格尔——这位曾就读于伦敦经济学院的摇滚歌手——曾对采访者说过的话，他偶尔会想象如果自己选择经济学而非而非摇滚乐，的人生轨迹会是什么样子。

I'm reminded of a story that Mick Jagger, who went to the London School of Economics, had told an interviewer once, you know, he imagines occasionally what his life might have been like had he gone into economics instead of rock and roll.

也许思考这个问题是很常见的事。

Maybe it's a common thing to think about it.

也许亚历山大当时在想，听着。

Maybe Alexander was thinking, listen.

要不是我生来就注定要成为这种全球地缘政治征服者，也许我会成为像第欧根尼那样的愤世嫉俗的哲学家，赤身裸体晒太阳，无忧无虑，过着披头士风格的和平主义者式的生活，用毫无责任的方式看待世界——但这不可能是亚历山大的命运。

If it wasn't for this, you know, global geopolitical conqueror sort of thing I've kind of been born into, you know, maybe it would have been a cynical philosopher like Diogenes, naked in the sun, not a care in the world, in a little beatnik style peace man kind of alternative, no responsibilities sort of way of looking at the world, but that's not to be for Alexander.

他还有很多事情要做，清单上的下一项就是带领军队返回马其顿，准备北上。

He had a lot of things to do, and the next thing on the list is to take his army back up to Macedonia and prepare to go north.

这将是第三项分类任务。

This is gonna be triage task number three.

对吧？

Right?

第一项分类任务是处理好国内事务。

Triage task number one is settle things at home.

第二项分类任务是，你知道的，重建你父亲为入侵波斯而组建的这个希腊联盟。

Triage task number two is, you know, reestablish this league of the Greeks that your father put together for this invasion of Persia.

待办事项清单第三条是震慑马其顿北部和西北部的各个部落，这样当你率军远征时，他们就不会趁机作乱。

Triage list element number three is cow the various tribes to the North and Northwest of Macedonia so they don't get uppity while you take the army far away from home.

虽然看起来可能不是什么大事——亚历山大带着这支世界最强军队北上对付一群部落民族——但我们应该注意到，这很可能是亚历山大首次以国王身份指挥实战。

And while it may not seem like a big deal, right, Alexander taking this greatest army in the world probably up north to deal with a bunch of tribal peoples, we should note that this is probably the first time Alexander's going to have ever commanded the army as the king in combat.

对于一个将以'史上十大军事统帅'留名青史的人物而言——很多人甚至将他列为史上最伟大将领之首——

So for a guy who's gonna make his historical bones being known as a person who belongs on the top 10 list, and a lot of people have him at number one of greatest military commanders of all time.

记录他首次以国王身份指挥作战的时刻很有意义，所以我们正在这么做。

Noting the first time he does that as the king might be apropos, so we're doing it.

当然，据说他父亲外出时他曾以摄政身份指挥过军队，

Of course, he's supposed to have commanded the army when his dad was gone, and he was the regent.

在早期战役中他也确实在父亲麾下统领过卡洛尼亚战场的侧翼，但这是他第一次以征服者的姿态行动。

He was also for sure commanding a wing at Caronia under his dad in earlier battles, but this is the first time he's acting as the guy who's going to be the conqueror.

可以说，这是征服者生涯的第一场战役。

This is conqueror battle number one, I guess you could say.

这也是某些史书开始记载的起点，因为这里似乎是个合理的叙事开端。

And this is where some histories kick in because it seems like a likely place to start the story.

如果你的故事主线聚焦于军事方面，这就引出了我们现在可以使用的一个重要史料来源，它将能充实我们目前掌握的内容。

If your main focus of the story is the military stuff, and that brings me to a source that we're gonna be able to use now that's really gonna flesh out what we've had up until this time.

从此刻起，我们将引用罗马时代的作家阿里安，他是像普鲁塔克那样生活在罗马帝国的另一位希腊裔作家。

From this point on, we get Arian, the Roman era writer, another Greek like Plutarch writing in the Roman Empire.

阿里安属于极少数流传至今的古代历史学家之列，他们记载了亚历山大的生平事迹，供我们现代人研究。

Arian is amongst a very small group of ancient historians that have come down to, you know, we in the modern world that deals with Alexander's life and times.

正如我们在这部分讨论开始时提到的，由于现存的史料极为稀少，留存下来的资料重要性自然被放大，阿里安的著作就是典型例证。

And because of that, as we said in part one of this discussion, the rarity of the info out there means that what you have left is sort of exalted in importance, and Arian is a perfect example of that.

他的影响力之所以如此深远，大概与这样一个事实有关：我们一直以来都持有——而且在我们之前的许多人也如此——对亚历山达的看法多少带点默认的正面倾向。

His outsized influence probably has a lot to do with the fact that we sort of have always had and and a lot of people before us too, a sort of slightly positive default position on how we feel about Alexander.

阿里安这类史料并不受那些认为亚历山大是屠夫的人士欢迎，我们对他使用的史料来源非常清楚，而这些来源不会提供负面信息。

Arian is not the sort of source that the people from the Alexander was a butcher school of re fandom like very much because well, he's very upfront about who he uses as his sources, and they're not the kind of people that are gonna give you all the bad stuff.

他们确实不会。

They just aren't.

我确实喜欢那些我们或许能收集到的小细节。

I do love the little things that we can sort of maybe glean.

完全坦白说，我并不具备解读其中某些内容的资质，但我确实读了不少真正专家的著作。

And full disclosure, I'm not qualified to glean some of this stuff, but I sure read a bunch of people who are.

我正在阅读一些关于我的阿里安著作及其他书籍的序言部分，它们为我梳理了大量这类材料。

And I was reading some of the introductions to some of my Arians and other books, and they're diagramming a bunch of this sort of material for me.

但阿里安在著作开头觉得有必要为自己写史辩护，因为显然市场上关于亚历山大的内容已经饱和了，这透露了一些信息。

But Arians feels the need at the beginning of his history to justify writing it because the market is already saturated apparently with Alexander's stuff, which tells you some things.

首先，这说明四百年后人们对它仍有巨大需求。

First of all, tells you that there's still a huge demand for it four hundred years later.

亚历山大是个明星人物。

Alexander's a star.

这个时期他获得了‘大帝’的称号。

This is where he the era where he gets the, you know, the title, the great.

希腊人未必认为他伟大，但罗马人很吃这一套。

The Greeks didn't think of him as great necessarily, but the Romans, they like that stuff, man.

征服帝国、开疆拓土总是很受欢迎 皇帝们最爱这套了。

Conquering an empire building, and it plays well, and the emperor always loves that stuff.

许多帝王都推崇亚历山大，原因显而易见。

A lot of emperors liked Alexander, and it's easy to see why.

但这也正是阿里安对我们如此有价值的部分原因——他专注于军事方面，而我们迄今使用的资料对此鲜有涉及。

But that's partly what makes Arian so useful to us is he's focused on the military stuff, which the sources we've been using up till now really aren't.

因此他为我们展现了事物的另一面。

So he gives us a different side of things.

我们得以从军事角度理解为何亚历山大被认为如此杰出。

We get a chance to see why, in a military sense, Alexander's supposed to be so good.

阿里安确实为我们提供了具体细节。

Give us some specifics, Arian does.

由他来为我们做这件事很合适，因为他本人就有军事背景，曾指挥过作战部队。

He is a a good person to be doing this for us because he has a military background himself, commanded troops in battle.

他是那个时代颇具声望的人物。

He's a man of some distinction during his era.

坦白说，鉴于古代世界的军事技术和作战方式，罗马帝国时期的指挥官如阿里安，所面临的战场物理限制与约束条件，与亚历山大时代并无二致。

And let's be honest, the way technology in the ancient world and military affairs worked, a commander like Arian in the Roman imperial period would be subjected to most of the same physics of the ancient battlefield limitations and constraints that a guy like Alexander would have been.

换句话说，他们本应能很好地理解彼此的作战方式。

In other words, they would have understood each other's warfare pretty well.

而我们没有阿里安在四百年后能够获取的那些信息来源，但他某种程度上像是一个精神媒介，将我们已无法触及的那个时代的信息传递回来。

And we don't have the sources that Arian, four hundred years later, was able to get his hands on to get his information from, but he sort of acts as a sort of a spiritual channeler, bringing back information from a time period that we've lost access to.

阿里安说他主要使用的两个信息来源：一个叫阿里斯托布鲁斯的人，阿里斯托布鲁斯之子。

Ariane says the two people he used for most of his information was a guy named Aristobulus, son of Aristobulus.

我想今天我们会直接称他为小阿里斯托布鲁斯。

I think today, we would just call him Aristobulus junior.

还有个人叫托勒密，拉古斯之子。

And another guy named Ptolemy, son of Lagos.

这两人都写过亚历山大的历史，而且看起来都是晚年才写的。

Both of these men wrote histories of Alexander, and both of them seem to have done so.

我读到他们是在事件发生很久之后才写的，因为他们似乎都活到了很大年纪。

I was reading later in life, so quite a bit of time after the events because they both lived to be pretty old, I guess.

托勒密肯定是这样。

Ptolemy, for sure.

不过从质量上看，这些资料来源差异极大。

They're wildly different sources though in terms of quality.

关于阿里斯托布鲁斯，我不得不查阅大量资料，因为很难判断他与亚历山大的实际关系有多密切。

Aristobulus, I had to look a bunch of stuff up because he's a harder guy to figure out how close he was to Alexander.

我读过各种说法，从认为他是一名植物学家（这似乎相当可信），到室内设计师、建筑师、军事工程师，各种身份都有。

I've read everything from the idea that he was a botanist, which seems pretty likely to an interior designer, to an architect, to a military engineer, all kinds of things.

可以肯定的是，亚历山大曾命令他去翻新居鲁士大帝的陵墓之类的工作。

Certainly, Alexander gave him orders and said go refurbish the tomb of Cyrus the Great, stuff like that.

但同样地，他与亚历山大的交情深浅，我们无从得知。

But, again, how well he knew Alexander, tough to know.

在我翻译的阿里安著作中，这位历史学家描述阿里斯托布鲁斯时提到，他属于亚历山大身边被称为'谄媚者'的群体。

In one of my translations of Arian, the historian writing about Aristobulus said he's known to be a part of a group of people around Alexander called the flatterers.

还有我读到的另一种说法，将他比作宫廷侍臣，类似于国王或女王身边的随从。

And another thing that I read about him compared him to sort of like a a courtier, like a like a person around the king or the queen.

就像想象一下，比如戴安娜王妃身边的裁缝之类的人，这些人在君主去世后通常会有两种不同的结局。

And, you know, you think about, like, someone around princess Diana who was her tailor or something, and and those people go one of two ways after the sovereign's dead.

Either they chase the, you know, gossipy National Enquirer bookmark and spill all the beans, or they become this figure that's revered by people for sort of keeping the faith and and not turning on their former, you know, master and that sort of thing.

Either they chase the, you know, gossipy National Enquirer bookmark and spill all the beans, or they become this figure that's revered by people for sort of keeping the faith and and not turning on their former, you know, master and that sort of thing.

And it seems like Aristobulus is in that camp and historians who point out that he's a reliably positive source even when compared with other accounts of certain events, and he always gives the most positive spin.

And it seems like Aristobulus is in that camp and historians who point out that he's a reliably positive source even when compared with other accounts of certain events, and he always gives the most positive spin.

There was a specific account of him downplaying Alexander's alcohol use at one point, and all they could think of was someone who had the job of being like the, you know, sort of the media representative or the publicity agent for the king.

There was a specific account of him downplaying Alexander's alcohol use at one point, and all they could think of was someone who had the job of being like the, you know, sort of the media representative or the publicity agent for the king.

And, you know, he's found dead drunk in an alley by the ancient version of the local media, and he has to basically say, what do you mean drunk?

And, you know, he's found dead drunk in an alley by the ancient version of the local media, and he has to basically say, what do you mean drunk?

I mean, it's jet lag.

I mean, it's jet lag.

He's tired, that kind of thing.

He's tired, that kind of thing.

So Aristobulus is gonna be a reliably positive source.

So Aristobulus is gonna be a reliably positive source.

Ptolemy is a much more complicated figure, although you're you're gonna get a good portrayal of Alexander from him as well.

Ptolemy is a much more complicated figure, although you're you're gonna get a good portrayal of Alexander from him as well.

他是那群沐浴在亚历山大荣光中的人之一，最终组成了围绕在国王身边的庞大随从队伍。

He's one of a bunch of people that sort of bask in the reflected glory of Alexander and who made up eventually a very large entourage of people around, you know, the king.

我说这话时感觉自己像是在谈论猫王，但有趣的是，无论是地缘政治人物还是娱乐明星，这类极具魅力的人物往往都会在身边聚集起这样的随从团体。

And I feel like I'm talking about Elvis when I say that, but it is interesting that, you know, powerful charismatic people, whether geopolitical or entertainment or what have you, tend to create these entourages around them.

托勒密可以说是亚历山大随从团体的创始成员，因为早在亚历山大接受亚里士多德教育时，他就已经在了。

Batolemy would be an original member, like an OG member of the Alexandrian entourage because he was around when Alexander was in school being tutored by Aristotle.

对吧？

Right?

那是个小班教学，托勒密就是其中一员。

It was a small classroom of people, and Ptolemy was one of them.

托勒密可能还曾散布过他与亚历山大存在非婚生血缘关系的谣言。

Ptolemy may have started the rumor that he and Alexander were illegitimately related.

虽然不确定他们具体何时相识，但至少可以追溯到我们所说的'初中时期'。

So you don't know how early they knew each other, but middle school at least, basically, we would say.

有趣的是，阿里安史料中记载的亚历山大后期故事的另一位见证者，也是亚里士多德那个小课堂里的学生。

Interestingly enough, another one of Arian sources for later in the Alexandrian story, another guy who was in that small classroom of Aristotle.

正如我们在第一部分所说，这是一个相当杰出的群体。

So as we had said in part one, a rather distinguished class of people.

托勒密的职业生涯，就像许多随从一样，某种程度上与亚历山大的轨迹平行。

Ptolemy's career, like a lot of the entourage, sort of parallels Alexander.

随着亚历山大的势力增长，托勒密也随之崛起。

And as Alexander gets bigger, Ptolemy does.

他一度成为了亚历山大的贴身护卫。

He becomes his bodyguard at one point.

他后来会成为亚历山大的将军，然后逐渐晋升为重要元帅之一。

He'll become his general and then sort of like one of his great marshals after a while.

这些元帅，即亚历山大大帝麾下的军事超级将领，我认为可以与历史上任何伟大的元帅群体相媲美。

And the marshals, the military sort of super generals of Alexander the Great, I would compare to any great group of marshals anywhere in history.

显然，拿破仑是黄金标准，但我认为亚历山大足以与之匹敌。

Obviously, Napoleon is the gold standard, but I put Alexander up against that.

所有主要元帅，包括托勒密在内，在亚历山大死后瓜分了帝国，而托勒密——或许这预示着什么——他可能分得了最富庶的部分。

And all of the major marshals, Ptolemy included, ripped up the empire after Alexander's demise, and Ptolemy, maybe this is a sign of something, he took probably the best part.

他占领了埃及，自立为王，最终成为法老，在那里开创了一个多代统治的王朝，直到他的后裔之一——克娄巴特拉（没错，就是那位与尤利乌斯·恺撒有染、马克·安东尼的情人好莱坞版克娄巴特拉）才终结了这个王朝。

He took Egypt, made himself king, eventually made himself pharaoh, started a multigenerational dynasty of rulers in that place that didn't end until one of his descendants, Cleopatra, yes, the Hollywood Cleopatra who had the affair with Julius Caesar, who was, you know, Mark Antony's girlfriend.

就是那位，王朝延续了那么久。

That that one, that's how long it lasted.

在托勒密漫长生命的末期，他要么亲自撰写了一版类似回忆录的文字，要么口述给他人记录，又或是有人设法从他那里获取了这份资料——因为这是你在历史文献中会遇到的一手史料，不仅出现在阿里安的著作里，在我的地理学家斯特拉波抄本中也有记载。

And near the end of Ptolemy's long life, he either wrote his own version of something that passes for a memoir or dictated it to somebody or somebody else got it out of him because it's a primary source that you run into, in the histories, not just with Arian, but in my copy of Strabo, the geographer.

他也引用了这份资料。

He he references it too.

显然这是一份重要史料，谁不想得到它呢？

So clearly an important source, and who wouldn't want it.

对吧？

Right?

在所有你可能接触到的回忆录中，托勒密的难道不是首屈一指的吗？

I mean, of all the peoples who whose memoirs you could get your hands on, wouldn't Ptolemy be right there at the top?

当然，亚历山大的回忆录会超越它。

I mean, obviously, Alexander Trump's that.

你会想要他的。

You'd like to have his.

你会想要他父亲或母亲的，或者也许是他交战过的某些将军和其他领袖的。

You'd like to have his dads or his moms or, maybe some of the generals and other leaders he fought.

但除此之外，托勒密出于诸多原因都位居名单之首。

But, otherwise, you know, Ptolemy is right there at the top of the list for any number of reasons.

其一，他是大量事件的目击者。

One, he's an eyewitness to a ton of this stuff.

所以突然间，我们有了目击者的叙述，即使是通过像阿里安这样的中间人。

So all of a sudden, have an eyewitness account even if it's through an intermediary like Arian.

你知道，当人们有时问我，我们如何了解历史？

You know, when people sometimes ask me, how do we know anything about history?

特别是，我们如何了解古代历史？

Especially, how do we know anything about ancient history?

这些就是知识的细碎线索，它们可以追溯到很久以前某位在场者的原始记录。

These are the little breadcrumbs of knowledge that go back to an original source of someone who was there once upon a time a long time ago.

对吧？

Right?

现在它并不完美。

Now it's not perfect.

历史学家认为托勒密强调、夸大并美化了自己的贡献，同时贬低了与他竞争的其他将领的功绩。

Historians think Ptolemy emphasized and exalted and exaggerated his own contributions and denigrated the contributions of other generals that he sort of competed with.

而且，他生前撰写这些内容肯定有他自己的政治目的。

And, certainly, he's got his own political reasons during his lifetime for writing this stuff.

但托勒密也认识亚历山大，而且对他了解得非常非常深入。

But Ptolemy also knew Alexander and knew him very, very well.

所以这些都有帮助。

So this all helps.

这也是一把双刃剑，因为他认识亚历山大，因为他沐浴在其荣光之中，诸如此类。

Also, it's a double edged sword because he knows Alexander, because he basks in his reflected glory, all that stuff.

他不太可能告诉你那些负面消息，但他提供给你的正面信息立刻就能产生巨大影响。

He's not likely to give you the the dirt, the bad stuff, But the good stuff he gives you makes a huge difference right away.

就在亚历山大发起的这场色雷斯战役中，你可以清楚地看到这一点。

Right in this Thracian campaign that Alexander starts, you can see it.

因为我们一直使用的资料来源之一普鲁塔克只用了几句话描述整个战役，而另一个资料来源西西里的狄奥多罗斯也只比普鲁塔克多写了寥寥数语。

Because whereas Plutarch, one of the sources we've been using, devotes a couple of sentences to this whole campaign, and Diodorus Siculus, another source we've been using, gives you just a couple more sentences than Plutarch.

阿里安对此进行了长篇累牍的探讨。

Arian dives into this for pages.

我的意思是，只需与普鲁塔克等人稍作比较，就能明白为何阿里安如此重要。

I mean, a quick comparison to someone like Plutarch shows you why Arian is so important.

这是德莱顿的译本，我非常喜欢普鲁塔克。

From the Dryden translation and I love Plutarch.

你是知道的。

You know that.

但关于这次远征——我们或许该称之为亚历山大即将参与的北方血腥远征——普鲁塔克这样写道：‘他以迅捷的远征深入其疆域直至多瑙河，彻底击溃了特里巴利安人的国王西拉姆斯，使蛮族归于平静，消除了他们对战争的一切恐惧。’

But what he says about this expedition, shall we call it, this murderous expedition to the North Alexander's gonna be involved in, Plutarch says this, quote, he reduced the barbarians to tranquility and put an end to all fear of war from them by a rapid expedition into their territory as far as the River Danube, where he gave Cyramus, king of the Treballyans, an entire overthrow, end quote.

除非你有阿里安的记载作为对比——那里我们将读到充满厮杀与肾上腺素的精彩叙述——否则你可能不会意识到这段话省略了多少内容。

You might not know how much that leaves unsaid unless you had Arian to compare him to where we're gonna get a rip roaring account that involves battles and adrenaline.

我们要记住，阿里安在这里试图讲述一个精彩的故事。

And let's remember, Arians trying to tell a good story here.

他本身就是一位伟大的文学人物。

He is a great literary figure in his own right.

你可以作为古典学者耗费一生，去剖析这位远超出我研究水平的人物——他如何试图模仿自己的英雄色诺芬，如何采用某种古风文体写作，以及他的斯多葛主义如何贯穿整个叙事。

You could spend a lifetime as a classicist, disassembling everything involved in the guy way above my pay grade, but how he's trying to imitate his hero, Xenophon, how he's writing in a certain archaic style, how his stoicism gets involved in the whole thing.

正如我所说，这远超出了我的能力范围，但你不必成为专家也能欣赏他的作品。

As I said, way above my pay grade, but you don't have to be an expert to appreciate his writing.

他并不指望你能理解，而且，他手头的这个故事本身就极具娱乐性，很难搞砸。

He didn't expect you to, and, he's already working with a story that's hard to screw up in terms of its entertainment value.

他试图与同时代其他那些讲述惊心动魄传奇故事的作品一较高下。

He's trying to compete with other offerings during his time period that are trying to tell a rip roaring yarn.

所以当你深入阅读阿里安的作品时，你会开始对这个故事有所感受。

So when you get into Arian, you start to feel the story a little bit.

这听起来不像是一个按时间顺序的记录。

It doesn't sound like a chronological entry.

这听起来像一部电影。

It sounds like a movie.

对于我们这些非专业人士来说，阿里安的著作有一个非常实用的特点——你可以像玩连线游戏一样，沿着时间线跟随亚历山大的生平足迹。

And one of the real useful elements for we non experts with Arian is you can follow along now in Alexander's life like a dot to dot timeline that takes you from place to place.

从现在起，你基本可以随时推算出他所在的位置。

You can sort of figure out where he is from now on at any given time.

有时他会突然前往遥远之地，手机信号中断，你就暂时无法追踪他的行踪。

Now he'll go to far flung places sometimes, and all of a sudden his cell service won't be working anymore, and you can't track him for a little bit.

但很快他又会重新出现。

But then he'll come back into it.

因此从这个阶段开始，你大致能掌握亚历山大的动向。

And so from about this point in the story, you kinda have a pretty good idea where Alexander is.

公元前335年春天，亚历山大正驻守在战略要地北部的安菲波利斯城，准备发动北伐。

In the spring of three thirty five BC BCE, Alexander's in the strategically vital northern city of Amphipolis preparing to launch a strike northward.

他似乎锁定了多个目标，其中包括那些曾用长矛刺穿他父亲腿部、致其终生跛行的特里巴利人。

He's got several different targets, it looks like, including the people that put a spear through his father's leg and left him limping for the rest of his life, the Trevalians.

但这里是色雷斯人的地盘，我们需要重新调整思维，想象古代人如亚历山大的马其顿人对周边领土的认知程度。

But this is Thracian country, and we have to sort of reorient our minds to what the ancient peoples like Alexander's Macedonians would have known about the territory around them.

我们都熟悉那个古老的历史观念——在大航海时代的地图上，人们会在未知区域的边缘画上龙和怪物来代表未知领域。

I mean, we're all familiar with the old historical idea of there being maps sort of in the age of discovery where you didn't know what laid beyond a certain point to put dragons and monsters in the edge to represent the unknown.

想想看，在那个时代，人们对世界的了解是多么有限。

Well, think about how less known things were in the March.

对吧？

Right?

希罗多德写下了他的《历史》，虽然具体时间不确定，但大约是在亚历山大时代前130年左右。

Herodotus, wrote his famous histories, they're not exactly sure when, but it's about a hundred and thirty.

让我们说是亚历山大时代前130年吧。

Let's say hundred thirty years before Alexander's time period.

希罗多德走遍各地，向人们打听地平线那边的世界，当他无法亲自到达时——比如多瑙河对岸的情况，他就无从知晓了。

Herodotus, went everywhere and who talked to everyone about what lay beyond the horizon when he couldn't get there, he doesn't know what lays beyond the Danube.

而多瑙河正是亚历山大此次行动的目标所在。

And the Danube is sort of Alexander's goal here.

许多历史学家认为他试图征服多瑙河地区，那里距离他当时所谓的势力范围或统治区域大约100英里左右——虽然严格来说那并非真正的边界。

A lot of historians think he was trying to conquer to the Danube, which is about a 100 or so miles, it sounds like, from beyond his his current they're not really borders, but let's call it area of influence or domination even.

但在希罗多德的时代，他不知道多瑙河对岸有什么，甚至怀疑那里是否有人类居住。

But in Herodotus' time, he didn't know what lays beyond the Danube, and he he wonders if there's any people there at all.

他认为那里可能荒无人烟。

He thinks it may be depopulated.

他只知道那里有一个部落，提到他们后便描述了其风俗。

He only knows of one tribe there, and he mentions them, and then he talks about their custom.

听起来那是个草原部落，属于中亚那种骑马射箭的民族——而那片区域确实本就盛产这类族群。

And they sound like a steppe tribe, a Central Asian, you know, horse archer people, which that area actually had anyway.

所以这又印证了希罗多德很可能在某件事上又说对了。

So chalk another one up to Herodotus probably being right about something.

他确实询问过色雷斯人关于多瑙河对岸的情况，对方告诉他'那里住不得，因为遍布危险蜂群'——不过希罗多德表示自己并不相信这个说法。

He did talk to Thracians and asked them what lay beyond the Danube, and he says they told him you can't live there because it's absolutely infested with dangerous bees, which Herodotus did not believe, he said.

但考虑到那片区域实际上充斥着骑马射手的部族，这些成群结队的骑射手或许让色雷斯人用了某种隐喻性的说法。

But when you think about the fact that it was infested with horse archer peoples and tons of swarms of these horse archers, maybe the Thracian was speaking in sort of metaphorical terms.

对吧？

Right?

成群结队骑着马、箭矢无穷无尽的危险人类。

Swarms of dangerous human beings on horseback with endless arrows.

对吧？

Right?

希罗多德不相信蜜蜂的故事，因为他认为它们会被冻死，而且他认为霜冻和寒冷可能是多瑙河彼岸不再有人类居住的原因，正如他所说。

Herodotus doesn't believe the bee story because he thinks they'd freeze, and he thinks frost and cold is probably the reason that past the Danube, there are no more human habitations as he says.

不过希罗多德对色雷斯人确实有所了解。

Herodotus does know a bit about the Thracians, though.

在我的安德莉亚·L·珀维斯翻译的希罗多德《历史》中，

And in my Andrea L.

他是这么说的：‘色雷斯人是世界上最大的民族，仅次于印度人。’

Purvis translation of Herodotus' histories, this is what he says, quote, the Thracians are the largest nation in all the world, at least after the Indians.

‘如果他们能统一在一个统治者之下并同心同德，在我看来，他们将是所有民族中最不可战胜和最强大的。’

If they could all be united under one ruler and think the same way, they would, in my opinion, be the most invincible and strongest of all nations.

但这是不可能的。

But that is impossible.

这种情况永远不会发生，因为他们的弱点在于无法团结一致、达成共识，引用结束。

It will never happen since their weakness is that they're incapable of uniting and agreeing, end quote.

我有时听到的说法是：色雷斯人本可以征服世界，但他们太热衷于互相争斗了。

The way I've heard it sometimes phrased is that the Thracians would have conquered the world, but they enjoyed fighting each other too much.

关于色雷斯人的书籍汇集了古代文献中描述他们的各种形容词和特征。

The books that you can find on the Thracians have compiled all sorts of adjectives and things from the ancient sources that describe them.

当然，他们也遭受了典型的偏见——就像所有所谓的‘野蛮人’一样，被雅典等地那些自命不凡的作家们所鄙夷。

And, of course, they get the typical bigotry and prejudice that all so called barbarians get from the, you know, sophisticated sniffy writers in the places like Athens and whatnot.

但说实话，如果你真的在猎头，他们就会对此大做文章说这不文明——尽管他们自己想这么做时也会干同样的事。

But let's be honest, if you actually are headhunting, they're going to make some noise about how that's not a very civilized behavior, although they do it themselves when they want to.

据说色雷斯人有红发绿眼，但这个说法来源非常有限，所以需要持保留态度。

The Thracians are supposed to have red hair and green eyes, but that's from a very limited number of sources, so take that with a grain of salt.

他们被描述为性情豪放、嗜酒如命、不太聪明、猎取首级、浑身刺青，是最危险的民族。

They are supposed to be high spirited, drunken, not too smart, headhunters, tattooed, most dangerous.

我记得是修昔底德称他们为最危险的民族。

I think it was Thucydides that said most dangerous.

他说像所有蛮族一样，当战场形势有利时，他们就是著名的战士，几个世纪以来都被大量雇佣为佣兵。

He said like all barbarians, when things are going their way on the battlefield, they are famous warriors that were used and in high demand as mercenaries for centuries.

我记得色诺芬提到过他们最擅长处决和大屠杀之类的事情。

I think it was xenophon that said they were best used for executions and massacres and things like that.

实际上在伯罗奔尼撒战争期间就曾屠灭过整个城镇。

And actually during the Peloponnesian War did massacre a whole town.

没人知道色拉克人具体有多少，但有人估计其人口可能多达百万。

No one knows how many Thracians there were, but some people have estimated up to a million as a population.

有趣的是，当我们说'色拉克人'时究竟指什么？我前几天查阅资料，发现目前认为约有200个色拉克部落。

And it's interesting to try to figure out what we even mean when we say Thracian because I looked the other day and saw that currently, there's thought to be some 200 or so Thracian tribes.

我手头有本25年前的书，当时认为只有40个部落。

I have a book from twenty five years ago that thought there were only 40 back then.

由此可见有多少部落被归类为色拉克人。

So it shows you how many tribes are being classified as Thracian.

但这些人究竟是什么人？

But what are these people?

要知道，150年前人们可能会称之为种族或族群。

You know, a hundred and fifty years ago, they would have called it racial or an ethnic group.

或许用'民族文化群体'这个更现代的术语更合适，因为其中有些人可能完全没有血缘关系，只是使用相同类型的陶器、工具、战斗方式或编织风格。

Maybe ethnocultural would be a more modern term because some of these people maybe aren't related by DNA at all, but are using the same sort of pottery or tools or fighting styles or or weaving styles.

色雷斯人是希腊北部重要的文化群体之一。

The Thracians are one of the great big cultural groups North Of Greece.

顺便说，如果你看现代希腊地图，观察北部环形地带与之接壤的所有区域，就会发现这个时期这些地区被成百上千个部落占据，这使得建立关系和和平共处变得极其困难，因为就像要和所有这些不同的政权打交道。

And by the way, if you look at a modern map of Greece and you look at it at every territory that touches it in the northern sort of circle, all those areas during this time period are occupied by hundreds and hundreds of tribes, which makes it extremely difficult to forge relationships with and and peaceful coexistence because it's like dealing with all these different governments.

现代研究亚历山大的历史学家沃尔特·赫克尔曾谈到伊利里亚人（位于现代阿尔巴尼亚地区），他们是亚历山大这次巴尔干战役将要打击的目标之一。

I mean, modern Alexander historian, the great Voldemort Hechel, was talking about the Illyrians, which are in modern day Albania, one of these people that Alexander's gonna strike out against on this Balkan campaign.

他说（此处引用）：'由于他们由强大的部落单元组成，每个部落都有独立的统治者，这种分裂状态本身就使他们变得难以预测。'引用结束。

He says, because they comprised strong tribal units, I'm quoting here, with individual rulers, they were unpredictable by the very fact of their disunity, end quote.

正如一些历史学家指出的，也许你不得不先给他们个下马威来确保他们尊重你；或者像许多现代历史学家认为的，亚历山大只是在试图将边界扩展到合理的战略终点。

So as some historians would point out, maybe you have to punch them in the mouth here to make sure that they respect you, or as many modern day historians think, Alexander's trying to expand his borders to clear logical endpoints.

你猜怎么着？

And guess what?

多瑙河就是这样一个清晰的逻辑终点，它现在是保加利亚和罗马尼亚的边界。

The Danube is such a clear logical endpoint that it's the border between Bulgaria and Romania now.

但在那个时期，整个地区都属于色雷斯人。

But that entire area is Thracian in this time period.

在那个时期，色雷斯人的西面和北面是凯尔特人这一庞大的民族文化群体，他们正在这一时期南下迁徙。

To the west and north of the Thracians in this time period, you have the great ethnocultural group that is the Celts, and they're moving down during this period.

接下来的几百年里，他们还会继续向南推进。

Next couple hundred years, they're gonna go even farther south.

而正如我们所说，在他们西面，即现代阿尔巴尼亚地区，居住着这些被归类为伊利里亚人的部落。

And then to the west of them, as we said, in modern day Albania are all these tribes that would be classified as Illyrian.

还有一些部落，就像引力会影响人一样，实际上是多种文化影响的融合体，其中就包括亚历山大将要首先打击的那个部落。

And then there are some tribes that are, you know, in the same way that gravitational pull can affect people that are actually a blend of the cultural influences, and one of them is the one that Alexander's gonna strike first.

他要对付的是特雷瓦利人，就是那些用矛刺死他父亲的人，正如我们之前所说。

He's going after the Trevali, the people who speared his father, as we said.

但他们的文化影响确实难以简单归类。

But their cultural influence, they don't really fit easily anywhere.

通常他们会被归为色雷斯人，但我读到一段历史说，其实可以将他们视为该地区所有文化影响的融合体——凯尔特、色雷斯、伊利里亚和斯基泰的混合。

Usually, they'll be classified as Thracian, but I was reading a history that says, you know, you can actually see them as a blend of all the influences from the area, Celtic, Thracian, Illyrian, and Scythian.

但亚历山大此时向北进军，正进入一片即便不算未被发现的土地，也是鲜为人知的区域。

But Alexandria moving northward here is moving into kind of, if not undiscovered country, then little known country.

商人们——我总是提醒自己记住——无处不在。

Traders, I always try to remember, go everywhere.

他们深入每个角落缝隙，把货物带进未知的领域。

You know, they get their their nook and their crannies, and they take stuff into the undiscovered room.

他们是古代世界的刘易斯与克拉克式探险者，但听起来除了他父亲对这些地区的征战外，亚历山大对这里知之甚少，很可能会像美国人使用原住民向导深入阿帕奇领地那样，借助亲善的色雷斯人作为向导。

They're the great Lewis and Clark types in the ancient world, but it sounds like other than his dad's campaigns into these areas, he's not gonna know a lot of things, and he's gonna probably have Thracian guides from the friendly Thracians the way that, you know, Americans were using native American guides to help guide them into places like deep Apache country.

需要这类向导的部分原因是：当你与熟悉地形的原住民在其领地上作战时，他们的战斗方式往往完美适应当地环境。

And part of the reason you need guides like this is because when you're fighting the indigenous people in their territory who are close to the land, their style of fighting is often exquisitely adapted to the conditions.

现代科技虽已部分削弱了这种优势，但阿帕奇人当时仍能从中获益。

Now modern technology has somewhat diminished the advantage that this gives, but the Apache were still benefiting from it.

要知道，在相对近代的历史中，色雷斯人在古代世界拥有一种完全以他们战斗方式命名的部队类型，而这种战斗方式正是由当地的地理和地形所决定的。

You know, in relatively recent history, the Thracians have an entire troop type in the ancient world that is named after the way they fight, and the way they fight is the way they fight because of the geography and the terrain.

亚历山大以使用密集排列、训练有素的方阵部队而闻名，这些士兵以严整的队形作战。

Alexander's known for using phalanxes of really closely densely packed drilled troops, right, who fight in formation.

他正进军一个遍布溪流、森林、山脉和破碎地形的地区，正如一位历史学家指出的，这种复杂地形造就了特殊的作战环境。

He's going up into country where there are streams and forests and mountains and broken country, all kinds of terrain that makes it as one historian was pointing out.

这是欧洲最险恶的作战地区之一。

This is some of the toughest fighting country in Europe.

如果你是二十世纪的游击队员，这种地形就是你理想的作战场所。

If you're a partisan in the twentieth century, you know, this is wonderful territory for you to fight in.

现在就去谷歌地球上看看巴尔干山脉的地形。

Go look at the Balkan Mountains on Google Earth now.

光是现在看着就够险恶了。

It's bad enough looking now.

想象一下两千年前的样子——而你即将与那些以如此独特高效方式作战的民族交锋，以至于此后数百年间，每个主要强国的军队都会配备被称为'轻盾兵'的部队。

Imagine what it looked like two thousand years ago, and you're going up to fight the people who fight in such an interesting effective style that every major power for a couple hundred years is gonna have troops in their army called peltasts.

皮尔塔斯特兵种传统上是介于两种极端之间的中间步兵类型。

A peltast is traditionally an intermediary infantry style between the two extremes.

对吧？

Right?

一个极端就像亚历山大的军队那样，肩并肩列阵作战，单兵几乎毫无用处。

One extreme being like Alexander's troops who fight shoulder to shoulder drilled in formation and are kinda useless by themselves.

你让一个手持17、18、19英尺长矛的士兵离开同样装备的同伴，去和拿着棍棒砍刀的部落战士单挑，结果肯定很糟糕。

You take a guy with a seventeen, eighteen, 19 foot long pike, and you take him away from his brethren armed the same way, and then you try to have him fight some tribesman armed with, you know, a cutting weapon on a stick, that's not gonna go well.

所以他们通常都会保持阵型。

So they tend to stay in formation as a rule.

另一个极端是散兵，他们像狙击手一样闪躲移动，利用地形掩护，根本不想近战，装备着投石器、弓箭或标枪。

And the other extreme are these skirmishers, these people who act like sharpshooters who duck and move and dodge and, you know, use a little dip in the land for coverage, who have no intention of coming to blows with anyone, who are armed with a sling or a bow and arrow or a javelin.

皮尔塔斯特兵可以兼顾这两种作战方式。

The peltist is capable of doing both.

他们既能打游击，也能像武士般发起冲锋。

They can skirmish or they can charge in a warrior kind of sense.

当然，他们比不上任何一类专精部队。

Now they're not not as good as either one of the specialists.

整体而言，他们的散兵作战能力不如专职散兵，近战纪律与训练也不如这些密集阵型部队。

Not as good at skirmishing generally as a skirmisher, not as good at, you know, melee in general as these close order troops in discipline and drill.

但兼具两种能力的特点，使得他们有时会非常难对付。

But the fact that they can do both makes them very difficult sometimes to deal with.

希腊人将这种作战风格特别与色雷斯人联系起来，但实际上这种战术遍布全球，不仅限于这个时期，拿破仑时代也有。

The Greeks associated this style of fighting specifically with the Thracians, but you can run into it all over the world, not just in this period either in the Napoleonic era.

去看看各国使用的各种轻步兵部队就知道了。

Go look at all the different light infantries that the countries use.

比如在非洲殖民时期，如果国家能征召到部落非正规军，就会称他们为土著非正规军。

And if countries have access to sort of tribal irregulars in the colonial period in Africa, for example, they would call them native irregulars.

只要能调用这些人手，就一定会用上他们。

If if you had access to those people, you used them.

如果没有这类兵源，通常就会尽量从最熟悉地形的人群中自行培养？

If you didn't, you tried to create your own generally from people who lived as close to the land as possible?

比如，普鲁士人在那个时期确实无法接触到任何部落非正规军。

Like, the Prussians really didn't have access in that period, any sort of tribal irregulars.

所以他们雇佣了森林居民和猎人作为轻步兵（Jaegers）来承担类似的角色。

So they hired, like, their foresters and their hunters to be the Jaegers to perform the same sort of light infantry role.

但如果你要进入原住民居住的地区并与他们作战，这个时期确实没有什么能直接替代本土轻步兵——那些本土的轻盾兵。

But if you're going into the country where the native peoples live and you're going to fight the native peoples, there's really no direct substitution than the native sort of light infantry in this period, the native peltists themselves.

当希腊人初次遭遇他们时，应对起来非常困难，因为他们没有合适的兵种来对抗。

And when the Greeks first encountered them, they had big trouble with them because they didn't have a good troop type to counter them with.

最终他们明白了所有处于这种情况下的社会都会明白的道理：如果打不过，就雇佣他们。

Eventually, they learned what every society in this situation learns eventually, which is if you can't beat them, hire them.

把他们纳入编制。

Put them on the payroll.

雇佣大量色雷斯轻盾兵。

Hire a lot of Thracian Peltasts.

亚历山大的军队中就有一支著名的这类部队。

Alexander had troops in his army that are famous.

他最著名的部队之一是他的乌克兰标枪手，这些人本身就是以这种方式作战的，尤其必要，因为如果你要与像佩尔图斯那样在那类地区作战的人对抗，你就需要自己的佩尔图斯，而亚历山大拥有他们。

One of his most famous units are his Ukrainian javelinmen, and they are themselves people who fight this way, especially necessary because if you're gonna fight people who fight as Peltus in that kind of country, you're gonna need Peltus of your own, and Alexander has them.

AB·博斯沃思告诉我们，他可能带着不到1.5万人北上参加这场战役，这个数字很小。

We are told by AB Bosworth that he probably goes north here into this campaign with less than 15,000 men, which is a small number.

这根本不算是一支大军。

That's not a large force at all.

如果你身处中世纪，这就算是一支大军了。

It is if you're in the Middle Ages.

如果这是黑斯廷斯战役时的诺曼与撒克逊时代，这确实是一支可观的部队。

If this is Norman and Saxon times at Hastings, this is a a sizable force.

但在这个时期，带着1.5万人与这些部族作战，这是一支精锐部队，亚历山大还带上了他最优秀的马其顿部队。

But 15,000 in this time period with these people is a picked force, and Alexander's taking some of his best Macedonian units with him.

他还带了大量轻装部队，因为他清楚自己要在哪里作战。

He's also taking a ton of light troops because he knows where he's fighting.

如我们之前所说，他继承了父亲的军队，而他父亲的军队是一支多兵种合成的部队，能在任何时刻提供你所需的兵种类型。

He has his father's army, as we said earlier, and his father's army is a combined arms army, one that has whatever troop type you need at any given moment.

阿里安记载亚历山大率领这支军队从安菲波利斯向北进发。

Arion says Alexander proceeds from Amphipolis with this force northward.

这样的组织方式也非常符合亚历山大的典型风格。

He has organized this is very typical Alexander also.

他组建了一支舰队，将沿海岸线北上至多瑙河，然后沿多瑙河继续前进，舰队的任务是在目的地与他会合并提供补给。

He has organized a fleet which is going to move up along the coast to the Danube River, and then we'll move up the Danube, and the fleet's job is to meet him at the destination with supplies.

正如我们之前所说，这绝非一时兴起的行动。

So as we said earlier, this is not some willy nilly endeavor.

我推测，这需要波斯帝国在当时花费两年时间筹划才能实现。

This is something that would take the Persian Empire during this period, I imagine, two years of planning to pull off.

亚历山大首先穿越了其父腓力二世平定的色雷斯地区，据阿里安记载，经过九到十天的行军后，他抵达了被称为海穆斯山脉的一处山口。

And Alexander first moves through Thracian territory pacified by his father, and then we are told by Arian after a nine or a ten day march, he comes to a pass in what was called the Hemus Mountains.

海穆斯是色雷斯人视为守护神的希腊小神，当时这些巴尔干山脉被称为海穆斯山脉。

Hemus is a minor Greek deity that the Thracians considered sort of their god who guarded them, and these Balkan Mountains being called the Hemus Mountains back then.

你大可以称它们为色雷斯山脉。

You might as well have called them the Thracian Mountains.

据阿里安所述，当亚历山大抵达那里时，是在这山脉某些极高处的狭窄隘口。

And when Alexander gets there, we're told by Arian in a narrow sort of pass at some of the very heights in this range.

其中一些山峰海拔约5000英尺。

So some of the heights are, like, 5,000 feet.

他遇到了当地人在高处等候他，还带来了大量马车。

He runs into some of the locals waiting for him sort of on the heights, and they've brought lots and lots of wagons with them.

根据我的参考书——阿里安所著《亚历山大远征记》（帕梅拉·门奇译），阿里安写道：'春季时，他（亚历山大）进军色雷斯，讨伐特里巴利人和伊利里亚人。'

From my landmark, Arian, the campaigns of Alexander, translated by Pamela Mench, Arian says, quote, in the spring, he, Alexander, marched on Thrace against the Trebally and the Illyrians.

他获悉这些部族正谋划叛乱，同时也认为在远征异域时，若不先挫败邻近部族的锐气就留下他们，实属不智之举。

He had learned that they were contemplating revolt, and he'd also considered it unwise when embarking on a campaign far from home to leave neighboring tribes behind without first humbling their spirits.

他从安菲波利斯出发，入侵了所谓自由色雷斯人居住的地区，将腓立比和奥博鲁斯山留在左侧。

Setting out for Amphipolis, he invaded the region of Thrace inhabited by the so called free Thracians, keeping Philippi and Mount Orbolus on his left.

渡过内斯托斯河十天后，据说他抵达了海穆斯山。

Ten days after crossing the River Nestus, he is said to have reached Mount Hemis.

在那里，通往山上的狭窄小径处，他遭遇了许多武装部落民——我的另一个译本如此描述。

And there, at the narrow path leading up the mountain, he was met by many armed tribesmen is the way, one of my other translations has it.

镇民是另一个群体。

Townspeople is another one.

而自由的色雷斯人已严阵以待，准备阻拦他的去路。

And free Thracians standing ready to bar his way.

他们占据了赫米斯山的制高点，正好位于军队必经之路的要冲。

They had occupied the height of Hemis at the very point where the army had to march past.

部落族人将众多马车集中起来构筑成防御工事，以便在遭受强攻时能据守抵抗。

The tribesmen had brought a number of wagons together to form a barricade from which they could defend themselves if they were pressed hard.

他们还计划在山区最陡峭处将马车推向正在攀爬的马其顿方阵——他们认为方阵排列得越密集，滚落的马车就越能猛烈冲散其阵型，引文结束。

They also planned to send the wagons down against the ascending Macedonian phalanx at the steepest part of the mountain, thinking that the more tightly packed the phalanx, the more forcibly the wagons as they hurled down would disperse it, end quote.

古代史学家彼得·格林（约1970年著作）称这是首次展现亚历山大军事天才的战役。

So Peter Green, the great ancient historian writing around 1970, says that this is the first time you get to see Alexander's genius demonstrated.

那么，他会如何应对这个局面呢？

Like, what's he gonna do about this?

格林在其著名的《马其顿的亚历山大》传记中写道：‘亚历山大与普通优秀将领最显著的区别之一，在于他总能以近乎诡异的预判洞悉敌军战术。’

And Greene, in his famous Alexander Macadan biography, writes, quote, one of the qualities which most clearly distinguishes Alexander from the common run of competent field commanders is his almost uncanny ability to divine enemy tactics in advance.

这其中部分原因可能归功于他一流特战

Some of this may have been due to his first class intelligence service, but at times, it looks more like sheer brilliant psychological intuition.

他写道，任何其他人都会这么做，认为他们会利用这些马车作为防御工事，在后面战斗。

Anyone else, he writes, would have assumed very reasonably on the face of it that the Thracians intended to use their wagons as a stockade and fight behind them.

亚历山大却知道他们最爱的战术是狂野的阔剑冲锋，并立即推断出他们的计划。

Alexander, however, knew that their favorite battle maneuver was a wild broadsword charge and instantly deduced what they planned to do.

一旦他和他的部队进入峡谷的狭窄地段，这些马车就会被推下斜坡，击碎马其顿方阵。

As soon as he and his men were into the narrow section of the gorge, these wagons would be sent rolling down the slope, shattering the Macedonian phalanx.

而在他们士气低落、队伍未能重新集结之前，色雷斯人就会冲过破碎的长矛阵线， 在近距离]

And before its demoralized ranks could close again, the Thracians would charge through the broken spear line, slashing and stabbing at close quarters where the unwieldy Sarissa, the long Pike, was worse than useless, end quote.

那么，肯尼迪在他们最嗜血、形势最有利时说的那句话是什么来着？

Well, what was that line that Kennedy said right there at their most bloodthirsty when things are going their way?

那时候我也会最害怕他们，你不这么认为吗？

That's when I'd be most scared of them too, wouldn't you?

冲过你溃散的阵线，割开人们的喉咙，以野蛮人的方式扑向那些惊恐的马其顿人。

Coming through your broken ranks, slitting the throats of people, and falling upon, you know, your terrified Macadonians with their barbarian, you know, intensity and frenzy.

I mean, barbarians are scary.

I mean, barbarians are scary.

Tribal peoples to settled society peoples always seem kinda scary, probably wearing war paint, the tattoos, the red hair, the green eyes, maybe drunken, maybe wild.

Tribal peoples to settled society peoples always seem kinda scary, probably wearing war paint, the tattoos, the red hair, the green eyes, maybe drunken, maybe wild.

All the good barbarian stereotypes in play here.

All the good barbarian stereotypes in play here.

But what Alexander tells his troops to do here, you know, as Peter Green says, divining what they're gonna do, forces us to think very long and hard about, you know, what I've mentioned earlier, the physics of ancient warfare, what people do and what they're capable of doing.

But what Alexander tells his troops to do here, you know, as Peter Green says, divining what they're gonna do, forces us to think very long and hard about, you know, what I've mentioned earlier, the physics of ancient warfare, what people do and what they're capable of doing.

And this is where having Arian as a military commander himself operating in an era where the physics of ancient warfare aren't that different from Alexander's time is key because he's gonna tell us Alexander does something that I wouldn't believe possible.

And this is where having Arian as a military commander himself operating in an era where the physics of ancient warfare aren't that different from Alexander's time is key because he's gonna tell us Alexander does something that I wouldn't believe possible.

But if it were fiction, Arian would have known it was fiction because he would know people can't do this.

But if it were fiction, Arian would have known it was fiction because he would know people can't do this.

This is impractical.

This is impractical.

This is impossible.

This is impossible.

这不太可能。

This is unlikely.

他会用一种让我们能理解的方式来说明这点。

And he would say this in a way that made us understand it.

阿里安说，亚历山大对这个战术困境的解决方案是告诉士兵：当战车从山上滚下来时，如果能避开，就解散阵型躲起来。

Ariane says that Alexander's answer to this tactical dilemma he runs into is to tell his men that when the wagons come tumbling down the hill, if you can get out of the way, just break formation and hide.

明白吗？

You know?

找掩护躲起来。

Get get undercover.

避开那些战车。

Avoid the the wagons.

我觉得它们更像是轻型推车，所以应该这么理解，但可能有数百辆之多。

And they're more like light carts, I think, so we should think of them that way, but there may have been hundreds of them.

亚历山大接着指示：如果你们被这些东西困住路线，他要士兵们直接卧倒。

The next thing Alexander says is if you're caught in the path of these things, he wants them to lie down.

或者说，听起来更像是他想让士兵们创造一种类似童年自行车跳坡的斜坡——如果你小时候有过自行车，你会搭建一个跳坡斜坡，这样这些推车就会撞上躺在前排士兵的盾牌。

Or it sounds more like he wants them to almost create if you ever had a a bike when you were a kid, you created a jump ramp, a sort of a ramp so that these carts would then hit the shields of troops lying down in front.

后排的士兵会保持稍微倾斜的角度。

The troops behind them would be at a little bit more of an angle.

如果你见过罗马帝国时期军团士兵使用的龟甲阵（testudo），后排士兵的姿势与之类似，可以说是某种变体。

The troops behind them if you've ever seen them, the tortoise formation, the testudo that the Roman legionaries would do in the imperial times, a a version of that, if you will.

躺下并形成这些斜坡，让推车撞上第一排盾牌后腾空飞起，而不会真正伤到任何人。

But to lie down and create these ramps so that the carts would hit the first row of shields and just sort of get airborne and not really hurt anybody.

这听起来很疯狂。

This sounds crazy.

格林提到亚历山大在进军色雷斯前进行了专项训练，包括冬季训练和其他准备。

Now Greene says that Alexander did some specific training before going up here into Thrace, winter training for his troops, some other things.

所以如果他通过情报系统预知可能发生这种情况，或许这是经过演练的战术，但这让我们不得不重新思考古代军队的作战能力。

So it's possible if he knew that this you know, the intelligence service, if he knew that something like this might happen, maybe this is a practice maneuver, but it forces us to think a little bit more about what ancient armies were capable of.

因为根据阿里安的说法，色雷斯人确实将推车从山上推了下来。

Because according to Ariane, the Thracians did indeed launch the wagons downhill.

亚历山大的部队确实躺下并用盾牌覆盖身体，无人受伤。

Alexander's troops did indeed lie down with their shields over them, and no one was hurt.

记住，阿里安试图撰写一部亚历山大的历史，专门剔除那个时代的所有浪漫传说、神话编造和废话，所以他不会故意撒谎。

And remember, Arians trying to write an Alexander history specifically to cut through all the romance and the myth making and the crap from his time period, so he doesn't wanna deliberately lie.

如果你是一个试图理解古代战争如何运作的爱好者，这确实是一个非常有趣的事情，像这样的战术确实是可能的。

This is a very interesting thing, though, if you're a fan of ancient warfare trying to figure out how it worked, that something like this was possible.

根据阿里安的《亚历山大远征记》译本，这里正是亚历山大必须考虑如何应对色雷斯人构成的威胁之处。

From my Arian, from the Arbre de Selicore translation this, by the way, is where Alexander has to try to consider how to handle this threat that the Thracians pose.

引述：‘亚历山大现在必须考虑如何以最小的损失越过山脊。’

Quote, Alexander had now to consider how to cross the ridge with least loss.

因为他必须穿越，别无他路可绕。

For cross it, he must as there was no way around.

他命令部队中那些有足够空间的精锐步兵，在战车冲下山坡时分散队形让它们通过。

His orders were that those sections of the heavy infantry which had room enough were to break formation when the carts came tearing down the slope and so let them through.

另一方面，任何在狭窄关隘中被困的部队则要尽可能紧密地列阵。

Any sections on the other hand, which were caught in the narrow pass, were to form in the closest possible order.

能够行动的士兵们俯卧在地，将盾牌紧密相连举过头顶，让那些从山坡上疾驰而下的重型战车从他们上方弹跳而过而不造成伤害。

Such men as were able, lying prone on the ground with shields locked together above their bodies so as to give the heavy wagons as they careened down the hill a chance to bounce over the top of them without doing any harm.

亚历山大随即下达了命令，结果正如他所预期。

Alexander accordingly gave his orders, and the result was what he expected.

那些有空间的部队在队列间留出了空隙。

Those that had room left a space between their ranks.

至于其他部队，战车从他们紧密相连的盾牌上方无害地碾过。

And as for the rest, the carts passed harmlessly over their locked shields.

没有人员伤亡，引述结束。

There were no casualties, end quote.

现在想想这一刻该多么令人沮丧。

Now think of how disheartening this moment must be.

我一直在尝试用电影化的方式来思考这个场景。

I keep trying to think about it, like, cinematically.

当所有战车从陡峭的山坡上隆隆而下时是什么景象——它们开始互相碰撞，乱作一团，猛烈砸向狭窄区域，而人们正弯腰躲避。

What's it look like when all those carts rumble down the steep mountain and they start, you know, falling amongst themselves and they turn into a giant jumble and they smash down, you know, into this narrow area, and people are ducking and dodging.