西班牙无敌舰队

这些船只的设计理念不同于传统海战——比如我提到的勒班陀战役——那种撞击敌舰后在甲板上短兵相接的白刃战。

Ships which were not designed to fight an enemy as they had done, for example, that battle I mentioned, the battle of Lepanto, which is ships that all they did was crash into an enemy and then fight it out with cold steel hand to hand on the quarterdeck.

不。

No.

这些英国战舰是专为火炮作战设计的。

These English ships had been designed with cannon in mind.

它们被设计成浮动炮台，与敌舰保持距离进行火力压制直至其屈服。

They've been designed to act as floating gun platforms to stay further away from the enemy and batter them into submission.

如果你去朴茨茅斯的玛丽玫瑰博物馆，就能亲眼看到这件展品。

This is something you can go see if you go to the Mary Rose Museum down in Portsmouth.

玛丽玫瑰号最初是一艘高耸的战舰，设计用于与敌舰并排作战。

The Mary Rose began its life as a towering warship, and that was designed to go alongside an enemy ship.

弓箭手和操作原始火器的士兵会在甲板上互相射击，然后展开近战试图夺取敌舰。

And archers and and men operating primitive gunpowder weapons would then shoot at each other out on the decks and then fight it out to try and capture that ship.

但随着玛丽玫瑰号的服役历程，你会看到它经历了多次升级改造。

But as Mary Rose goes through its life, you see it going through various upgrades and refits.

可以看到他们如何运用火炮技术。

You see them harnessing the technology of cannons.

舰上配备了越来越大的火炮，这意味着需要在船舷开设可旋转的炮门。

It's fitted with bigger and bigger guns, which means there need to be openings in the sides, these swinging gun ports.

这些炮门最终成为玛丽玫瑰号的致命弱点——当炮门未关闭时，一阵怪异狂风袭来。

Now those would ultimately prove to be the doom of the Mary Rose because when the gun ports were left open, there was a freak gust of wind.

导致舰船倾覆，海水从炮门涌入，使其迅速沉没。

It caused the ship to capsize and water came through those gun ports and it sank very quickly.

但你能看到随着16世纪海军技术的飞速发展，玛丽玫瑰号是如何演变的。

But you can see how Mary Rose changes as naval technology is changing rapidly through the sixteenth century.

大体而言，西班牙无敌舰队主要由那些预期用传统方式作战的舰船组成——直接与敌舰接舷，抛出抓钩拉近距离，然后在甲板上决胜负。

By and large, the Spanish Armada was made up of ships that sort of expected to fight in that old fashioned way, to literally get to grips with the enemy, to throw a grappling across, pull them close, and then just fight it out on the decks.

但许多英国战舰采用了新型流线设计。

But many of the English ships were of a new sleek design.

它们是拦截舰。

They were interceptors.

它们是装备火炮的战舰。

They were warships armed with cannon.

其设计初衷是用于海岸防御：快速出击、轰击敌舰，然后迅速撤回港口补给。

They were designed for coastal defense to whip out at speed, blast the enemy, and then dip back into port to resupply.

因此这里存在着两种截然不同的战术理念。

So there were two very different concepts at work here.

这是军事史上的转折点，西班牙人即将发现他们由这些庞然大物组成的舰队，在战术上远不及体型更小、速度更快的英国战舰——后者却能造成更猛烈的打击。

It was a turning point in military history, and the Spanish were about to discover that their giant fleet composed of these towering galleons were no match tactically for the smaller, speedier English ships that packed a much bigger punch.

请收听丹·斯诺的历史解说。

You listen to Dan Snow's history.

别放弃，这里正上演着惊心动魄的一幕。

Don't give up, monstrous here.

好戏还在后头。

There's more coming.

在那个清晨——7月31日，英国舰队即将与西班牙舰队展开交锋。

On that morning, the July 31, those English ships were about to go into action against the Spanish.

这是世界上前所未有的景象。

Nothing like this had ever happened in the world before.

两支装备火炮的舰队。

Two fleets armed with cannon.

它们即将在公海上展开持续数日的海战。

They're about to fight a multi day battle on the high seas.

他们不会像中国或地中海地区自古以来的战役那样，每晚靠岸休整次日再战。

They would not pull into shore every night and then come out the next day like the battles in China or the Mediterranean had been fought stretching back into ancient history.

不。

No.

不。

No.

不。

No.

这是火药时代的远征舰队作战。

This was expeditionary fleet warfare in the gunpowder age.

英国人此前从未有过如此举动。

The English had never done anything like it before.

西班牙人也未曾尝试。

The Spanish, neither.

我想，所有人都能感受到历史正在被创造。

Everyone, I think, sensed that history was being made.

一位英国目击者被舰队的规模所震撼。

One English witness was astonished by the size of the armada.

他说，在舰队的重压下，海水似乎都在呻吟。

He said, beneath the weight of it, the seas seemed to groan.

就吨位而言，这可能是欧洲水域有史以来最庞大的舰队。

In terms of its tonnage, it was probably the largest fleet to ever sail in European waters.

但请记住，其中许多船只只是补给船。

But remember, many of those ships were supply ships.

它们实际上并非为战斗而设计。

They weren't actually designed for fighting.

它们是运输船。

They were transports.

它们不仅运送额外的士兵和弹药，还充当现成的防御屏障，为入侵英格兰做好了一切准备。

They were just carrying extra soldiers and ammunition, and they were ready made defensive barricades, anything they would need for the invasion of England.

这些运输船被保护在大批船只的中心位置。

These transport ships were protected in the center of a great mass of ships.

看起来像一弯巨大的新月。

It looked like a huge crescent moon.

行动迟缓的运输船位于中央，两侧则是护航的战舰。

You've got the slower moving transport ships in the middle, and then you've got the escorts, the warships on either side.

这些护航舰有着高耸的艉楼和舰艏，甲板上挤满了手持火枪、弹药和锋利刀剑的士兵。

These escort ships, they had towering stern castles and folksles brimming with soldiers with their muskets, their ammunition, their swords sharpened.

已准备就绪。

Were ready to go.

他们信心十足。

They were confident.

如果敌人胆敢靠近并试图登船，他们随时准备用这些小船迎战。

They were ready to take on the enemy in their little ships if they dared to come too close and tried to clamber aboard.

但请记住，这并非英国人的计划。

But remember, that was not the English plan.

霍华德、德雷克等人并不打算以传统方式作战。

Howard and Drake and the others were not going to fight in that traditional manner.

他们计划用重炮来压制西班牙人。

They were planning on using cannon, heavy guns to subdue the Spanish.

霍华德派出一艘名为'轻蔑号'的80吨小船，在战斗此刻执行一项不合时宜的礼节行动。

Howard sent a little 80 ton bark, a small ship called Disdain, to perform an act of etiquette to be incongruous at this point of the battle.

'轻蔑号'驶入西班牙舰队的喊话距离，将一枚炮弹径直射入敌阵。

Disdain sailed within shouting distance to the Spanish ships and fired one cannonball straight into their midst.

英格兰此时已与西班牙开战。

England was now at war with Spain.

敌对行动可以开始了。

Hostilities could commence.

霍华德坐镇皇家方舟号，率领中队直扑西班牙新月阵的南端。

Howard was onboard the ship Ark Royal, and he led his squadron straight at the southern end of the Spanish Crescent.

德雷克则指挥他的复仇号战舰向北进发。

Drake onboard his ship, Revenge, headed for the North.

虽然这点尚存争议，但这很可能是海战中首次运用这种战术——舰队以纵队形式首尾相接地前进。

Now this is open for debate and discussion, but this is pretty much the first example of this tactic that we see being used in War at Sea, a fleet following in line of stud one after the other.

他们驶向敌舰队列，然后可以依次发射侧舷火炮。

They head towards the enemy fleet, then they can fire their broadside cannon one after the other.

这些就是安装在船体两侧的所有火炮。

That's all the cannon mounted along the sides of the ships.

它们以与船只航向呈90度的角度开火。

They fire it 90 degrees to the way the ship is moving.

完成射击后，这些战舰可以调转方向重新装填，准备再次进攻。

And once they've fired, those ships can turn away and reload before going in for another go.

这种作战方式由此发端，并将不断完善。

Now that was a kind of warfare that begins here, and it would be refined.

这一战术不断完善，一直延续至下个世纪，直至1805年的特拉法加海战，甚至可以说直到1916年第一次世界大战的日德兰海战，这些装备巨炮的战列舰都会排成纵队依次开火。

It would be perfected all the way up through the next century till the Battle of Trafalgar in eighteen o five and really all the way up to the Battle of Jutland in the First World War in 1916, where these big gun battleships would fire in lines one behind the other.

这可以说是该战术最初的雏形。

This was pretty much the first incarnation of this tactic.

英国人不敢冒险过于靠近西班牙战舰，因为别忘了，那些西班牙战舰上满是渴望登上任何能够接舷的英国船只的士兵。

The English couldn't risk getting too close to Spanish ships because, remember, those Spanish ships are bristling with those soldiers who who want to overwhelm any English ships they can grapple.

于是在德雷克和霍华德的率领下，英国舰队凭借高超的航海技术逼近敌舰，开炮轰击，然后迅速转向重新装填，准备下一轮进攻。

So led by Drake and Howard, the English squadrons use their superior sailing skills to sail up, fire their cannon, and whiz around to reload and plan another pass.

西班牙人发现自己几乎持续处于炮火轰击之下，感到十分不安。

So the Spanish are very discomforted to find themselves under almost constant bombardment.

有趣的是，西班牙经验丰富的指挥官之一拉克尔多——我之前提到过他——曾试图发动一场他和西班牙同胞所渴望的近身接舷战。

And interestingly, one of Spain's more experienced commanders, Raqueldo, who I mentioned before, he tried to initiate the kind of close quarters fight that him and his Spanish compatriots wanted.

他用自己的船作为诱饵。

He offered his ship as bait.

他让船稍微落后，将自己作为诱人的战利品献给英国人。

He let his ship fall behind slightly, offering himself as a tempting prio to the English.

但令这位西班牙老兵愤怒的是，像德雷克和弗罗比舍这样的人并没有上钩。

But infuriatingly to this old Spanish veteran, people like Drake and Frobisher didn't take the bait.

他们始终将船只保持在两三百米开外，用舷侧炮击他的船，造成了巨大破坏，但从未靠近到能让他实施接舷战的距离。

They kept sewing their ships two or 300 meters away, smashing his ship with a broadside, and they did enormous damage, but they never got close enough for him to grapple them.

所以他船上的600名士兵只能无助地看着自己的船只被轰成碎片。

So he's got 600 troops aboard his ship just watching helplessly as their vessel is being battered to pieces.

这是那个经典军事难题的典型例子。

It's a classic example of that old military problem.

敌人完全拒绝按照你们期望和预料的方式作战，非常没有绅士风度。

The enemy are absolutely refusing to fight in the way that you'd hoped and expected they would, very ungentlemanly.

梅迪娜·索尼娅最终被迫率领一支战舰队调头返回，去营救拉克林并将其带回那个保护性的新月阵型中。

Medina Sonia was eventually forced to bring a squadron of battleships to tack back and go and rescue Raquelin and bring him back into that protective crescent.

当天的西班牙官方日志记载，公爵集结了舰队，但发现对英国人无计可施——英国人仍占据上风位，他们的船只如此迅捷灵活，可以随心所欲地操控。

The official Spanish log of that day states that the duke collected the fleet but found he could do nothing more for the English still kept the weather gauge, and their ships are so fast and nimble, they can do anything they like with them.

这是两种不同战术理念的碰撞。

It's a clash of two different doctrines.

但英国人同样面临难题。

But there was also a problem for the English.

他们能重创西班牙舰队，却无法彻底歼灭它。

They could damage the Spanish fleet, but they couldn't destroy it.

无法将其击溃。

They couldn't break it up.

无法击沉大量敌舰。

They couldn't sink significant numbers of those ships.

仅凭远程炮火无法俘获这些船只。

They couldn't capture them by long range artillery fire alone.

英国战舰当时配备的火炮威力远不及三百年后的胜利号，也不像七月基伯湾战役中的英舰那样能仅用一两轮侧舷炮就击沉法国敌舰。

The English ships didn't carry the weight of cannon that, for example, HMS Victory would have three hundred years later or the weight of cannon that allowed the British ships, the Battle of Quiberon Bay in July, to just smash their French opponents so that they could sink French ships with a broadside or two.

这是火炮作战的早期阶段。

This is the early days of fighting with cannon.

他们当时采用的是远程射击战术。

They were employing long range fire.

英国人的这些攻击令人沮丧，但尚未对西班牙舰队构成生存威胁。

And so these jabs coming from the English were frustrating, but they didn't yet represent an existential threat to the Spanish fleet.

于是西班牙舰队继续前进，虽有些损伤，但仍沿着英国海岸向低地国家的会合点进发。

And so the Spanish sailed onwards, a little bit bruised, but making their way up the English coast towards their rendezvous in the low countries.

西班牙确实损失了一些船只。

The Spanish did lose some ships.

其中一艘名为罗萨里奥号的船在战斗混乱中与另一艘西班牙船只相撞受损。

One called the Rosario was damaged in a collision with another Spanish ship in this confusion of battle.

其他船只试图拖曳它，但未能成功。

And ships tried to take it on the tow, but it didn't work out.

它被迫自生自灭。

It was forced to fend for itself.

另一艘西班牙船直接爆炸了。

Another Spanish ship just blew up.

我们并不清楚具体原因。

We don't really know why.

传说有位炮手军官因女友被他人抢走而暴怒，将点燃的火炬插入火药桶导致整艘船爆炸。

The story goes that one gunnery officer was so furious that someone else had nicked his girlfriend that he blew the whole ship up by plunging a lighted taper into a barrel of gunpowder.

我们无法证实这个说法的真实性。

We don't know if that's true.

就这样，两艘西班牙船只被淘汰出局。

So two Spanish ships have been knocked out.

关于罗萨里奥号还有个有趣的故事，德雷克的敌人曾用它来抹黑他。

Now there's an interesting story about the Rosario that Drake's enemies used to discredit him.

那天晚上，也就是第一场战斗后的夜晚，他本应引领那艘英国船只。

That night, so the night after the first battle, he was meant to be leading the English ship.

他在桅杆顶部挂了一盏灯，以便其他人能跟随他。

He had a lantern in his top must so they could follow him.

但他意外发现了罗萨里奥号，这艘船已被西班牙舰队遗弃。

But he came across the Rosario, which had been abandoned by the rest of the Spanish.

据说他随后熄灭了那盏灯，独自去进行了一些私掠行为，为自己搞了点海盗勾当。

And it's said that he then put out, extinguished the lantern, and he headed off for a little privateering, a little piracy action for himself.

他靠近了罗萨里奥号。

He went alongside the Rosario.

当时正值深夜，他大喊自己是德雷克，罗萨里奥号立即投降了。

It was the dead of night, and he shouted that he was Drake, and Rosario immediately surrendered.

我曾读到过一句很精彩的话：他驾船靠近罗萨里奥号时大喊'我是德雷克，我的火绳已点燃'，那艘船立刻就投降了。

Now there's a great line that I once read that he sailed up the Rosario and just shouted, I am Drake, and my matches are lit, And the ship surrendered immediately.

遗憾的是，你们不能完全相信我的话，因为我没能找到那句话的出处，无法确定其真实性。

Now, unfortunately, you can't take my word for that because I haven't been able to find that line, and I can't tell if it's true.

但无论当时具体说了什么，他们确实立即投降了。

However, whatever was said, they did immediately surrender.

他们向靠近的德雷克投降的速度之快，实在有点令人尴尬。

It was a little bit embarrassing how fast they surrendered to Drake as he came up alongside.

那艘船上载有55,000枚金杜卡特，约占舰队携带总财富的三分之一，这些钱原本用于支付士兵薪饷、补给物资等各项开支。

And on board that ship was 55,000 golden ducats, around 1 third of the treasure that the armada carried with it to pay the men and pay for supplies and everything it might need to spend money on.

蹊跷的是，并非所有这些财宝最终都进入了伊丽莎白女王的国库。

Mysteriously, not all of that treasure seems to end up in queen Elizabeth's coffers.

其中一部分奇怪地在途中失踪了。

Some of it strangely went missing along the way.

所以对弗朗西斯·德雷克来说是个美好的夜晚，但对英国舰队却不尽然——因为没有德雷克领航，日出时分他们的阵型比预期要散乱得多。

So it was a good night for Francis Drake, but it wasn't a great night for the English fleet because without Francis Drake guiding them, as the sun came up in the morning, they were a little bit more scattered than they would have liked.

这就是为什么在8月1日，当西班牙舰队从容不迫地横穿莱姆湾时，英军正疯狂地重新集结。

And that's why they spent the August 1 frantically regrouping as the Spanish fleet moved sedately but steadily across Lyme Bay.

8月2日风向略有变化，西班牙人因此占据优势。

On the August 2, there was a bit of a shift in the wind, which gave the Spanish an advantage.

随后在波特兰比尔爆发激战，那里即使在最佳航行条件下也以险恶著称。

And there was a fierce battle of Portland Bill, which is a notoriously difficult place to sail at the best of times.

那里有着世界上最汹涌的潮汐急流之一。

It has one of the most remarkable tidal races in the world.

激流就在波特兰比尔海角底部咆哮盘旋。

It just rips around the bottom of Portland Bill.

我曾于风平浪静时到访，那里的浪高仍可达两三米——这还不算风力影响。

I've been there in fairly calm conditions, and the waves there can be two, three meters high, and that's before you factor in any wind.

回溯1588年这场战役，当地水文知识确实成为英国舰队的优势。

On this occasion, back in 1588, it seemed that local knowledge was really an advantage to the English fleet.

双方爆发激烈炮战，有史学家认为这是当时史上最惨烈的海战炮击，但依旧未能决出胜负。

There was a fierce exchange of fire and described by some historians actually as the fiercest naval gun battles to have occurred to that point in history, but still no knockout blows by either side.

当天傍晚，西班牙旗舰圣马丁号已被500发炮弹击中。

By the evening of that day, the San Martin, Medina Estonia's flagship had been hit by 500 cannonballs.

西班牙人正吸取惨痛教训：英国人是海战炮术专家，而西班牙根本无力还击出同等火力密度。

The Spanish were learning a bitter lesson, that the English were naval gunnery experts and that the Spanish simply had no mechanism to fire back at anything like the English rate of fire.

据估计，英国人每开三炮，西班牙人才还击一炮。

It is estimated that for every three shots the English fired, only one Spanish shot was fired.

他们的船员根本没有接受过这种战争的训练。

Their crews just weren't trained for that kind of war.

西班牙舰队没有快速舷侧齐射的战术，也没有调整舰船位置让所有舷炮都能攻击英军。

There was no doctrine of rapid broadside firing in the Spanish fleet, and they hadn't arranged their ships to allow all of their broadsides to engage with the English.

这完全不是他们预想的作战方式。

It just wasn't how they were intending to fight.

但即便如此，当天结束时，西班牙无敌舰队仍完好无损地继续前进。

But still, at the end of that day, the Spanish Armada was intact and continuing onwards.

8月3日，西班牙无敌舰队抵达怀特岛。

By the August 3, the Spanish Armada reached the Isle Of Wight.

这里存在一个谜团。

Now there is a mystery here.

这是关于无敌舰队的重大疑问之一。

It's one of the great questions about the Armada.

梅迪纳西多尼亚公爵似乎对近日遭遇深感忧虑，或许会听取建议夺取基地进行休整——因为他面临一个根本性问题。

The duke of Medidaconia seemed to be sufficiently concerned by his experiences over the last few days that maybe he would listen to advice and he would grab a base and sort of have a regroup, have a rethink because he had this fundamental problem.

他始终没有收到帕尔马公爵的任何消息。

He hadn't heard a thing from the duke of Parma.

他与预定接应的陆军部队完全失联，而且他知道从怀特岛末端到多佛海峡之间根本没有大型天然港口。

There had been no successful communication between him and this army that he's due to go and pick up, and he knows there are no big natural harbors really between the end of the Isle Of Wight and the Straits Of Dover.

尽管有些模糊，但梅迪纳·西多尼亚似乎确实考虑过像法国人在1540年代尝试的那样——夺取怀特岛作为作战基地，直到收到低地国家军队的消息。

And it seems like, although it's a little bit unclear, that Medina Stonya did think, like the French had tried doing in the fifteen forties, actually, to seize the Isle Of Wight and use it as a base of operations until they'd heard something from their army in the Low Countries.

霍华德非常清楚这种可能性。

Howard was very aware of this possibility.

他组织英国舰队并下达了一个极其简单的目标：阻止西班牙舰队进入索伦特海峡。

He organized the English fleet and told them to pursue a very simple aim, which was keep the Spanish out of the Solo.

将西班牙人挡在怀特岛北部受保护水域之外。

Keep the Spanish out of the protected water north of the Isle Of Wight.

为此任命了四位最合适的人选分别统领四支中队：霍金斯、弗罗比舍、德雷克以及霍华德本人。

And the obvious men to do this were put in charge of four squadrons, Hawkins, Frobisher, Drake, Howard himself.

这四支中队将独立行动，但始终牢记这个简单的战略目标——把西班牙无敌舰队阻截在索伦特外海。

These four squadrons would act independently, but they would keep this simple strategic goal in mind, to just keep the Spanish armada out of the solvent.

当天凌晨，德雷克差点又俘获了一艘名为'大格里丰号'的敌舰。

Early that morning, Drake almost captured another ship, the Gran Griffon.

请原谅我蹩脚的西班牙语发音。

I mean, please excuse my Spanish pronunciation there.

大格里丰号当时正掉队航行。

The Gran Griffon was lagging.

它落在西班牙舰队后方时，德雷克率舰逼近。

It was behind the Spanish fleet, and Drake sailed up.

据记载该舰甲板挤满了士兵。

We hear that its decks were rammed with soldiers.

他们渴望与德雷克接舷作战，但德雷克保持距离，在近距离用侧舷炮横扫整艘敌舰。

They they wanted to get to grips with Drake, but Drake stood off, fired a broadside at close range on the length of the ship.

这种战术称为'纵射'——从船头到船尾连续实施侧舷齐射。

It's called raking the ship from one end to the other, just broadside after broadside.

西班牙人在太空中短暂损失了约100人，但其他西班牙船只设法将其拖回，回到了舰队核心位置。

The Spanish suffered a couple of 100 casualties in space for a few moments, but other Spanish ships managed to take it in tow, it was brought back into the heart of the Spanish fleet.

与此同时，弗罗比舍正试图让他的船只从怀特岛靠陆地一侧进入，试图封锁索伦特海峡入口，保护怀特岛，因为看起来有一支西班牙舰队正试图进入索伦特平静的水域。

Frobisher, meanwhile, was trying to get his ships in on the landward side of the Isle Of Wight, trying to block off the entrance to the Solent, protect the Isle Of Wight, because it looked like a squadron of Spanish ships trying to get into that calm water of the Solent.

但梅迪纳·爱沙尼亚号分心了，因为其南翼正遭受德雷克发起的猛烈攻击。

But Medina Estonia was distracted because on his southern flank was a powerful attack being made by Drake.

德雷克正在试探他们。

Drake was probing them.

他正在攻击他们。

He's attacking them.

他希望将他们逼退至无法进入索伦特海峡的位置。

He's hoping he could push them past the point at which they were able to enter the Solent.

德雷克全力冲向西班牙舰队的南翼。

Drake hurled himself at the southern flank of the Spanish.

梅迪斯·阿佐尼亚被迫将视线从北方移开——他本想让舰队进入索伦——转而南下反击德雷克。

Medidus Azzonia was forced to rip his gaze away from the North where he may be trying to get his fleet into the Solon and go and counterattack Drake in the South.

一名西班牙军官写道：'我们这些在场的人当时被逼入了绝境。'

One Spanish officer wrote, we who were there were cornered.

所以如果公爵没有率领旗舰赶来救援，那天我们可能就战败了。

So if the duke had not come about with his flagship, we should have come out vanquished that day.

问题是当公爵正在救援这部分舰队时，他们就像站在一条自动人行道上。

The trouble is as the duke is rescuing that portion of his fleet, they're on a kind of moving sidewalk, if you like.

风力正持续缓慢地将他们向东推移。

The wind is just pushing them all very slowly, all the time slowly to the east.

他们正经过怀特岛。

They're passing the Isle Of Wight.

他们将无法进入索伦特海峡的入口。

They're gonna be unable to get into the entrance of the Solent.

因此，德雷克每能让舰队注意力停留在海上多一分钟，阻止他们转向索伦特海峡，西班牙人就多错过一次驶入那里并找到安全锚地的机会。

So every minute that Drake can keep the fleet's attention out to sea, stop them from turning into the Solent, is an opportunity missed by the Spanish to sail in there and find a safe anchorage.

德雷克的计划，霍华德的计划，成功了。

And Drake's plan, Howard's plan, it was a success.

随着西班牙舰队不断向东漂流，他们遇到了一片巨大的沙洲。

As the Spanish drifted ever further east, they came across a giant sandbank.

这片沙洲被称为'奥尔斯'。

It's known as the Hours.

它至今仍在，这是显而易见的。

It's still there today, obviously.

一位目光敏锐的西班牙瞭望员发现了这片浅水区——一片延伸至远海的沙洲，西班牙人被迫转向东南以避免搁浅。

A sharp eyed Spanish lookout saw this patch of shallow water, a sandbank that stretches way out to sea, and the Spanish were forced to alter course to the Southeast to avoid hitting the shallows.

但这意味着他们已没有实际可能返回索伦特海峡了。

But that means they had no realistic chance of getting back into the solvent.

现在顺风而行，在他们与低地国家之间已无处停靠。

So now with the wind at their stern, they've got nowhere to stop between them and the low countries.

大局已定。

The die was cast.

梅迪纳·西多尼亚虽使舰队免遭英军攻击，避开了浅滩危险，但他现在正驶向低地国家，完全不知道军队是否会在那里等候，更不知他们是否已做好接应准备。

Medina Sidonia had saved his fleet from English attacks, saved his fleet from the shallows, but he was now heading towards the low countries with absolutely no idea whether the army would be waiting for him and whether they'd be ready for him at all.

英国人将这场战役视为一次重大胜利。

The English regard this battle as a big success.

再次令人心痒的是，我们对西班牙当天的计划知之甚少，但英国人的表现似乎相当满意。

Again, tantalizingly, we just don't know enough about the Spanish plans for that day, but the English behaved as if they were pretty happy.

霍华德当场册封了弗罗比舍和霍金斯为骑士。

Howard knighted Frobisher and Hawkins on the spot.

此时两支舰队正乘着微风驶向多佛。

Both fleets were now being driven on a gentle breeze towards Dover.

霍华德需要节省弹药、炮弹和火药。

Howard needed to conserve his shots, his cannonballs, his gunpowder.

至于西班牙人，他们利用相对温和的天气修补船只，更换索具，并在帆布的破洞上缝补。

And as for the Spanish, they used the fairly benign weather to patch up their ships to replace rigging and stitch patches over the holes in their sails.

无敌舰队虽受重创但未被摧毁。

The armada had been bruised but not destroyed.

入侵的威胁依然真实存在，尤其在8月6日西班牙无敌舰队在法国加莱港外宽阔海湾抛锚时更显紧迫。

The threat of invasion was still very real, and it was even more real on the August 6 when the Spanish armada dropped anchor in the wide bay, really the stretch of coast off the French port of Calais.

梅迪纳·埃斯特尼亚的第一件事就是派遣信使寻找西班牙军队并与帕尔马公爵取得联系。

First thing Medina Estonia did was dispatch a messenger to find that Spanish army and make contact with the duke of Parma.

当信使抵达几英里外敦刻尔克的公爵总部时，公爵相当惊讶。

When that messenger arrived at the duke's headquarters just a few miles away in Dunkirk, the duke was pretty surprised.

他上次收到西班牙无敌舰队的消息还是数周前他们在北西班牙卡兰纳时发出的启航通知。

The last message he'd received from the Spanish Armada was one sent when they were in Carana in North Spain weeks before saying that they were about to set sail.

而现在他们已兵临城下。

Now here they were.

他们已抵达法国北部海岸，离他的军队非常近。

They'd arrived off the coast of Northern France very near his army.

理论上，舰队和陆军即将会师，但这并非纸上谈兵。

On paper, the fleet and the army were close to joining up, but this was not a paper exercise.

实际情况要复杂得多。

It was much more complicated one.

当时的场景是：运河纵横、道路崎岖、码头堆满物资、部队分散在数英里区域内。

It was a scenario of canals and bad roads and piles of supplies on wharves and units of men spread across miles of territory.

帕尔默的军队就像那个年代所有军队一样分散驻扎。

Palmer's army was spread out as armies were in those days.

必须让士兵们前往粮草所在地。

You had to take the men to the food.

不可能把粮草运送给分散的士兵。

You couldn't bring food to the men.

因此军队会因宿营安排和其他后勤原因分散驻扎在整个地区。

So armies would spread out across the landscape, the region for billeting and other logistical reasons.

要花上好几天才能将所有士兵集结到敦刻尔克港，并让他们登上入侵驳船。

It would take days to gather or concentrate all of his men together in the Port of Dunkirk and get them aboard invasion barges.

即便如此，他仍面临我之前提到的难题——这正是无敌舰队要解决的问题。

And even then, he still had that problem I talked about before, the problem the armada was supposed to solve.

他无法将部队运送到西班牙战舰上。

He had no way of getting his troops out to the Spanish ships.

西班牙的菲利普在航空租赁公司表示：他们将在英吉利海峡与你会合。

Philip of Spain at Air Lease said, they will meet you in the channel.

但帕尔默被围困在敦刻尔克。

But Palmer was blockaded in Dunkirk.

他没有足够的专业战舰来突破荷兰封锁舰队的包围，从敦刻尔克突围。

He didn't have the necessary specialist warships to fight his way out of Dunkirk through the swarm of Dutch blockading vessels.

这对西班牙人来说极为诱人，因为他们已设法让这支庞大舰队靠近这支令人印象深刻的经验丰富的军队，仅数英里之遥。

Now this was tantalizing for the Spanish because they had managed to get this giant fleet to within a few miles of this very impressive veteran army.

但细节决定成败，各位。

But the devil's in the detail, folks.

他们实际上无法会师。

There is no way for them actually to join up.

加莱附近的锚地防护非常薄弱。

The anchorage off Calais is not very well protected.

事实上，那里根本没有任何防护。

In fact, it's not protected at all.

这片海域极易受到英吉利海峡强劲的西南风侵袭。

It's very, very vulnerable to the strong southwesterly gales that you get in the channel.

因此梅迪纳·西多尼亚最多只能让无敌舰队在那里停泊几天。

So Medina Sidonia could not keep the Armada anchored there for more than a few, well, days at most.

尽管他对海洋不太熟悉，这一点他还是清楚的。

Even though he didn't know the sea that well, he did know that.

几天前他曾写信给帕尔默说：除非我们能找到一个港口，否则我们必死无疑。

And he'd written to Palmer a few days before saying, unless we can find a harbor, we will perish without doubt.

生活在遥远地区的各位可能会想，嘿。

Now those of you who live in distant lands may think, hey.

得了吧。

Come on.

现在可是八月。

This is August.

正值盛夏时节。

It's the height of the summer.

他们大可在海岸边抛锚停泊。

They can just anchor off the coast there.

阳光会在细碎浪花上闪烁，他们可以堆些古怪的沙堡，等着帕尔默集结那支军队。

The sun will flash off the little wavelets, and they can build the odd sandcastle, wait for Palmer to get that army assembled.

呃，其实不然。

Well, no.

因为英吉利海峡的夏天是个相当相对的概念。

Because summer in the English Channel is a highly relative concept.

偶尔也有晴朗的日子。

There are some nice days, occasionally.

但更多的是西南狂风呼啸的日子，青褐色的海浪拍打着泡沫狼藉的海滩，涨潮线上散落着遇难船只的残骸。

And then there are lots of days when the wind howls from the Southwest and the green brown waves crash on foam strewn beaches where the high tide line is marked with the detritus of shattered ships.

这实在不是个适合逗留的地方。

It's really not an ideal place to hang about.

然而，英国人忧心忡忡。

However, the English were concerned.

西班牙无敌舰队和帕尔马公爵的军队近在咫尺，令人不安，因此他们决定立即行动，就在当晚采取行动。

The Spanish armada and the duke of Parma's army were too close for comfort, and that's why they decided to act straight away, to take action that night.

他们不愿冒险让帕尔马公爵设法让部队登船与舰队会合。

They did not want to take the risk that the duke of Parma would somehow manage to embark his troops and meet up with the armada.

即便需要一两周时间，他们也要立即行动击溃舰队，切断海陆两军的联系。

Even if it did take a week or two, they wanted to act now to break the armada, to sever the link between the land and the sea forces.

您正在收听丹·斯诺的历史热点，精彩内容还在后头。

You listen to Dan Snow's history hits, the best is yet to come.

请继续关注我们。

Stick with us.

那天午夜，正值8月6日尾声，西班牙水手发现英国舰队燃起了八处火光。

At midnight that night, at the very end of the August 6, Spanish sailors noticed eight lights blazing in the English fleet.

火光越来越近，正向他们漂来。

The lights drew closer and closer, drifting towards them.

西班牙人惊恐地意识到英国人派出了火船。

The Spanish realized with horror that the English had deployed fire ships.

他们征用了八艘较旧的商船，这些船只价值不高。

They'd taken eight older ships, armed merchantmen with no great value.

船上堆满备用物资、旧帆、浸透焦油的绳索和少量火药，将其改造成漂浮的炸弹。

They'd stack them high with spare supplies, old sails, rope covered in tar and pitch, bit of gunpowder, and they'd turned them into floating bombs.

随后他们借着微风和潮势，将这些火船驶向加莱，直逼西班牙舰队。

Then they sailed them in on the breeze and the tide towards Calais, towards the Spanish fleet.

木船上的水手对火充满恐惧，原因很简单。

Now sailors in wooden ships are terrified of fire for a simple reason.

船上每样东西——所有的一切——都极其易燃。

Every single thing on those ships, everything is very, very flammable.

火灾摧毁船只的确定性远超风暴、炮弹乃至敌军登船部队。

Fires destroyed ships more certainly than a storm, more certainly than cannonballs, more certainly than an enemy boarding party.

火焰具有毁灭性。

Fire was devastating.

几乎没有士兵或水手会游泳。

Few soldiers or sailors could swim.

当船只起火时，就等于被判了死刑。

When the ship caught on fire, it was a death sentence.

你必须在几秒内做出选择：是溺毙于冰冷海水，还是葬身于恐怖烈焰。

You had to choose with just seconds to spare between death by icy water or at the hands of terrible flames.

梅迪纳·西多尼亚早已预料到英格兰人会使用火攻船。

Now Medina Sedonia had anticipated the English would try and use fire ships.

他组织了一支西班牙敞舱船小舰队，准备在火攻船接近时进行拦截。

He'd organized a small flotilla of Spanish open boats, rowing boats, which would head out and grapple fire ships as they arrived.

他们确实成功拦截了两艘火船。

And they did manage to grapple two of the ships.

将火船拖至浅滩无害燃烧殆尽。

They towed them out of the way where they burned down harmlessly in the shallows.

但其余火船仍在不断逼近。

But the rest of those fire ships, they kept coming on.

原本紧密防御阵型停泊的无敌舰队船员们陷入了恐慌。

The crews of the Spanish Armada, which had been anchored in a tight defensive huddle, they acted in panic.

他们砍断了锚缆。

They cut their anchor cables.

他们刚刚砍断了锚链。

They just hacked their anchor cables through.

他们抛弃了船锚，竭尽全力逃离逼近的火船。

They jettisoned their anchors, and they did what they could to escape the oncoming fire ships.

风从西南方向吹来，将许多船只吹过了加莱。

The wind was blowing from the Southwest, and it blew many of them beyond Calais.

风把它们吹向格拉沃利讷港，那里如今位于法国和比利时的边境。

It blew them up towards the Port Of Graveline, which is today on the border between France and Belgium.

无敌舰队此刻已四分五裂。

The armada was now spread out.

零星船只三三两两，小群船队绝望地沿着如今法比海岸线一路下锚。

Ships in ones and twos, little clusters of ships anchored desperately right the way along what is now the French and Belgian coast.

黎明时分，旭日初升，英格兰人看见了他们的敌人。

And at dawn, as the sun came up, the English saw their enemies.

他们抓住战机，欢欣鼓舞地发起进攻。

They saw their opportunity and gleefully attacked.

伴随着号角齐鸣，英格兰舰队——皇家战船、全副武装的商船、私掠战舰——向西班牙船只逼近。

With trumpets blaring, the English fleet, the royal galleons, other heavily armed merchant ships, private men of war, they closed with the Spanish ships.

西班牙人绝望地发射信号炮试图重整舰队，但阵型已过于分散。

The Spanish desperately fired signal cannon to try and get their fleet to reassemble, but it it was just too spread out.

这一切都是徒劳。

It was to no avail.

西班牙人严密的阵型被彻底击溃。

The tight Spanish formation was broken.

他们的船只毫无防护。

Their ships were unprotected.

他们的船只脆弱不堪，英国人如掠食者般蜂拥而上。

Their ships were vulnerable, and the English sprang among them like predators.

随后爆发的战斗是格拉沃利讷海战，场面一度混乱无序。

The battle that followed was the Battle of Graveline, and it was a bit of a free for all.

指挥官霍华德不可饶恕地似乎只看到了金钱符号。

Howard, the commander, unforgivably seems to have seen dollar signs.

他发现了一艘巨型西班牙大帆船——这种船半靠风帆半靠奴隶划桨驱动。

He saw a massive Spanish gallease, which is a sort of half sailing ship, but also half ore powered galley, slaves at the oars.

这艘船在战斗爆发时受损，试图溜进加莱港，指望中立的法国人提供庇护。

It got damaged at the outbreak of the battle, and it tried to slink into Calais, hoping the neutral French would give it safe haven.

霍华德察觉了这个动向。

Howard spotted this going on.

这是个诱人的战利品。

It was a juicy prize.

他没有追击梅迪纳·埃斯特尼亚的旗舰，也没有攻击舰队主力，而是直奔那艘大帆船而去。

And rather than aiming for Medina Estonia's flagship or or rather than attacking the main body of the Armada, he just headed for that Galleos.

他想俘获它。

He wanted to capture it.

他想得到船上的财富。

He wanted to get the wealth that was on board.

霍华德麾下许多舰船紧随其后。

And many of Howard's squadron followed.

最终局面演变成大批英国船只围攻这艘受伤的西班牙大帆船。

So you end up with a situation where a huge number of English ships attacking this one wounded Spanish gallease.

他们将其逼至岸边。

They drove it ashore.

他们在中立的法国人眼皮底下洗劫残骸，法国人对此发生在自己水域感到愤怒，于是开火将他们赶回船上。

They looted the wreck before the neutral French, upset this was going on in their waters, opened fire and drove them back to their ships.

就这样，无敌舰队最强大的战舰之一被摧毁了。

So one of the Armada's greatest ships had been destroyed.

没错。

Yes.

精彩。

Brilliant.

但这耗费了他们舰队中一些最优秀英国舰船的大量时间和注意力。

But it was at the cost of a huge amount of time and attention from some of the best English ships in their fleet.

与此同时，相比之下，德雷克却认真履行了他的职责。

Meanwhile, by contrast, Drake had taken his responsibility seriously.

他率领其他舰船直冲西班牙舰队而去。

He had led his other ships straight at the Spanish fleet.

他的'复仇号'在极近距离内与梅迪纳·西多尼亚公爵的'圣马丁号'擦肩而过，近到两人若愿意完全可以隔船对喊。

His ship Revenge passed by the duke of Medina Sedona's San Martin at very short range, so close that if they wanted to, the two men could have shouted at each other.

复仇号的艉楼船舱被西班牙舰船的几发炮弹击穿。

The Revenge's stern cabin was shot through with some of the Spanish ship's cannonballs.

接着德雷克施展了他标志性的战术——先向西班牙舰船一侧齐射，再转向另一侧开火，将梅迪纳的旗舰'爱沙尼亚号'重创。

Drake then performed his now trademark tactic of firing one broadside into the Spanish ship, then the other damaging Medina Estonia's flagship terribly.

至关重要的是，跟随德雷克行动的船只采取了同样的战术。

And, critically, the ship that followed Drake into action did the same thing.

西班牙最精锐的舰船几乎持续遭受着猛烈打击。

There was a near constant battering of some of Spain's finest vessels.

在那艘西班牙旗舰上，场面如同地狱，索具轰然倒塌。

Onboard that Spanish flagship, it was a scene of hell, rigging crashing down.

它们被沿着水线拖拽。

They were hauled by the waterline.

该舰遭受了约200次命中。

She was hit something like 200 times.

据说她的甲板被鲜血浸透。

It was said that her decks were awash with blood.

记住，西班牙士兵们在战位上等待接舷战。

The Spanish soldiers at their action stations, remember, they're waiting to grapple.

他们等待着按训练行事，期待登上敌舰，却无法让这些武器发挥作用。

They're waiting to do as they've been trained to do, expecting to board enemy ships, but they're unable to bring those weapons to bear.

他们完全无法影响这场海战的结果。

They're not able to have any impact on the outcome of this naval battle.

这必定令人极度沮丧。

It must have been incredibly frustrating.

我们听闻西班牙人对英格兰人怒吼，称他们为'路德派的母鸡'，挑战他们像个男人一样用冷兵器近战，而非以这种有违骑士精神的方式远程炮击。

We hear about the Spanish roaring at the English, calling them Lutheran hens, challenging them to come and fight like men with cold steel rather than standing off and battering them in this rather unsporting fashion.

但英格兰战舰却能逼近并给予致命打击。

But the English ships were able to come closer and deliver killer blows.

孤立的西班牙船只被逐一击破，并被一群英国船只包围。

Isolated Spanish ships were picked off and surrounded by a swarm of English ships.

圣马特奥号和圣菲利佩号都遭受了重创。

The San Mateo and the San Felipe both suffered badly.

圣菲利佩号的船体被炮弹击穿了多个洞。

The San Felipe had holes torn in its hull.

它的舵被砸碎了。

Her rudder was smashed.

它的前桅杆被击倒了。

Her foremast was knocked over.

甲板上有200名船员丧生。

200 men killed on her decks.

据说圣马特奥号被炮弹打得千疮百孔，就像筛子一样。

The San Mateo was said to be so riddled with shot that she was said to be like a sieve.

船上的水手们尝到了这种海上战争新时代的滋味。

Sailors on board got a taste of this new era of war at sea.

炮弹击穿船体，锋利的木屑在空中旋转飞溅，劈砍入人体，造成极其可怕的伤害和死亡。

Cannonballs smashing through holes, sending shards of razor sharp wood cartwheeling through the air, splintering and scything into men, causing terrible, terrible injuries and death.

甲板下，木匠们用木楔堵住被英国炮弹撕裂的锯齿状破洞。

Beneath the decks, carpenters smashed bungs into jagged holes torn by English cannonballs.

惊恐疲惫的船员们操作着船泵，试图阻止底舱不断上升的水位，他们的同伴有的肢体残缺，有的腹部被尖锐的木屑撕裂，尖叫着的伤员被拖到几乎不存在或极其简陋的医疗处，尸体直接被活着的人扔下船。

Frightened, exhausted men worked the ship's pumps, trying to stem the rising waterline in the bilges, their crewmates missing limbs, their soft bellies torn by jagged splinters, men screaming dragged below to nonexistent or primitive medical attention, corpses just hurled overboard by the living.

相比之下，西班牙的炮火收效甚微。

The Spanish gunnery, by contrast, ineffective.

正如我所说，他们并未接受过这种战斗方式的训练。

As I say, they haven't trained for this way of fighting.

只有少数几次罕见的成功。

There were some rare successes.

一枚西班牙炮弹击中了诺森伯兰伯爵的船只，擦伤了他的脚并击倒了两名船员。

One Spanish cannonball managed to smash into the earl of Northumberland ship, grazing his feet and knocking down two men.

但总体而言，西班牙人无法对英国船只造成重大伤害。

But in general, the Spanish were unable to inflict heavy damage on the English ships.

例如，许多火炮都没有我们今天海军舰炮所配备的专用海上炮架。

Many of the cannon, for example, didn't have the specialist maritime gun carriages that we associate today with naval guns.

想想HMS胜利号上的火炮，比如那些装有四个小轮子的。

You think about the guns on HMS Victory, for example, four little wheels on them.

你可以在狭窄空间里灵活操纵它们。

You can maneuver them in confined spaces.

西班牙人当时使用的火炮

The Spanish were using the cannon.

还是你在陆地上会见到的那种带有两个巨大轮子的款式。

You'd expect to use on land with two enormous wheels.

这些火炮笨重得多。

They were far more unwieldy.

在船只下层甲板的有限空间里，它们难以机动和操作。

They were difficult to maneuver and handle in the confines of the lower decks of a ship.

到当天下午，许多西班牙船只已处于糟糕的状态。

By the afternoon of that day, many Spanish ships were in terrible condition.

The San Felipe, the San Mateo that I mentioned were floating wrecks.

The San Felipe, the San Mateo that I mentioned were floating wrecks.

Their commanders were helpless.

Their commanders were helpless.

They beached themselves.

They beached themselves.

They just hit the sandbanks on the Dutch coast, and they were set upon by jubilant Dutch rebels.

They just hit the sandbanks on the Dutch coast, and they were set upon by jubilant Dutch rebels.

Another ship, the Maria Juan, sank outright.

Another ship, the Maria Juan, sank outright.

And I think this battle disproved the traditional telling of the Armada story, which is that it was the weather, not the English ships that defeated the Spanish Armada.

And I think this battle disproved the traditional telling of the Armada story, which is that it was the weather, not the English ships that defeated the Spanish Armada.

This was, in fact, a comprehensive defeat that the Spanish had suffered at sea.

This was, in fact, a comprehensive defeat that the Spanish had suffered at sea.

Their central strategic plan, the operational plan, had been completely destroyed.

Their central strategic plan, the operational plan, had been completely destroyed.

Their ships were damaged terribly.

Their ships were damaged terribly.

Some were captured or sunk or grounded.

Some were captured or sunk or grounded.

And in fact, this is the naughty bit, folks.

And in fact, this is the naughty bit, folks.

The weather actually saved the Spanish armada at this point.

The weather actually saved the Spanish armada at this point.

下午四点，当众多西班牙船只无助地漂流着，船员们饱受摧残，指挥系统瘫痪，无法操控方向时，一场来自西北方向的近海暴风裹挟着血雨，将西班牙舰队推向全球最险恶的一段海岸线——荷兰近海的浅滩。

At 04:00 in the afternoon, as many Spanish ships were drifting hopelessly, helpless, unable to steer their crews battered, command and control broken down, a squall blood from the Northwest, from offshore, pushing the Spanish onto one of the most treacherous stretches of coastline in the entire world, the shallows off the Dutch coast.

那里遍布礁石和潮汐沙洲。

There are rocks and sandbars, tidal.

环境极其恶劣。

It's brutal.

即便是现代船只也难以在此航行。

It's an impossible place to sail even today.

那些佛兰芒沙洲越来越近。

And those Flemish sandbanks came ever closer.

海水颜色开始变化。

The color of the water changed.

测深显示八英寻、七英寻的水深。

The depth sounding showed eight fathoms, seven fathoms.

大型船只需要至少五英寻的吃水深度才能航行。

The biggest ships needed five fathoms of water beneath them to sail.

这看起来像是一场彻底的灾难。

It seemed as if real complete disaster.

整支舰队距离覆灭仅有几分钟之遥。

The wreckage of an entire fleet was only minutes away.

英国舰队在外海虎视眈眈。

The English were to seaward.

驾驶轻型浅水船的荷兰反抗军则在内陆方向。

The Dutch rebels in their light shallow craft were inland.

西班牙人看起来即将遭遇一场大灾难。

The Spanish looked like they were about to suffer a catastrophe.

多名军官来到梅迪纳·塞多纳公爵面前，请求他接过教皇旗帜，跳上一艘轻快小船，设法前往佛兰德与西班牙军队会合的安全地带。

Various officers came up to the duke of Medina Sedona and asked him to take the papal banner, jump into a small fast boat, and try and make for a a safe haven with Spanish forces in Flanders.

他拒绝了。

He refused.

他想要像一名基督教战士那样死去。

He wanted to die like a Christian soldier.

他对擦肩而过的一名中队指挥官喊道：'我们完蛋了。'

He shouted to one of his squadron commanders who passed close by, we are lost.

我们该怎么办？

What should we do?

指挥官高声回应：'至于我，我要像个男人一样战死。'

And the commander shouted back, as for me, I'm gonna die like a man.

给我送些弹药来。

Send me a supply of shot.

然后突然间——或许这就是我们一直等待的奇迹。

Then quite suddenly, well, perhaps that's the miracle we're all waiting for.

风向转为西南，这使得西班牙舰船得以摆脱浅滩，向北驶入北海。

The wind backed to the Southwest that gave the Spanish ships an opportunity to claw away from the shallows and make their way north into the North Sea.

梅迪纳·埃斯托尼亚写道——下次有人谈论天气与西班牙无敌舰队时，你可以告诉他们这件事。

Medina Estonia wrote, and you can tell this to someone next time they talk about the weather and the Spanish Armada.

梅迪纳·埃斯托尼亚写道：'我们因上帝的怜悯而得救。'

Medina Estonia wrote, we were saved by God's mercy.

那天晚上，两支舰队都召开了军事会议。

That night, councils of war were held in both fleets.

在英国舰队中，他们庆祝了胜利，但这或许是一场低调的胜利。

In the English fleet, they celebrated the success, but perhaps a muted success.

西班牙无敌舰队仍在海上。

The Spanish Armada was still at sea.

当英国舰队还在加来时，他们成功将无敌舰队与帕尔马公爵的军队分隔开来。

The English had managed to separate it from the duke of Palmer's army when they'd been in Calais.

两者之间仅相隔约20英里。

They're only 20 or so miles apart.

此时西班牙无敌舰队正漂向北海。

Now the Spanish Armada was drifting off into the North Sea.

这些船只受损严重。

The ships were badly damaged.

它们几乎没有可能掉头作战并返回低地国家。

There seemed little chance that they'd be able to turn around and fight their way back to the Low Countries.

但它依然存在。

But it was still in existence.

因此它仍然是个威胁。

It was therefore still a threat.

更糟的是，英国人在格拉沃利讷战役中几乎耗尽了所有炮弹和火药。

And to make matters worse, the English had used up nearly all their cannonballs and gunpowder in the Battle of Graveline.

所以英国人正在庆祝，但如果他们能偷听到当晚西班牙的军事会议，他们的情绪会更加高涨。

So the English were celebrating, but their mood would have been far more buoyant if they could have eavesdropped on the Spanish councils of war that night.

他们面临着严峻的处境。

They faced a dire situation.

已无望驶回海峡与他们的军队会合。

There was no hope of sailing back into the Narrows to meet up with their army.

他们的船只损毁严重。

Their ships were trashed.

船员们士气低落，身体虚弱。

Their crews were weak and disheartened.

西班牙无敌舰队上的每个人都清楚，这个从一开始就行不通的计划如今已彻底失败。

It was clear to everyone aboard the Spanish Armada that the plan that was never gonna work had now categorically failed.

一切都结束了。

It was over.

英国人用他们的新式战舰、火炮和战术封锁了返航路线。

The English with their new ships, their guns, and their methods were blocking their way home.

如今唯一可行的归途是北上北海，绕过苏格兰和爱尔兰顶端，重返比斯开湾，最后南下返回西班牙。

The only realistic way back now was up through the North Sea, around the top of Scotland and Ireland, back out into the Bay Of Biscay, and down to Spain.

即使在最顺利的情况下，这也是一段残酷的航程。

It was a brutal journey at the best of times.

但面对战斗减员的船员和严重受损的船只，许多舰船注定无法完成这段旅程。

But with crews decimated by battle, ships that had been badly damaged, it was a journey that many of those ships would be unable to make.

然而这是西班牙人唯一的选择，他们开始了漫长而可怕的归途。

However, it was the only decision open to the Spanish, and they set off on a long, terrible journey.

英军尾随他们直至苏格兰边境，随后调头返回英格兰南部。

The English shadowed them as far as the Scottish border, at which point they turned around and headed back to Southern England.

值得一提的是，伊丽莎白女王此次直接以个人魅力介入的时机。

It's worth noting at this point, by the way, the timing of Queen Elizabeth's direct personal charismatic intervention.

众所周知，这是英国历史上最著名的故事之一——她加入了临时集结在伦敦东部蒂尔伯里的杂牌民兵队伍。

Famously, one of the great famous stories of English history, she had joined the ragtag amateur army that had been hastily assembled East Of London at Tilbury.

他们正准备迎战西班牙的入侵。

They were ready to confront a Spanish invasion.

随后，她对那些认为数日内就将面临入侵的士兵们发表了激动人心的演说。

And she then delivered a barnstormer of a speech to the men who believed that they might be facing that invasion within days.

我深知自己只是一介弱质女流，但我却有着不逊于任何君王的胆识与气魄——尽管我本人也会拿起武器。

I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king and a king of England too, though I myself will take up arms.

我将亲自担任你们的统帅。

I myself will be your general.

诸如此类的豪言壮语。

All that good stuff.

然而，伊丽莎白发表这番演说时，早已得知西班牙无敌舰队已在北海全军覆没。

Well, Elizabeth uttered those words long after she knew the Spanish armada had been blown up into the North Sea.

那场演讲是在格拉沃利讷海战结束十天后进行的。

It was ten days after the Battle of Graveline when she made that speech.

所以和所有顶尖政客与将领一样，她从不因事实真相而放弃炫耀领导才能的机会。

So like all the best politicians and generals, she never let the facts get in the way of a ostentatious show of leadership.

当她以君王之姿立誓奋战时，西班牙人正走向地狱。

As she swore to fight like a king, the Spanish were heading into hell.

更准确地说，是苏格兰和爱尔兰。

Well, Scotland and Ireland to be more precise.

一艘接一艘的船只在苏格兰裸露的海滩上被撞碎，随后又在爱尔兰北部海岸的多尼戈尔和安特里姆遭遇同样命运。

Ship after ship was smashed on the exposed beaches of Scotland, then on the North Coast Of Ireland, Donegal and Antrim.

他们的淡水储备所剩无几。

They ran low on water.

船只遭受了无法修复的损坏。

They had irreparable damage.

他们停下来接收其他船只的幸存者，导致船只严重超载。

They stopped to take on survivors of other ships, so the ships were overcrowded.

我曾潜入过一艘大型帆船——吉罗纳号的残骸。

I've dived on the wreck of one great galleys, the Girona.

它位于安特里姆海岸的巨人堤道附近。

It's very near the Giant's Causeway on the Antrim Coast.

到那个阶段，多艘船只的船员已经混编在一起。

And several ships' companies by that stage have been amalgamated.

他们救起太多幸存者，导致船上挤满了混乱的人群。

They picked up so many survivors that there was just a great confused mass of men on that ship.

那艘可怜的船只及其船员在风暴中触礁。

And that poor ship and its company struck on the coast in a gale.

幸存者寥寥无几。

There were very, very few survivors.

少数成功上岸的人也被爱尔兰的英国当局追捕杀害。

Those who did make it to shore were hunted down by the English authorities in Ireland and killed.

德·拉维尔——船上最优秀的水手之一，也是国王菲利普的宠臣，我之前提到的那位贵族海军上将，他就是在那片海岸遇难的众多人员之一。

De Laver, one of the better sailors on board and one of King Philip's favorites, the aristocratic admiral I mentioned before, he was one of the many killed on that coast.

那段归途的故事惨烈得几乎令人难以理解。

The stories of that journey home are almost too awful to comprehend.

梅迪纳·索多尼亚，令人惊讶的是，他竟带着一支船队回来了。

Medina Sodonia, remarkably, he made it back with a group of ships.

他于9月21日抵达西班牙北部的桑坦德，这是在格拉沃利讷战败后的第四十四天。

He arrived in Santander in Northern Spain on the September 21, forty four days after defeat at Graveline.

在接下来的几周里，其他船只艰难地陆续抵达。

Over the next few weeks, other ships struggled in.

船员们蹒跚而行，被坏血病、流感、斑疹伤寒和营养不良折磨得虚弱不堪。

The crews hobbled, enfeebled by scurvy, influenza, typhus, malnutrition.

梅迪纳·西多尼亚本人死于痢疾。

Medina Sidoni himself and he died of dysentery.

他的副指挥官拉克尔·德在回到西班牙几天后就去世了。

Raquel de, his second in command, died just days after arriving back in Spain.

当时人们说他是羞愤而死的。

People said at the time he died of shame.

他实在无颜面对家人和朋友。

He was just too broken to face his family and friends.

起航的120艘船中至少有45艘沉没，约有一万一千名士兵葬身大海。

Of the 120 or so ships that set sail, at least 45 and perhaps ten, eleven thousand men were lost.

当灾难的严重程度逐渐明朗时，就连菲利普那不容置疑的信仰也明显动摇了。

Even Philip's unquestioning faith was apparently shaken as the extent of the disaster became known.

这对伊丽莎白来说是场伟大的胜利，也是都铎英格兰的重大胜利。

It was a great victory for Elizabeth, a great victory for Tudor England.

这场胜利被视为英国海军辉煌时期的开端，但无敌舰队之后仍有诸多起伏。

It's a victory that has been seen as the birth of a period of English naval greatness, but there would be considerable ups and downs after the Armada.

任何了解十六世纪乃至十七世纪历史的人都知道，不列颠并未真正称霸海洋，至少在接下来的一百五十年内都未能实现。

Anyone who knows the history of the rest of the sixteenth century, let alone the seventeenth, will know that Britannia did not in fact rule the waves and probably wouldn't do so for at least another hundred and fifty years.

就连菲利普国王后来也派出了更多无敌舰队。

Even king Philip would send later armadas.

而当英格兰试图转为攻势时，却遭遇了惨痛而代价高昂的失败。

And when England tried to switch to the offensive, there were some terrible and costly failures.

成功将是一项需要数代人努力的工程。

Success would be a generational project.

我认为将其视为起点是恰当的。

I think rightly, it's seen as a starting point.

每个运动都需要自己的故事和神话般的开端，而英格兰及英国海军迈向海洋霸权的传奇，我认为始于1588年。

Every movement needs its stories, its mythological beginnings, and the story of the rise to maritime greatness of the English and the British Navy, I think it begins that 1588.

德雷克、霍华德和霍金斯等人所汲取并锤炼的优势，确实被后世英国水兵继承发扬，并融入追求卓越的文化传统中。

And certainly many of the strengths that Drake and Howard and Hawkins were able to draw upon and hone were strengths that successive generations of British sailors would build upon, enlarge, and embed in a culture of excellence.

十七世纪的布莱克上将，十八世纪的伟大指挥官们，都能从对抗西班牙无敌舰队的胜利中汲取灵感、总结经验。

Admirals like Blake in the seventeenth century, the great commanders of the eighteenth century, they were able to seek inspiration, to learn the lessons, to draw on that success against the Spanish Armada.

这也是民族胜利的伟大范式——从世界超级大国手中获得救赎，那种难以言喻的民族自信。

It was also a great mode of national triumph, salvation from the world's great superpower, that indefinable thing, national confidence.

它得到了提振。

It received a boost.

这很重要。

It mattered.

英格兰的水手、造船师、投资者和政客们，对大洋彼岸的世界投以日益自信的目光。

England's sailors and shipwrights and investors and politicians, they looked with growing confidence on the world beyond the oceans.

他们开始渴望名声、财富、权力与成功。

They became hungry for fame and wealth and power and success.

然而无敌舰队覆灭后的直接后果却毫无诗意可言。

The immediate aftermath of the Armada, though, was less poetic.

伊丽莎白任由凯旋的水手们在泊船处自生自灭。

Elizabeth let her victorious sailors rot at their moorings.

当举国欢庆胜利时，他们却被遗弃等死。

They were left to die as the country celebrated its victory.

斑疹伤寒在舰队中肆虐。

Typhus tore through the fleet.

当庞大舰队与大批船员聚集在一起，却缺乏基本卫生设施、糟糕的饮食水源、对病菌一无所知时，死亡数千人就是必然结果。

It's what happens when large fleets, large crews of men get together with inadequate sanitation and hygiene and poor food and water, no knowledge of disease and microbes, thousands died.

港内舰船根本得不到食物和淡水补给。

Food and fresh water were just not delivered to the ships in harbor.

英格兰已竭尽全力调动资源对抗西班牙无敌舰队。

England had exerted itself to the limit to find the resources to deal with the Spanish Armada.

却无力供养和照料凯旋的将士们。

It did not find the resources to feed and look after its victorious sailors.

士兵们被就地解散。

Men were demobilized.

他们既得不到口粮，也领不到军饷。

They were given no food, no money.

多佛和罗切斯特的街道上挤满了瘦弱到无力回家的水手。

The streets of Dover and Rochester aligned with emaciated sailors too weak to go home.

值得赞扬的是，霍华德对此深感痛心。

Howard, to his great credit, was devastated by this.

他典当了自己家族的银器。

He pawned his own family silver.

他试图为曾在他麾下作战的士兵提供食物和住所。

He attempted to provide food and shelter for the men who'd fought under him.

令人震惊的是，据说英国在对抗无敌舰队的战斗中仅损失约100人，但在随后的数周数月里，却损失了约8000人，相当于其兵力的50%。

It's thought, stunningly, that the English lost only around a 100 men fighting the Armada, but it lost something like 8,000 men or 50% of their strength in the weeks and months that followed.

这对英国胜利的故事来说是个可耻的结局。

It was a shameful end to a story of English victory.

不过不足为奇的是，随着神话的塑造、肖像的绘制和叙事的构建，这一切都被遗忘了。

Unsurprising, though, all that was forgotten as myths were made, portraits painted, narratives crafted.

几个世纪以来，西班牙无敌舰队的失败成为英国海军及其帝国的伟大奠基神话。

And for centuries, the defeat of the Spanish Armada became the great founding myth of Britain's navy and its empire.

最终，那支无敌舰队从未在英国港口下锚。

Well, in the end, the invincible armada, the ships never dropped anchor in English ports.

西班牙军队从未踏上英国领土。

The troops never invaded English soil.

相反，数千名西班牙水手和士兵因风暴和海难丧生，他们的尸体尤其被冲上爱尔兰和苏格兰的海岸。

Instead, thousands of Spanish sailors and men were lost to storms and shipwrecks, their bodies washed up on the shores of Ireland and Scotland in particular.

与此同时，英国庆祝的这场胜利或许标志着它作为一个伟大海军强国的开端。

England, meanwhile, celebrated a victory that marked its beginnings, perhaps, beginnings as a great naval power.

西班牙帝国将继续存在。

The Spanish Empire would go on.

它仍将强大而辽阔，但海上无敌的光环已然消逝。

It would remain powerful and vast, but its aura of invincibility at sea was gone.

至于英格兰，这则是一个崭新的篇章。

As for England, well, this was something new.

如今流传着一个关于神圣拯救的故事，一个在绝境中幸存的神话。

There was now a story of divine deliverance, of survival against impossible odds.

这是个足以激励世代人的传奇。

This was a story to inspire the generations.

几个世纪以来，无敌舰队已不仅是一次失败的入侵。

Over the centuries, the Armada became more than a failed invasion.

它演变成了一个建国神话，塑造了英格兰人的自我认知与世界定位——一个小岛国竟能抗衡世界最强帝国。

It became a founding myth, a story that shapes how the English saw themselves and their place in the world, a small island nation holding their own against the world's most powerful.

若您喜欢本期节目，今年早些时候我还做过两期关于弗朗西斯·德雷克爵士的专题。

If you've enjoyed this episode, I did a two part on Sir Francis Drake earlier this year.

您可以在节目备注中找到相关链接。

You can find links to those in the show notes.

请务必前往收听。

Please make sure to check those out.

感谢各位的收听。

Thanks for listening, folks.

我们下次再会。

Until next time.