警惕的药企：阿斯利康对英国心生不满

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2026年国际足联世界杯即将于明年夏天登陆北美。这将是体育与文化的终极庆典。通过贵宾款待套餐更近距离接触美丽足球——最佳座位和包厢让您贴近赛场，世界级餐饮娱乐提升比赛日体验，更接近一生难忘的盛事。即刻登录fifaworldcup.com/hospitality预订贵宾套餐。

The FIFA World Cup twenty six is coming to North America next summer. It will be the ultimate celebration of sports and culture. Get closer to the beautiful game with the hospitality package, closer to the action in the best seats and suites, closer to match day elevated with world class food and entertainment, closer to the experience of a lifetime. Book a hospitality package at fifaworldcup.com/hospitality.

《经济学人》。大家好，欢迎收听《经济学人》的《情报》栏目。我是杰森·帕尔默。

The Economist. Hello, and welcome to The Intelligence from The Economist. I'm Jason Palmer.

我是罗茜·布洛尔。每个工作日，我们都为您提供塑造世界大事的新鲜视角。

And I'm Rosie Bloor. Every weekday, we provide a fresh perspective on the events shaping your world.

乌克兰战争表明无人机将在未来冲突中扮演更重要角色，不过不仅仅是临时拼凑的现成装备。从航空母舰甲板出发，我们观察混合空中联队的雏形——未来天空中人机协作的模式。

Ukraine's war has shown how drones will play a bigger role in future conflicts, not just impromptu off the shelf stuff, though. From an aircraft carrier deck, we look at the first signs of a hybrid air wing, the future of manned, unmanned cooperation in the skies.

在加勒比地区，接连的飓风摧残了珊瑚礁，重创了堡礁。我们的记者前往热带岛屿进行艰苦采访，那里的珊瑚修复项目已取得惊人成效。但首先——今天晚些时候，英国首相基尔·斯塔默将与唐纳德·特朗普会面，作为美国总统国事访问的一部分，享受这份无价、永恒且不可替代的特殊关系。字母表和微软在访问前宣布对英国数十亿美元的投资，将为这位处境艰难的首相带来可喜的好消息。而就在昨天，英伟达CEO黄仁勋表示他此行就是要宣告英国将成为AI超级大国，同时他也向一家英国企业注资5亿英镑。但问题是——英国早已是另一个高科技领域（生命科学）的全球强国。而在这个领域，斯塔默政府的前景却黯淡得多。

And in The Caribbean, successive hurricanes have battered coral and devastated the Barrier Reef. Our correspondent took a hardship gig to a tropical island where projects to restore the coral have had impressive results. First up though, Later today, Britain's Prime Minister Kyr Stahmer will meet Donald Trump to enjoy the priceless, eternal and irreplaceable relationship as part of the American president's state visit Multi billion dollar investments in The UK announced by Alphabet and Microsoft ahead of the trip will be welcome cheer to the embattled Prime Minister And just yesterday, Nvidia's boss Jensen Huang said he was there to declare that the country will become an AI superpower as he too took a £500,000,000 stake in a British firm But here's the thing, The UK already is a global superpower in another high-tech sphere life sciences And in that sector the outlook for Starmer's government is far less bright

阿斯利康在新冠疫情中成为家喻户晓的名字。

AstraZeneca became a household name during the COVID-nineteen pandemic.

过去半小时内，首批阿斯利康疫苗已在英国完成交付。

In the last half an hour, the first AstraZeneca vaccine has been delivered in The UK in the last hour or so.

该公司与牛津大学合作生产了其中一款新冠疫苗。

It manufactured one of the COVID vaccines in partnership with Oxford University.

宾格鲁·穆坎达维尔是《经济学人》的新闻编辑。

Bingeru Mukandawire is a news editor at The Economist.

作为英国市值最高的上市公司之一，其研发投入超过国内任何企业。但如今阿斯利康对英国心生不满，据传正考虑将主要上市地迁至纽约。上周该公司宣布暂停原定在剑桥主要研发基地的2亿英镑投资计划。英国非但未能留住顶尖企业，其生命科学强国地位正面临严重威胁。

It's one of the most valuable listed companies in the country, and it spends more on research and development than any other company in Britain. But now AstraZeneca has soured on Britain, and it's reportedly considering moving its primary listing to New York. And last week, it announced it was pausing a planned £200,000,000 investment at its main research site in Cambridge. So far from keeping the top companies in The UK, Britain is at serious risk of losing its life sciences superpower status.

好的，让我们逐步分析。阿斯利康并非撤出英国，而是暂停计划投资。其背后原因是什么？

Okay. So let's take this one step at a time. AstraZeneca isn't pulling out of Britain, but it's paused a planned investment. Why has it done that?

阿斯利康长期对英国商业环境存在忧虑。他们认为向国民医疗服务体系支付的追征税具有惩罚性，这会削弱在英投资意愿。例如今年制药企业需缴纳近四分之一的销售额作为税款，是法国平均税率的四倍。此外，英国药品审批流程也是企业诟病的问题。去年，负责NHS药品审批的国家健康与护理卓越研究院以性价比为由拒绝了阿斯利康一款乳腺癌药物，但该药已在欧洲多国获批。

Well, AstraZeneca has long had concerns about the commercial environment in The UK. They think the clawback taxes paid to the NHS are punitive, and they argue that this reduces the incentive to invest in The UK. For example, this year, drug companies will pay nearly a quarter of their total sales, which is quadruple the average rate that they're paying in France. And Britain's drug approval process is another issue that these companies have. Last year, NICE, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, which approves drugs for use in the NHS, rejected one of AstraZeneca's breast cancer drugs on cost effective grounds, but it's been approved in many other countries in Europe.

如果考虑将重心转向美国，这大概也与特朗普及其关税政策有关。

If it's considering moving its focus to The US, presumably that's also about Trump and his tariffs.

阿斯利康已明确表示这与特朗普的关税无关。他们声称希望加强对美国市场的关注，并将在美国投资约500亿美元用于建设生产设施和研发。但持此想法的不止他们一家。美国制药巨头默克也取消了在英国的10亿英镑投资，而葛兰素史克昨日承诺在美国投入300亿美元。这些公司大多会强调，此举无关特朗普或关税，纯粹是因为美国市场规模庞大且持续增长。

Well, AstraZeneca has said it's not actually about Trump's tariffs. They've said that they want to increase their focus on America, and they're investing about 50,000,000,000 on manufacturing plants and r and d in The US. But it isn't the only big player that's thinking this way. Merck, the American pharma giant, also scrapped 1,000,000,000 of investment in Britain, and GSK pledged 30,000,000,000 in America yesterday. And so a lot of these companies will say that it's actually not about Trump or tariffs, that it's just about the fact that the American market is so large and it's growing.

即便美国市场如此庞大且不断增长，听起来英国仍可采取更多措施吸引该领域的投资。

So even with that large and growing market in The US, it sounds like Britain could still be doing more to attract investment from this sector.

阿斯利康显然这么认为。这个问题不仅限于英国，许多欧洲国家都应更积极地争取大型制药公司的投资。但英国的特殊困境在于其吸引力随时间递减，数据印证了这一点。

AstraZeneca certainly seems to think so. And this issue isn't limited to Britain. It thinks that a lot of European countries could be doing more to attract investment from these big pharma companies. But the problem with Britain in particular seems to be that its appeal has diminished over time. We see this in the data.

英国医疗预算中用于药品的支出远低于法德等国，其全球制药研发份额相较其他地区的爆发式增长也有所下滑。此外，英国吸引的临床试验数量不如以往，这对制药业构成实质性问题。

Britain invests far less of its health care budget on drugs than countries like France and Germany. And its share of global pharma r and d has fallen compared with explosive growth elsewhere. And Britain also attracts fewer clinical trials than it used to, and that's been a real issue for pharma.

政府是否有意愿改变现状，采取必要措施维持或吸引更多投资？

And is there any appetite from the government to change these things and do the things it needs to do to keep investment or attract more?

首先，政府已承认问题存在，认同英国商业环境确实需要改善。但与此同时，英国仍拥有大量机遇，特别是其世界顶尖的科研人才储备。

First of all, it's acknowledged the problem. It's acknowledged that the commercial environment in Britain does need some work. But at the same time, there is still a lot of opportunity in Britain. Britain still has world class scientific talent. Talent.

这里拥有突破性的研究成果，这也是阿斯利康选择将总部设在剑桥的主要原因之一。英国学者在医学科学领域的全球引用量占比超过十分之一，且国民医疗服务体系（NHS）拥有庞大的患者数据库，这对医药公司的研究极为有利。别忘了，那款著名的COVID疫苗正是在英国研发出来的。目前制药巨头们正在就其在英国的药品支出额度进行谈判，他们认为这一制度从根本上需要改革。

It's got groundbreaking research, which is one of the main reasons that AstraZeneca is even based here in Cambridge. Britain's academics account for more than a tenth of global citations in medical science, And the NHS has a huge patient database, which is great for research for these companies. And let's not forget that that famous COVID vaccine was developed in The UK. Pharma buses are currently negotiating how much they spend on drugs in The UK. That's something that they fundamentally believe needs to change.

他们还认为药品审批流程需要革新。若能降低临床试验的监管壁垒，同时增加公共研发投入及公私合作项目，将会大有裨益。

They also think that the drug approval process needs reform. One thing that would be really helpful would be to lift the regulatory barriers for clinical trials as well as to increase public r and d and public private partnerships.

但就目前而言，英国的损失正是美国的收获。

But for the moment, Britain's loss is America's gain.

事实似乎确实如此。阿斯利康目前在美国的员工数量已超过其他任何地区，预计到2030年其半数营收将来自美国市场（当前占比为44%）。这对英国和国民医疗服务体系而言都是坏消息。而且阿斯利康的投资版图不仅限于美国。

It certainly seems that way. AstraZeneca employs more people in America than it does anywhere else at the moment, and it thinks that America will account for half of its revenues by 2030. At the moment, it's currently 44%. So that's bad news for Britain, and it's bad news potentially for the NHS. And it's not just America that AstraZeneca is investing in.

他们近期投资15亿美元在新加坡建设抗癌药工厂，在加拿大投入5.7亿，在西班牙斥资15亿建立研发中心，在北京新建项目投资2.5亿。因此对英国来说，重新赢得阿斯利康绝非易事，代价也不会低廉。宾格里，非常感谢接受采访。谢谢邀请。

They've invested 1,500,000,000.0 recently on a cancer drug factory in Singapore. They've invested 570,000,000 in Canada, 1,500,000,000.0 on an r and d center in Spain, 2,500,000.0 on a new one in Beijing. And so for Britain, winning back AstraZeneca won't be simple or cheap. Bingerie, thank you so much for talking to me. Thank you for having me.

我可能之前提到过，但您可以通过我们的应用程序获取更丰富的《经济学人》内容。每日清晨的'世界简讯'为您提供必备资讯，并随着新闻洪流全天更新。我们还有视频、有声文章，当然别忘了我们精彩的播客系列。欢迎下载体验（若您尚未安装）。

And I may have mentioned this before, but you can get much, much more from The Economist Universe on our app. Every morning, the world in brief tells you what you need to know, and it's updated through the day as the torrent of news flows forth. We've got videos, narrated articles, and let's not forget all of our fantastic podcasts. Do check it out. Download the app if you haven't already.

开启。汲取。

Open. Absorb.

世界上几乎所有主要海军都在试验无人机技术。

Almost every major navy in the world is experimenting with drones.

沙尚克·乔希是我们的国防版块编辑。

Shashank Joshi is our defense editor.

其中最雄心勃勃的是英国皇家海军。第一海务大臣——这是皇家海军总指挥格温·詹金斯将军的崇高头衔——已受命在未来五年内将混合航空联队（即配备无人机与有人驾驶飞机的编队）引入英国航空母舰。

One of the most ambitious is Britain's Royal Navy. The first sea lord, that's the grand title of general sir Gwynne Jenkins, head of the Royal Navy, has been tasked with introducing a hybrid air wing, that's one with drones and crewed aircraft onto British aircraft carriers within the next five years.

其核心将是F-35战机及其无人僚机，并辅以一系列提供空中预警、加油及反潜能力的无人平台。

At its core will be the f 35 accompanied by its uncrewed escorts, but supported by a range of uncrewed platforms that will provide airborne early warning, refueling, anti submarine capabilities.

本台记者在停泊于日本东京湾的英国两艘航母之一——威尔士亲王号上采访了詹金斯将军。他向我描述了无人机可替代现有人机执行任务的场景，比如运送邮件、交换备件，甚至未来可能在航母打击群各舰间转运人员。

ICE folks general Jenkins onboard HMS Prince of Wales, one of Britain's two aircraft carriers in Tokyo Bay in Japan. He told me about scenarios in which drones could do jobs currently taken by crewed aircraft. That could be things like running mail, exchanging spare parts, or he said in the future even moving personnel between different ships in the aircraft carrier's strike group.

若这听起来像科幻情节，我认为并非如此。所有这些能力要么已经存在，要么即将成为现实。

If that all sounds like a bit of science fiction, I don't think it is. I think all those capabilities either exist today or are on the cusp of, on the cusp of existing.

这些计划可能对海军战术乃至军队编制方式产生深远影响。

All of those plans could have really profound implications for naval tactics and even the way that navies are organized.

那么，Shashank，我想你算是见识到了这类事情的冰山一角。你实际看到了什么？

So, Shashank, you got to see the thin end of the wedge on this stuff, I guess. What did you actually see?

嗯，我一直很喜欢参观航空母舰。它们是令人难以置信的舰船。甲板上陈列着所有这些火力装备，在东京的背景映衬下显得格外壮观。但有很多人认为航母基本上已经过时了。

Well, I always love visiting aircraft carriers. They're incredible ships. You have all this firepower sitting on the deck. They looked fantastic with Tokyo in the background. But there are a lot of people who think carriers are basically obsolete.

世界各国的海军并不认同这种观点。他们保留着自己的航母，还在建造许多新的。但我认为更重要的是，他们也在重新设计从航母上起飞的航空联队。他们正在用无人机取代一些需要飞行员驾驶的飞机，这些无人机可以更快地研发出来，并以截然不同的方式使用。

Navies around the world disagree with that. They are keeping their carriers. They're building lots of new ones. But I think the important thing is they're also reinventing the air wing that flies off the top of them. They are replacing some crewed planes with pilots in the cockpit with drones that can be developed much more quickly and used in very different ways.

想必主要优势在于，正如之前提到的，这能解放人力，让他们不必从事部分这类工作。

And presumably, major advantage is that just frees up people from doing some of that work, as earlier mentioned.

部分原因在于解放了传统飞机，这样它们的飞行次数可以减少，意味着机身磨损也会减轻。这是好事。但还有另一个方面，如果无人机制造成本更低，因为它们结构更简单，内部不需要那么多保护人类的装置，你可以承受战时更多的损失，并且可以大量采购以应对这种消耗。Jenkins将军还跟我谈到，如果从一开始就不需要在驾驶舱内载人，无人机的设计可以完全不同。

Part of it is freeing up crude planes, which you can then fly less, and that means the airframes suffer less wear and tear. So that's a good thing. But there's also another aspect to this, which is that if drones are a bit cheaper to build, a bit less expensive because they are simpler, they have less inside them to protect a human, aggressively. You can accept more losses in wartime, and you can buy them in bigger numbers to cope with that kind of attrition. General Jenkins was also talking to me about how you can design the drones differently if you do not have to have a human in the cockpit from the beginning.

从定义上讲，无人系统不需要经历与载人平台相同级别的健康和安全审查。更新无人系统的软件比载人系统更容易，因为后者涉及各种制衡机制。我们可以构建开放系统架构的无人系统，使我们在战斗中能够实时更新它们。

By definition, an uncrewed system doesn't need to go through the same level of health and safety scrutiny that my crew platforms do. It's easier to update the software on an uncrewed system than it is on a crewed system because of the checks and balance some of the checks and balances that are engaged, we can build open systems architecture, uncrewed systems that will enable us to update them in real time in combat.

这其中有多少是未来愿景，又有多少是当下就能实现的？

And how much of this is a future vision, and how much of it is a right now vision?

这是个混合体。第一海务大臣表示，他的目标是在五年内组建这支混合航空联队。据我理解，皇家海军希望在2040年前实现完全无人化的航空联队，仅保留少数例外——即F-35战机（因其预计服役至2060年代）和必须载人的机型。这一进程已全面展开。例如，我在威尔士亲王号航母机库内，除了见到战机和直升机，还目睹了马洛伊T150四旋翼无人机，这种巨型四旋翼装置。

It's a mix. So the first sea lord said that his target was that hybrid air wing within five years. My understanding is that the Royal Navy wants a totally uncrewed air wing by 2040 with only a couple of exceptions, and that is the f 35 jets because they're supposed to last till the twenty sixties and aircraft that have to carry people. And that process is absolutely well underway. So for example, when I was on Prince Of Wales inside the hangar alongside these jets, alongside helicopters, I also saw a Malloy t one fifty quadcopter, which is this huge quadcopter.

它的载重能力约65公斤。就在我参观前不久，这架马洛伊刚向一英里外的驱逐舰运送了备用零件，这项任务以往可能需要船员花费数小时。虽只是小试牛刀，但通过与詹金斯将军交谈，我清楚地感受到他认为这种趋势只会单向发展。

It can carry, I think, something like 65 kilograms. And not long before I was visiting, that Malloy had delivered spare parts to a destroyer just over a mile away, a job that might previously have taken hours of crew time. So that's baby steps, but it was clear to me from talking to general Jenkins that this was something he only saw moving in one direction.

除非我们能在短期内大规模部署这些无人系统，否则我实在无法相信我们能作为现代化作战力量有效参与竞争。

I just don't see how we can believe that we will compete effectively as a modern war fighting force unless we can field these uncrewed systems at some scale in the in the near future.

你提到世界各国海军都在这样思考。英国在此领域的领导力如何？

And you say navies around the world are thinking this way. How much is Britain a leader here?

各国海军正以不同方式进行实验。事实上，美国海军今年夏天刚宣布与多家公司签订合同，设计所谓的'忠诚僚机'无人机。杰森，这些可不是你在乌克兰见到的小型无人机，它们可能单价高达20至30亿美元，将与F-35协同作战，扩展其航程，配合F-35驾驶舱内的飞行员。我认为核心问题在于：我们看到了大量关于监视、后勤乃至投放声呐浮标猎潜的实验。

Navies around the world are experimenting in different ways. In fact, the US Navy just this summer said it had given contracts to a number of companies to design what is sometimes called loyal wingmen drones. These are bigger drones than the kind of small things you see from Ukraine, Jason. They may be $2,030,000,000 dollars each, and they would fly alongside the f 35, extending its range, working with the pilot in the cockpit of that f 35. I think the big question in all of this is that we see a lot of experimentation around surveillance, around logistics, around maybe dropping solo boys to hunt submarines.

但无人机将在多大程度上接管打击任务？航母打击群之所以得名，正是因为打击是其核心职能。那么未来这些无人机是否会被委以重任，执行目前由有人驾驶飞机承担的长程武器发射、导弹攻击等任务？这确实是当前重大议题之一。

But how much will drones also take over the strike mission? They're called an aircraft carrier strike group for a reason because strike is the heart of what they do. So will, at some point, these drones be entrusted with the same sorts of missions of launching long range weapons, launching missiles that crewed planes currently have. I think that's really one of the big questions right now.

但这引发的难题远比运送零件和邮件复杂，对吧？这些设备有多少是自主运作的？又有多少是远程操控的？

But that raises thornier questions than simply delivering spare parts and mail. Right? How much are these things autonomous, and how much are they piloted from afar?

目前，它们主要是远程操控的。除了某些非常基础的功能外，它们实际上并不具备高度自主性。它们可以执行特定飞行路线，能够避开障碍物。但如果你给它们配备武器，让它们承担复杂任务，比如

Right now, they are mostly remotely piloted. They're not actually all that autonomous except in some very basic ways. They can fly a certain flight routine. They can avoid objects. But if you give them weapons, if you entrust them with complex missions like, hey.

'摧毁那个中国防空系统'或'在航母战斗群周围巡逻并击落威胁性飞机'，问题在于你可以远程控制它们。但正如我们在乌克兰所见，未来冲突中的假设是电子战——即干扰——将切断可能位于航母上的飞行员与空中飞机之间的联系。因此，你要么让飞机放弃任务，要么在软件中编码赋予它们能力。你信任它们能执行这些极其精细的任务，并相信它们不会误击民用客机。目前，我认为海军和空军都不愿承认能在最先进的作战能力上完全实现自主化。

Take out that Chinese air defense or patrol the skies around the carrier strike group and take out threatening planes, then the problem is you can remotely control them. But the assumption in a future conflict, as we have seen in Ukraine, is that electronic warfare, that is jamming, is going to sever the pilot, perhaps on the carrier, from the plane up in the air. And so you either have to have the plane abort the mission, or you give them the ability encoded in their software. They trust them with the ability to perform those very delicate missions and trust that, for example, they don't go and blow a civilian airliner out of the air by mistake. Right now, I think navies like air forces are reluctant to say you can completely go autonomous on the most advanced combat capabilities.

他们仍希望保留可选有人驾驶飞机，即驾驶舱内可以有飞行员或与无人机通信的人员，但这种状况可能会改变。

They still want optionally crewed planes in which you could have a human in the cockpit or a human communicating with the drone, but that could change.

所以那些海军精英飞行员可能会因此感到些许威胁。他们正被排除在决策链之外。

So all of those hotshot navy flyboys might feel a little threatened by all this. They're being taken out of a loop.

是的。想想航母和海军航空兵在流行文化中的重要角色，《壮志凌云》便浮现在脑海。我实际上问过一位退役的美国海军少将，为什么美国海军在追求无人作战飞行器（UCAV）方面相对迟缓？他回答说，根本原因在于——我直接引用——'战斗机飞行员掌控着决策流程'。

Yeah. You think of the great role of aircraft carriers and naval aviation in pop culture, and Top Gun comes to mind. I actually asked a retired American rear admiral and said, why has the US Navy been relatively slow in pursuing UCAV? They're called unmanned combat aerial vehicles. And he said, fundamentally, it's because, and I'm quoting, fighter pilots are running the decision making process.

因此对此存在某种文化上的谨慎态度。但最终，我认为对于英国等中等规模海军及全球许多国家而言，这还关乎正视一个事实：他们根本负担不起所需数量的极其昂贵的F-35等舰载机来填满航母。英国有两艘航母，却没有足够飞机配备两艘航母。所以如果你想充实航空联队并获得战斗规模，你已无法依靠足够多的'汤姆·克鲁斯'和他们驾驶的飞机来实现。

So there's a certain cultural caution around this. But, ultimately, I think for mid sized navies like the Brits and many others around the world, this is also about reckoning with the fact they simply can't afford the requisite number of extremely expensive f 30 fives and jets they need to fill out their carriers. Britain has two carriers. It does not have planes for two carriers. So if you want to fill out your air wings and you want that combat mass, you no longer can do it with sufficient Tom Cruise's and the planes they fly.

你将不得不越来越多地考虑用无人机来实现这一目标。

You will increasingly have to think about doing it with drones.

舒松，非常感谢你抽空参与。

Shushong, thanks very much for your time.

非常感谢你，杰森。

Thank you very much, Jason.

2026年国际足联世界杯将于明年夏天登陆北美，这将是体育与文化的终极庆典。通过贵宾款待套餐更近距离感受美丽足球的魅力——最佳座位与包厢让您置身赛场核心，世界级餐饮娱乐将比赛日体验提升至全新高度，缔造一生难忘的盛事体验。立即登录fifaworldcup.com/hospitality预订贵宾款待套餐。

The FIFA World Cup twenty six is coming to North America next summer. It will be the ultimate celebration of sports and culture. Get closer to the beautiful game with the hospitality package, closer to the action in the best seats and suites, Closer to match day elevated with world class food and entertainment. Closer to the experience of a lifetime. Book a hospitality package at fifaworldcup.com/hospitality.

若你重视金钱、目标与未来的自主选择权，必然深谙传统医疗的令人沮丧之处——千篇一律的治疗方案、预设剂量、毫无灵活性，犹如被迫接受一项非自愿的固定开支。但现在，HIMS与HERS提供了全新选择，他们正以你为核心重塑医疗体验。

If you're someone who values choice in your money, your goals, and your future, then you know how frustrating traditional healthcare can be. One size fits all treatments, preset dosages, zero flexibility. It's like trying a budget with a fixed expense you didn't even choose. But now, there's another way with HIMS and HERS. HIMS and HERS is reimagining healthcare with you in mind.

他们提供体重管理、脱发防治、性健康及心理健康的个性化诊疗服务，因为你的目标、生理特征与生活方式绝非寻常标准。无需会员费，杜绝隐形消费，只有透明定价与随时随地可享的真挚关怀。借助HIMS与HERS优质便捷的医疗服务，成就最佳自我。立即登录hims.com/intelligence开启免费在线问诊。

They offer access to personalized care for weight loss, hair loss, sexual health, and mental health. Because your goals, your biology, and your lifestyle are anything but average. No membership fees, no surprise fees, just transparent pricing and real care that you can access from anywhere. Feel like your best self thanks to quality, convenient care through HIMS and HERS. Start your free online visit today at hims.com/intelligence.

访问hims.com/intelligence获取个性化治疗方案（非全球适用，处方产品需专业医疗咨询）。详见官网完整条款、重要安全信息及限制说明。

That's hims.com/intelligence to find your personalized treatment options. Not available everywhere. Prescription products require provider consultation. See website for full details, important safety information and restrictions.

飓风季节尚未显现结束迹象，热带风暴'Iota'已形成，预计将发展为强飓风。

The hurricane season, it shows no signs of ending yet. Tropical Storm Iota has formed forecast to become a major hurricane.

首席气象学家史蒂夫·维格尔正加入我们，带来关于

First Alert chief meteorologist Steve Wiegel joining us now with where

2020年11月，一场四级飓风猛烈袭击了西加勒比海的一串珊瑚环绕的岛屿。

In November 2020, a category four hurricane barreled into a scatter of coral ringed islands in the West Caribbean.

克莱尔·麦克休撰写关于美洲的报道。飓风

Claire McHugh writes about The Americas. Hurricane

伊奥塔飓风摧毁了哥伦比亚的普罗维登西亚岛，包括大部分堡礁。面对这场灾难，科学家们利用政府资金（按现今货币价值约290万美元）来修复这些被风暴摧毁的珊瑚。三年后，约200公顷的珊瑚礁（相当于280个足球场大小）已在哥伦比亚的加勒比海和太平洋沿岸重建。这个名为"百万珊瑚为哥伦比亚"的项目，是迄今为止全球最大的珊瑚礁修复项目之一。受此成功激励，哥伦比亚的环保人士制定了一项新的珊瑚保护计划，他们的行动刻不容缓。

Iota destroyed the Colombian island of Providencia, including most of the Barrier Reef. In response to this devastation, scientists used government funds worth around $2,900,000 in today's money to restore these storm smashed corals. Three years later, around 200 hectares of coral reefs, that's about 280 football pitches, have been rebuilt along Colombia's Caribbean and Pacific Coasts. Now this project, which is called 1,000,000 Corals for Colombia, is one of the largest reef restoration projects in the world to date. Spurred by that success, Colombia's conservationists have hatched a new coral care plan, and their efforts are urgent.

自上世纪70年代以来，加勒比地区已损失多达80%的珊瑚。研究人员正争分夺秒拯救珊瑚礁，以免它们被气候变化"煮熟"。海水温度上升导致珊瑚虫排出其光合藻类，使珊瑚失去食物来源并白化。随着创纪录高温日益频繁，珊瑚礁的再生变得更为困难。

The Caribbean has lost up to 80% of its corals since the nineteen seventies. Researchers are racing to rescue coral reefs before they're cooked by climate change. Rising sea temperatures make coral polyps expel their photosynthetic algae. That deprives the corals of food and bleaches them white. As record heat grows more common, it's becoming tougher for reefs to regenerate.

我前往加勒比地区的哥伦比亚城市圣玛尔塔，深入了解这些珊瑚修复工作。五月，一座新的珊瑚繁殖实验室在那里启用。该实验室与包括墨西哥和多米尼加共和国在内的该地区其他拥有孵化场的国家并肩作战。如今，实验室的生物学家不再只是克隆珊瑚并将片段重新种植到野外，而是协助珊瑚礁繁殖。水下安装的摄像机会在珊瑚开始产卵时发出信号。

I traveled to the Colombian city of Santa Marta in the Caribbean to find out more about some of these coral restoration efforts. At the May, a new laboratory for coral propagation opened there. It joins a bunch of other countries in the region with hatcheries, including Mexico and The Dominican Republic. Now instead of cloning corals and replanting these fragments into the wild, biologists in the laboratory are assisting with the reef's reproduction. So cameras installed underwater signal when the corals begin to spawn.

随后潜水员会收集这些卵子和精子束，在实验室进行人工授精。截至八月，研究人员已成功授精近60万颗卵子。被称为"珊瑚园丁"的工作人员将这些孵化幼体播种到海洋中的浮动苗圃，约六至八个月后将青少年珊瑚移植到野外。这种珊瑚体外受精技术的核心理念是保护珊瑚礁的基因多样性，旨在随着时间的推移增加耐热基因产生的几率。

Then divers go and collect these bundles of eggs and sperm and fertilize them back in the laboratory. And by August, the researchers had fertilized almost 600,000 eggs. The coral gardeners, as they're known, then seed these resulting hatchlings onto floating nurseries in the ocean, and then they transplant the adolescent corals into the wild around six to eight months later. Now the idea behind this coral IVF is to preserve the reef's genetic diversity. The idea is that you can increase the chance of heat resistant genes developing over time.

实验室的下一步是通过筛选最耐寒的品种来加速这一自然选择过程。在‘为哥伦比亚培育百万珊瑚’计划期间，圣玛尔塔的珊瑚礁修复工作是哥伦比亚最成功的案例之一。这可能与圣玛尔塔周边的海洋环境有关——寒流帮助珊瑚礁抵御热浪侵袭，且与加勒比其他地区不同，长刺海胆种群有效抑制了会窒息珊瑚的藻类繁殖。

The next step for the laboratory is to speed up this process of natural selection by selecting the hardiest varieties. During the 1,000,000 corals for Colombia program, reef restoration efforts of Santa Marta were some of the most successful in Colombia. That's probably to do with the marine conditions around Santa Marta. There's currents of cold water that help reefs survive heat waves. And unlike elsewhere in The Caribbean, populations of long spined sea urchins keep the coral smothering algae in check.

我曾与珊瑚礁巡护员米格尔·皮内达交谈，他告诉我海洋生物正逐渐回归这些修复后的珊瑚礁。实地探访时，我看到鱿鱼在培育区周围游弋。目前他们已修复1.5公顷海域，目标是总计修复36公顷。资金仍是难题，不过哥伦比亚的珊瑚礁修复成本低于其他地区。

I spoke to Miguel Pineda, who's a reef ranger, and he told me that marine life is now returning to these restored coral reef. When I went to visit, there were squid hovering around the nursery. At the moment, they have 1.5 hectares restored, and their aim is to reach 36 hectares in total. Funding remains a problem. Reef restoration in Colombia is cheaper than elsewhere.

实验室估算每公顷修复成本约3.6万美元，仅为区域平均水平的三分之一。2020至2022年飓风灾害期间担任环境部长的卡洛斯·科雷亚认为，哥伦比亚政府亟需制定长期计划来资助珊瑚保护并推动更广泛的科研。利用人工智能监测移植珊瑚也能降低成本。

The laboratory estimates that they spend around $36,000 per hectare. That's about a third of the regional average. Carlos Correa was Colombia's environment minister from 2020 to 2022, so during the hurricane. He thinks that the Colombian government really needs a long term plan to fund coral conservation and spur science more broadly. Using artificial intelligence to monitor the transplanted corals could reduce the costs too.

这些哥伦比亚珊瑚培育者曾是渔民。那时他们以为珊瑚只是石头，如今却成了珊瑚的守护者。

The Colombian coral gardeners used to be fishermen. Back then, they thought that coral was just a rock. And now they're the ones who are caring for the corals.

本期《情报》节目到此结束，我们明天再见。

That's it for this episode of The Intelligence. We'll see you back here tomorrow.

本节目由Ambetter Health赞助。团体健康保险常令企业陷入两难——如果您是企业主、财务总监或人力资源主管，对此应深有体会：每逢秋季，团体医保保费就会上涨（有时涨幅惊人），而您仍须为所有员工统一选择某家保险商的有限方案，尽管员工需求、预算和就诊医生各不相同。

This Economist podcast is sponsored by Ambetter Health. Group health insurance can put businesses in a tough position. If you're a business owner, CFO, or HR leader, this probably sounds familiar. It's fall and your group health insurance premium is going up, maybe by a lot. And as usual, you have to pick one carrier and a few plans for all employees, even though they have different needs, budgets, and doctors.

现在有了创新解决方案ICRA：通过稳定的税前缴款实现成本可控，员工可自由选择任何保险商的任何计划。您决定资助金额，他们自主匹配需求。欲了解这项可控医保方案，请访问ambetterhealth.com/icra。

Fortunately, there's a new approach ICRA. It makes costs predictable with stable pre tax contributions and lets employees choose any plan from any carrier. You choose how much to contribute, they choose what works for them. For coverage you can control, plan on an ICRA. Learn more at ambetterhealth.com/icra.

准备好点餐了吗？

Ready to order?

是的。我们正用Capital One储蓄卡在餐饮和娱乐消费上赚取无上限的3%现金返还。所以每样都来一份吧。

Yes. We're earning unlimited 3% cash back on dining and entertainment with a Capital One savior card. So let's just get one of everything.

每样？全上。27号桌用的是Capital One储蓄卡，他们正赚取无上限的3%现金返还。

Everything? Fire everything. The Capital One saver card is at Table 27, and they're earning unlimited 3% cash back.

遵命，主厨。

Yes, chef.

这太棒了。

This is so nice.

就猜到你会想要甜点也享受3%现金返还。

Had a feeling you'd want 3% cash back on dessert.

噢，提拉米苏。

Oh, tiramisu.

使用Capital One Savor信用卡，在餐饮和娱乐消费中可无限享受3%现金返还。Capital One，你的钱包里有什么？

Earn unlimited 3% cash back on dining and entertainment with the Capital One savor card. Capital One, what's in your wallet?

条款适用。详情请访问capital1.com。

Terms apply. See capital1.com for details.