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在人类冲突的领域里，前所未有。
Never in the field of human conflict.
凡分裂的王国都反对我们。
Every kingdom divided against us.
不要问国家能为你做什么。
Not what your country can do for you.
英语写作中最令人难忘的篇章之一。
One of the most memorable things ever written in English.
哇。
Wow.
作为作家，你总是在挑选词语，伟大的作家们始终深谙此道。
As a writer, you're always picking words, and great writers have always understood this.
如果非要定一条规则，大卫，你知道大家的通病是什么吗？
If you have to have one rule is, David, you know what everybody's problem is?
什么？
What?
太多词了。
Too many words.
如果你现在正试图在公开场合说些什么，想要引人注目、被人记住，并希望人们发出‘哇’的赞叹。
If you're you're trying to say something in public right now and you wanna get noticed and you wanna get remembered and you want people to say, wow.
看看那个。
Look at that.
这太难了，因为有数百万其他人同时都在尝试做同样的事。
It's so hard because there's a million other people all trying to do it at the same time.
你懂我意思吗？
You know what I mean?
是啊。
Yeah.
对。
Yeah.
所以我的项目就是试图通过研究历史上那些成功实现这种效果的人，看看我们能从中学习如何处理这个问题——不是因为互联网的存在，而是因为时间本身就是一场竞赛。
So my project is trying to see what we can learn about how to deal with that problem by looking at people historically who've said things that work that way before, not because there is an Internet, but because there is kind of an Internet of time that time is kind of a tournament.
那些历经岁月仍熠熠生辉的言辞，你可以说那是脱颖而出的经典。
And things that still sound great have a long time after they were said, you can say that's something that stood out.
那是被历史铭记的金句。
That's something that was well said.
那是格外雄辩的典范。
That's something that was notably eloquent.
想想数十亿的日常话语中，只有极少数能浮出水面，至今我们回望时仍会惊叹。
You think of all the billions of utterances, and a few have risen to the surface, and still we still look back at those things and say, wow.
如果你想让人现在就说'哇'，我认为研究前人如何做到这点会很有帮助。
Well, if you're thinking about how to make people say wow now, sometimes it helps, I think, to look at how people have have managed to say that over the years.
那么我们来谈谈实现这个目标的工具吧。
So let's talk about tools for the purpose.
这就是我想做的事。
That's what I wanna do.
你曾对我说过，每个使用语言的人本质上都是双语者。
Well, one of the things you said to me is that everyone who speaks language is basically bilingual.
每个说英语的人。
Everyone who speaks the English language.
没错。
Right.
正是如此。
That's the thing.
是啊。
Yeah.
那你这话是什么意思呢？
So what do you mean by that?
我的意思是，英语中几乎每个事物都有两个对应的词汇。
What I mean by that is in English, there's basically two, almost always, two words for everything.
一个通常是更高级华丽的词，另一个则是更简短朴实的词。
There's sort of a bigger word, a more a fancier one, and there's a smaller, humbler one.
比如动词'创造'，就是另一个动词的华丽版本。
So if I say a word a verb like create, that'd be the fancier version of a of another verb.
另一个动词是什么？
What's the other verb?
做。
Make.
做。
Make.
对。
Right.
或者如果我说获得。
Or if I say if if I say acquire.
得到。
Get.
去得到。
To get.
对。
Right.
或者如果我说我要允许某人做某事，那就是‘让’。
Or if I say I'm gonna permit somebody to do something, what's To let.
对。
Yeah.
你可以让他们做这件事。
You could let them do it.
所以你在想什么？
So you What were you thinking?
不是。
No.
那正是我在想的。
That was what I was thinking.
好的。
Okay.
就是我在想的。
Just what I was thinking.
但你也可以用其他名词来这样做。
But you can do it with other kinds with nouns.
光的更高级词汇是什么？
What's a a fancier word for light?
照明。
Illumination.
没错。
Exactly.
表示某物顺序最后的更高级词汇是什么？
And a fancier word for something's last in in order.
终极。
The final.
最后一个。
The final one.
对。
Right.
没错。
Exactly.
对。
Right.
正确。
Correct.
正是。
Exactly.
我们明白了。
We got it.
大卫，你太棒了。
You're David, you're rocking.
为什么这很重要？
So why is this important?
所以，这并非巧合。
So, it's this is not just a coincidence.
英语是由两种语言融合而成的，这两种语言就像是汇入它的支流。
English is made out of two languages, that that were sort of tributaries into it.
你有一些来自侵略者的语言，这些侵略者来自我们现在所说的德国。嗯。
You've got languages from invaders from what we would now think of as Germany Mhmm.
他们带来了自己的语言。
Who brought their language with them.
然后大约五百年后，法国人入侵，他们也带来了自己的语言。
Then And about five hundred years later, you have the invasion of the French, and they bring their language with them.
他们是侵略者。
They're the invaders.
他们是贵族阶层。
They're the aristocrats.
于是这两种语言就共存了。
You've got these two coexisting languages.
你有新入侵者带来的法语，也有原本就存在的日耳曼语。
You've got the French of the new invaders, and you've got the Germanic language that was already there.
它们经过数百年的混合交融，最终形成了我们现在使用的语言。
It just mixes together for hundreds of years, and it turns into the language we have now.
在英语中，任何你想表达的重要概念，通常都有一个源自古德语的词汇和一个源自法语（更早则源自拉丁语）的词汇。
For everything in English that you want to say that matters, there's usually a word that sort of derives from old German and a word that derives from French and before that from Latin.
我们通常将日耳曼语系词汇称为撒克逊词汇，而另一类则可称为罗曼词汇，因为它们源自拉丁语——罗马的语言，所以是罗曼语系或拉丁语系词汇。
The Germanic words we call Saxon usually, and the and the other ones we can call romance words because they're from Latin, which is the language of Rome, so it's romance, or or Latinate words.
但你拥有这两大语系，作为写作者，你总是在挑选词汇。
But you've got these two families, and as as a writer, you're always picking words.
每次你想表达什么时，每句话的遣词造句通常都是无意识完成的。
Every time you wanna say something, every sentence you're you're choosing words, and you're usually doing it unconsciously.
你并不会思考该用哪个词，但选择始终存在。
You're not thinking about what word to use, but there's always a choice.
一旦你意识到存在这些选择，就可以开始玩弄这些选项，并有意识地做出选择以达到想要的效果。
And once you realize that, that there are all these choices to make, you can start playing with the choices and and and making them more deliberately to get the effects you want.
伟大的作家们始终深谙此道，并一直践行着这一点。
And great writers have always understood this, and they've always done it.
对于优秀作家来说，如果必须有一条规则，那就是优先选择撒克逊词汇而非罗曼语或拉丁语词汇。
For good writers, if you have to have one rule is, prefer Saxon words to to romance words or Latinate words.
其实你并不需要真正了解它们的区别。
Now you don't need to actually know the difference.
等等，稍等一下。
Say, wait a minute.
我不知道。
I don't know.
我不知道。
I don't know.
不知道。
Don't know.
稍等，这个词听起来有点戏剧性。
Seem a dramatic word in a sec.
总之，记住优先选用简单词汇而非花哨词汇。
Well, look, prefer simple words to fancy ones.
但即使你不懂拉丁语或法语，也能轻松分辨出哪些词属于哪类。
But you can even fit even if you don't know anything about Latin or French, you can figure out which words are which without too much trouble.
源自法语或更早拉丁语的词汇，通常容易转换成其他词性或扩展。
The words that are from French or and before that, Latin, they're usually words that are easily turned into other parts of speech and expanded.
比如'acquire'是动词，但可以变成'acquisitive'或'acquisition'。
So acquire is the verb, but it can become acquisitive or acquisition.
拉丁语词汇往往可以在词尾加上'tion'来变形。
With a with a Latinate word, can often put a t I o n at the you can create a form that puts a t I o n on that.
但'get'这个词就无法这样变形。
You can't do that with get.
比如'acquire'可以变成'acquisition'。
For acquire, you can say acquisition.
而'get'这个词就不行。
Forget the word get.
我是说，与其用'acquiring'，你会直接用'get'。
I mean, if you instead of acquiring it, you get it.
你没法给这个词加上tion后缀
You can't there's no way to put t I o n on that.
你可以说getting
You could say getting
对
Right.
或者gotten之类的，但能变的有限
Or gotten or something, but you can't do as much.
这就是撒克逊语词汇的特点
That that's how Saxon words work.
它们的发音也不一样
They just sound different also.
撒克逊词汇通常更短
Saxon words have usually, are they're shorter.
想想我们那些四个字母的生动表达就知道了
You know, when you think about our our, four letter words for expressing things colorfully Yeah.
这些通常都是撒克逊词汇，因为撒克逊词汇往往简短且带有硬音，比如像CK这样的发音。
Those those are usually Saxon words because Saxon words tend to short and they've got hard sounds in them, like like CK.
CK。
CK.
想想有多少个，对。
Think about how many Yeah.
想想我们正在讨论的这些词汇中有多少带有这类发音。
Think about how many of those words we're thinking about have those sounds in them.
没错，这本质上是因为它们基本源自日耳曼语系，发音更尖锐。
And, yeah, that's because they're, they're basically Germanic and sharper.
当你想用那种语气表达时，这正是你需要的效果。
And that's what you want when you wanna say something with that tenor.
如果你想礼貌地表达，就会使用源自法语的词汇。
If you wanna say something politely, you use the word from from French.
它们是通过法语进入英语的。
They they they came into English from French.
所以如果你想直白地说，就用‘杀’。
So if you wanna say it bluntly, you say kill.
但如果你想委婉表达，就会说‘处决’或‘终止’。
But if you wanna be polite about it, you say execute or terminate.
因为‘处决’和‘终止’是从法语进入英语的，你可以从它们能衍生出‘execution（处决）’、‘termination（终止）’这类词看出来，但‘杀’就没有这种变化。
Because execute and terminate came into English from French, and you can tell that because they can become words like execution, termination, but kill doesn't do that.
没错。
Yep.
就只是‘杀’。
Just kill.
杀戮。
Killing.
给我举些例子。
Show me some examples.
好的。
Yeah.
我们来看些例子。
Let's do some examples.
所以如果你想表达非常重要的事，就用撒克逊语说。
So if you wanna say something really important, you say it in Saxon.
于是，神说，要有光，就有了光。
So, and god said, let there be light, and there was light.
《创世纪》1:3，英语中最令人难忘的句子之一。
Genesis one three, one of the most memorable things, ever written in English.
这句话之所以惊人，部分原因在于这里有什么？
It's an amazing utterance in part because what do we have here?
让我们看看。
Let's see.
11个纯撒克逊词汇，仅此而已。
11 Saxon words and nothing but.
詹姆士王译本正是以这种语言的极度简洁而闻名。
And the King James Bible is very famous for that, for the the tremendous simplicity of the language.
这些都是单音节词，在英语中存在已久的词汇。
It's all one syllable words, words that have been in English for a very long time.
我认为《钦定版圣经》的作者们——那些翻译者们，他们本能地、甚至超越本能地理解这种表达为何如此珍贵。
And I think that the authors of the King James Bible, the translators, they understood instinctively and probably more than instinctively why that was so valuable.
因为你将如此重大、深刻而重要的内容，压缩进如此朴实的词汇中，反而创造出一种用华丽辞藻无法企及的力量感与震撼力。
Because you're compressing something so significant and profound and important into words that are so humble that it creates this sense of of strength and power that you just wouldn't have with fancier words.
有些人认为需要更花哨的拉丁语系词汇才能在写作中营造力量感。
Some people think you need fancier Latin eight words to create a sense of strength and power in your writing.
他们有时会让你困惑：为什么人们放着简单的'get'不用，偏要说'acquire'？
They sometimes put you sometimes wonder why do people say acquire when they could say get?
为什么能用'make'时非要选'create'？
Why do they say create when they could say make?
其实就连《圣经》编撰者在前面几节经文里也说'神创造天地'。
Well, even the drafters of the Bible said in a couple of verses earlier, god created the heaven and earth.
他们显然也思考过这个问题。
They thought about that too.
但这始终是一种选择。
But, it's always a choice.
你会选择哪种表达方式？
Which way do you say it?
他们本可以说‘上帝造了它’。
They could have said god made it.
但他们决定不那么说。
Well, they decided not to do that.
如果你是起草者，你会选择哪种说法？
If you're the drafter, which way do you say it?
这是个好问题。
It's a good question.
但因为你并不是在起草《钦定版圣经》。
But because you're but you're not drafting the King James Bible.
你只是在起草你要写的东西。
You're drafting whatever you're drafting.
但提出这类问题本身就说明总是存在选择的余地。
But asking that kind of question, which is there's always a choice.
为什么我要用这个词？
Why do I wanna use this word?
哪个词能表达我想要的内涵？
Which word has the connotation I want?
人们往往会选择拉丁语源的词汇，因为他们觉得听起来更显气势。
Often people will pick the Latinate word because they think it sounds a little more impressive.
想想它的历史渊源。
Think of the heritage of it.
这些拉丁语词汇可追溯至来自法国的原始贵族阶层。
The Latinate words go back to the original aristocracy that came in from France.
它们至今仍带有一丝阶级意味或浮夸感，有些人偏爱使用它们，认为这样会让自己听起来更聪明。
They still have whiff of class or sometimes of pomposity, and some people go for them because they think it'll make them sound smarter.
事实证明，当你真正精通某个领域时，一个标志就是你能用简单的撒克逊词汇阐明观点。
And it turns out that when you really know what you're talking about, one way to know is you can explain yourself in Saxon words.
在我看来，这就是你真正理解透彻某件事的表现。
That's how you really know when understand something well enough, it seems to me.
但无论如何，这只是《英王钦定版圣经》中浓厚撒克逊英语传统的一个例证，这个话题我们稍后可以再深入探讨。
But in any event, it's just an example of the tradition of heavily Saxon English in the King James Bible, which is a very interesting thing we can come back to.
让我给你看个不同的例子，大卫，我知道你一定会喜欢的。
Let me show you a different, example that I know is dear to you, David.
我知道你会喜欢的。
I know you'll enjoy.
所有人都会喜欢这个。
Everybody will enjoy this.
温斯顿·丘吉尔的名言。
Famous words from Winston Churchill.
我来读一下。
Let me read it.
好的。
Yeah.
你想读就自己读吧。
You wanna read it, you do it.
我们将在海滩上作战。
We shall fight on the beaches.
我们将在登陆场作战。
We shall fight on the landing grounds.
我们将在田野和街道作战。
We shall fight in the fields and in the streets.
我们将在山丘作战。
We shall fight in the hills.
我们绝不投降。
We shall never surrender.
温斯顿·丘吉尔，1940年。
Winston Churchill, 1940.
下议院。
House of Commons.
没错。
That's right.
所以英格兰正面临入侵的威胁。
So England's facing the prospect of invasion.
这段演讲没有实际录音留存。
There's no actual recording of this speech.
真是太遗憾了。
Very much too bad.
后来有他复述这段话的录音。
There's a recording of him saying it later.
但无论如何，你知道这是英语史上最著名的演讲之一。
But in any event, what do you there's a lot of this is one of the most famous speeches ever given in English.
那么，你认为它为何能永垂不朽？
And, you know, to what does it owe its immortality?
我是说，现在听起来依然震撼人心。
I mean, it sounds amazing now.
它当时听起来就令人惊叹。
It sounded amazing then.
人们读到它时，会说那是一场演讲。
People read that, they say that's a speech.
这其中有很多原因。
There's a lot of reasons for it.
其中一个当然是这种修辞手法，古希腊称之为'anaphora'（首语重复），即在不同的句子或从句开头重复相同的起始部分。
One of them is the, of course, this device that, in ancient times, in in Greek, called anaphora, which is repeating the same beginning, at the start of different sentences or clauses.
我们将战斗。
We shall fight.
我们将战斗。
We shall fight.
我们将战斗。
We shall fight.
这就是大多数人想到这段演讲时的印象。
That's what most people think of when they think of this of this.
但其中还有更多奥妙。
But there's more going on there.
简单问一句，重复手法对我们有什么作用？
And real quick, what does the repetition do for us?
哦，我们稍后再深入讨论，但重复确实能抓住听众的耳朵。
Oh, let's spend some more time on that, but the repetition really captures the ear.
要知道，句子的开头和结尾是最重要的部分。
You know, it drives how the the the beginning and the end of a sentence are the most important parts of it.
这些部分往往在听众耳中最响亮、最难忘。
The most the parts that tend to stand to to to ring in the ear the strongest.
所以用这些词语反复开启句子，会让它们萦绕在听众耳边。
And so starting repetitive sentences repeatedly with these words, it leaves those words hanging in the ear.
这就是你记住的内容。
It's what you remember.
你还会记住关于战斗地点的某些细节。
And you remember that some of the details about where the fighting was in a career.
记住是在海滩上。
Remember it was the beaches.
记住其他人。
Remember the others.
但你记住的是'我们将战斗'。
But what you remember is we shall fight.
嗯，简单来说。
Well, real quick.
我几乎觉得这像足球比赛，通常比赛音量平稳，但当接近进球时解说员会突然提高音量。
I almost think of it like a soccer game where the game is normally at a certain volume, and then the announcers get really loud as you get close to a goal.
我认为这种重复就像解说员突然提高音量的时刻。
And I think of this repetition as being the announcers getting really loud.
我之所以用这个比喻，是因为你并不希望整篇演讲都充满这种重复。
And the reason why I think of that analogy is you don't want the entire speech to be this kind of repetition.
他希望这成为核心要点，本质上是要让你进入专注倾听状态，强调结尾的词语才是关键时刻。
He wants this to be a main point to basically say you to to basically get you to a place where you're listening up, to say this is important because those words at the end are the crucial moments.
那就是进球得分的关键时刻。
That's when the goal is scored.
但通过重复，他在潜意识里向你发出信号：注意听。
But through repetition, he's subliminally signaling to you, listen.
这很重要。
This is important.
老兄，我觉得这个观点太棒了。
Man, I think that's a fantastic point.
我的意思是，换种方式表达你的观点，在我看来，词语的排列以及重复等修辞手法的运用，几乎能起到标点符号的作用，比如感叹号，或者像是逐渐升高的语调那样。
I mean, part of what was another way to put what you're saying, it seems to me, is that the ordering of words and the and the uses of devices like repetition, it can almost work like punctuation would, like an exclamation point would, or like a or like a rising tone of voice would.
我是说，现场听这段演讲一定震撼人心。
I mean, this speech must have been amazing to hear.
光是阅读就令人惊叹。
It's amazing to read.
它之所以读起来震撼，其中一个原因就是通过重复短语，在听众耳中营造出你描述的那种效果。
And one reason it's amazing to read is that by using the repetition of phrases, it creates in the ear this thing you're describing.
正是如此，所以它会让你想起解说员。
The same way that the the that's why it reminds you of the announcer.
因为你是在听而非读，但通过阅读这段文字，它创造出了与听到语调时相同的部分感受。
Because that you're hearing that not reading it, but by reading this, it creates some of that same feeling that the intonation would if you could hear it out loud.
这种方式非常有趣。
It's very interesting that way.
所以，这是一段美妙的表述，原因众多，而且它被更多我们无法一次性涵盖的优美语言所环绕。
So, this is this is a beautiful, utterance for many reasons, and it's it is surrounded by additional beautiful language that we can't all cover at once.
但值得注意的是，这里连续使用了32个撒克逊词汇。
But one thing to notice about this is remarkable is 32 Saxon words in a row.
听起来可能不算多，但你可以试试连续写32个撒克逊词汇。
That might not sound like a lot, but you go try to go write 32 Saxon words in a row.
这并不简单，而且还要表达出有价值的内容。
It's not quite and to say something that's worth saying.
这并不像听起来那么容易。
It's not as easy as it sounds.
在英语中，存在一种自然的——我其实不知道确切比例——但在日常口语中，撒克逊词汇和拉丁词汇之间存在着某种自然的比例范围。
In English, there's a natural I I don't I don't actually know the ratio, but there's sort of a range of natural ratios between Saxon and Latinate words in ordinary speech.
而要连续使用32个不含拉丁词汇的单词。
And to go 32 words in row with no Latinate words.
现在你可能会想，哦，他当时没考虑这个。
Now you might think, oh, he wasn't thinking about that.
哦，他几乎肯定考虑过。
Oh, he almost certainly was.
丘吉尔曾对此有所著述。
Churchill wrote about this.
他说，我是说，他写过关于修辞的文章，他说在英语中，最古老的词汇，那些撒克逊词汇，最能深入人心。
He said I mean, he wrote about rhetoric, and he said, in English, the oldest words, the Saxon words, are the ones that strike deepest.
当你真正想要打动人心时，你就会坚持使用这些词汇。
And when you really wanna strike deep, you you stay there.
他说，你不会使用那些从法语新近引入的词汇。
He said, you don't use the recent entries into the language that came here from French.
我是说，有趣的部分在于这些新词汇的引入，你知道，仅仅是在八九百年前。
I mean, the the the funny part is the recent entries came in, you know, only, eight or nine hundred years earlier.
对吧？
Right?
没错。
Right.
对我们来说还是太新了。
Way too recent for us.
但是，他深知并非常在意这一点，对此思考良多。
But, but he knew all he he cared about that, and he thought a lot about it.
所以当他写下这些时，不知道他是否坐在那里琢磨，哎呀，这个词的词源是什么。
So when he wrote this, don't know if he was sitting there thinking, gee, which was the etymology of that word.
没人会去思考词源。
Nobody thinks about etymology.
这不是问题的关键。
That's not the issue.
但他清楚自己想要的声音效果
But he knew the sound he wanted.
他明白自己追求的力量与强度
He knew the force and strength he wanted.
他回归到与钦定本圣经译者相同的理念源头——保持极其简洁、撒克逊式的表达，而实质越深刻
He went back to the same well that the translators of the King James Bible went back to, which is keep it very simple and very sax and the more profound the substance is.
这确实营造出美妙的效果
And it really creates a beautiful effect.
他将深邃的思想浓缩在这一连串极其简单、朴实无华的词语中。
The profundity of the substance of what he's saying packed into these this long series of extremely simple, unpretentious, unimpressive words.
这些词语仿佛在场景中迸发而出。
It's like the words burst at their scenes.
你知道吗？
You know?
非常美妙。
Very beautiful.
好的。
Okay.
既然我们在谈论丘吉尔，那这句话如何？
As long as we're doing Churchill, how about this?
在人类冲突的战场上，从未有过如此多的人对如此少的人亏欠如此之多。
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
这句话是在下议院说的，距离上一次演讲仅几个月。
Said in the House of Commons a few months after the, the last one.
这又是其中之一。
This is another of those things.
任何读过或听过这句话的人都会记住它。
Anybody who's ever read or heard this remembers it.
这是在英国战役期间说的，他所说的'少数'指的是在英国上空与纳粹空袭者作战的飞行员。
This is said during the battle of Britain, where the where the few he's talking about are pilots in the air over Britain fighting off Nazi, air raiders.
这是英语中的杰作。
It's a great piece of English.
出于多种原因，这里有很多内容值得解读。
For many reasons, there's a lot going on here.
就像上一条引述一样，这里也存在一定程度的重复。
It's just like the last one, where there's there's a certain amount of repetition.
如此之多，如此之众，如此之少。
So much, so many, so few.
这正如前一条引述那样，通过不同句子开头的重复形成了特殊效果。
That that's part of just as in the previous one, had an affair with the repetition at the start of the different sentences.
但这里还有另一层戏剧性，就在于他所选用的词汇类型之间。
But there's also another drama going on in here, which is just between the kinds of words he's using.
人类冲突。
Human conflict.
这些都是源自拉丁语的法语词汇。
Those are Latinate French words.
它们可以衍生出诸如'人性'或'冲突性'这样的词。
They can become things like humanity or Conflictual.
是的。
Yeah.
没错。
Right.
正是。
Exactly.
如此多的人亏欠如此少的人如此之多。
Was so much owed by so many to so few.
在那之后，每个词都是撒克逊语。
Everything after that, every word is Saxon.
对吧？
Right?
而且它们大多是单音节词。
And they're and it's mostly one syllable words.
所以他开头说：在人类冲突的领域里，从未有过如此多的人亏欠如此少的人如此之多。
So he starts out never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
这是许多伟大作家都运用过的一种极具效果的技巧，即先用一连串极其简单的词语铺垫，最后在开头处用稍显华丽的表达收尾，以此形成鲜明对比。
This is a technique that a lot of great writers have used a tremendous effect, which is starting out with setting up setting up the run of very simple words that you finish with with something a little fancier at the start to create that contrast.
这有点像你之前提到的足球解说员的风格。
It's it's sort like you said with the the football announcers.
嗯哼。
Uh-huh.
因为在修辞中，你不希望所有表达都千篇一律。
Because you don't want everything to be the same in rhetoric.
你想用非撒克逊词汇来衬托撒克逊词汇。
You wanna set up the Saxon words with the non Saxon words.
这样耳朵已经习惯了其他词汇，当那些简短的单音节撒克逊词汇出现时，这种对比会格外鲜明。
So the ear has been hearing these other things, and it's primed to really be struck by the contrast when those words come in, those little one syllable stony Saxon words.
既然我们谈到这个话题，我还有一点想补充——能坚持听到这里的人，想必都对文字有所热爱。
There's something else I wanted to mention about this as long as we're talking about it that you're if if anybody who's made it with us this far probably cares about words there.
所以我想指出，当然，这个句子用的是被动语态。
So I wanted to point out, of course, the sentence is in the passive voice.
对吧？
Right?
这是个被动结构。
It's a passive construction.
由如此多人欠如此少数人。
Owed by so many to so few.
当句子出现'由...欠'或者你可以在末尾加上'由...'时，你就知道这是个被动语态。
You know you know you know something's passive when it either says, it's owed by, or you could add by to to to the end of it.
但在这种情况下，它是被动语态，而你正在阅读这么多关于英语的书。
But in this case, it's passive, and you're reading so many books about English.
一遍又一遍地避免使用被动语态。
Avoid the passive voice over and over again.
无论你做什么，都不要使用被动语态。
Whatever you do, don't use the passive voice.
这是糟糕写作者的拐杖。
It's the, the crutch of bad writers.
当然，有时确实如此，但英语中一些最美丽的表达恰恰使用了被动语态。
Of course, sometimes it is, but, some of the most beautiful things in English, have been in the passive voice.
你知道吗？
You know?
人人生而平等。
All men are created equal.
哇。
Wow.
生而平等。
Created equal.
你可以在句末加上这个，对吧？
You could buy on the end of that, couldn't you?
确实可以。
You could.
他们不想用主动语态。
They didn't wanna make it active.
他也不想用主动语态来表达这个。
He didn't wanna make this active either.
如果他用主动语态，他会怎么说呢？
If he'd made it active, what would he have said?
我是说，在这个领域从未有过，因为你可以想象起草时想着要用被动语态。
Never in the field I mean, because you could be imagining drafting it, thinking, this is passive.
我的编辑告诉我永远不要使用被动结构。
My editor has told me that I should never use passive constructions.
也许我应该改改这个说法。
Perhaps I should change this.
想象一下新版的丘吉尔会说：在人类冲突的战场上，从未有如此多的人对如此少的人欠下如此多的恩情。
You imagine the new Winston Churchill saying, never in the field of human conflict have so many owed so much to so few.
那就不是被动语态了。
That would be nonpassive.
你可以这么说。
You could say that.
效果就没那么好了。
Wouldn't be as good.
因为当你这样表达时，'众多'与'少数'紧密相邻，中间以'欠下如此之多'连接，而后半句'如此之多的人欠如此之少的人'形成绝妙对比，节奏感更强且别具韵味。
Because when when you say it that way when you say it this way, the many and the few are right next to each other with so much owed by, and then what's left over is so many to so few as you get that beautiful contrast, and the rhythm's better and different.
我并非主张被动语态是人人都不假思索就该使用的东西。
I'm not here to say the passive voice is this, thing every people should use unthinkingly.
我对被动语态的看法只是：确保你有充分的理由使用它。
I just my view about the passive voice is just make sure you've got a good reason.
但
But that's what I'd say about everything in writing.
但这就是我对写作中一切问题的态度。
There's no rule except make sure you've got a good reason for what you're doing as far as I'm concerned.
除了'确保你的行为有充分理由'这条根本准则外，在我看来不存在其他铁律。
That that's the master rule.
我的意思是，我本人遵循所有文体和语法规则并鼓励他人效仿，但若你需要打破规则，至少要清楚自己为何这样做。
I mean, I follow all rules of style and grammar and encourage others to, but if you need to break a rule, well, just make sure you know why you're doing it.
是的。
Yep.
好的。
Alright.
准备好下一个了吗？
Ready for another?
放马过来吧。
Bring it on.
回到圣经上。
Back to the Bible.
让我来读。
Let me read it.
开始。
Go.
凡一国自相纷争，就成为荒场；凡一城一家自相纷争，必不能存立。
Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand.
上一个例子中有的特点，这个例子也有，就是对比感。
One of the things that the last one had, that this one has too, is a sense of contrast.
是的。
Yep.
圣经中同样充满了黑白、光暗的对比。
And you have black and white, light and dark throughout the Bible as well.
之前是数量悬殊，这里我们看到的是自相矛盾。
And there was so many, so few, and here we have against itself let's see.
这个例子是否以同样的方式呈现对比？
Does this one have the contrast in the same way or no?
嗯，我认为有，但我的意思是，这么说吧。
Well, I think it does, but I mean, let's put it this way.
你觉得这里面有什么撒克逊风格的东西吗？
Does anything strike you as Saxon about this?
有某些时刻存在吗？
Are there are there moments?
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无法立足，是的。
Shall not stand is what Yeah.
我
I
对。
Right.
我的意思是，我想展示的是，在最近几个例子中我已经展示了这一点：在英语中，我说过如果必须遵循一条规则，那就是优先选择撒克逊词汇而非拉丁词汇。
I mean, so so so part of what you're part of what I'm trying to show show here is, in in the last couple of examples I've showed this, is that in English, I said if you have to have one rule, let it be preferred Saxon words to Latinate words.
但伟大的作家们不会只遵循一条规则。
But the great writers, they don't use one rule.
他们会使用撒克逊式的古老、简单、老派的词汇，也会用更复杂的词汇，并将它们巧妙混合，通过对比创造出这些美妙的效果。
They use Saxon old you know, simple, old fashioned words and bigger ones, and they mix them a little bit to create these beautiful effects by contrast.
所以凡一国自相纷争，就成为荒场。
So every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation.
为什么我不需要告诉你这是拉丁语系词汇？
Why don't I need to tell you that's Latinate?
它结尾就带着'tion'这个后缀
It's got the t I o n right on the end of it.
对吧？
Right?
同样适用于'divide'这个词
And same with divide.
它也可以是'division'
It could be division.
对吧？
Right?
这是一段更华丽的文字
This is a fancier passage.
凡一国自相纷争，就成为荒场；凡一家自相纷争，就必败落
In every city or house divided against itself shall not stand.
这也是《钦定版圣经》的经文
And this is also the King James Bible.
对。
Right.
所有这些圣经例子都出自詹姆斯王版圣经，它对语言产生了巨大而美妙的影响，我们现在就来看个例子。
All these bible examples are King James Bible, which has had such a gigantic influence on the on the language in such wonderful ways, and we'll we'll do an example right now.
下一张幻灯片上，你会看到这些内容。
In the next slide, you're gonna see the slides.
我们这儿不用幻灯片。
We don't use slides around here.
我们用别的工具。
Use we use something.
这是战争学院的风格。
This is at school of war.
是啊。
Yeah.
好吧。
Alright.
看看这两部分是如何收尾的。
Just look at how the two halves of this end.
凡一国自相纷争，必致荒凉；凡一城一家自相纷争，必立不住。
Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation, Latinate, and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand.
最终归结为这个结尾。
And it comes down to this close.
这是一个非常经典的修辞模式，和前面的例子如出一辙。
And that's a very classic rhetorical pattern is to, it's just like the previous one.
我们谈论人类冲突领域时，用的是拉丁语的开头。
We're talking about the field of human conflict is the Latinate beginning.
而后‘从未有如此多的人对如此少的人亏欠如此之多’全是撒克逊词汇。
And then never so much been owed by so many to so few all that Saxon Saxon Saxon.
这里也是同样的总体思路。
Same general idea here.
首先，说出来。
First, say it.
注意到这些句子在某种程度上相互呼应，只是规模不同。
Notice how these sort of restate each other a little bit, just on a different scale.
开头使用拉丁语系词汇，但要用简短的句子收尾。
Started out Latinate, but bring the sentence to a close.
若想获得写作建议，关键在于：撒克逊词汇若运用得当，尤其是放在句尾时，往往比拉丁语系词汇更能创造出有力且令人难忘的散文效果。
If you're trying to think about advice for writing, the idea would be Saxon words tend to work better than Latinate words to create forceful memorable prose if they're properly arranged, but especially at the end.
简单的撒克逊词汇是结束句子或段落的绝佳方式，尤其当前文并未过多使用这类词汇时。
Simple Saxon words are a great way to end a sentence or a paragraph, especially one that wasn't all that Saxon beforehand.
对吧。
Right.
以这种方式收尾确实能留下深刻印象，这些词汇会因对比和音韵风格而格外突出。
Isn't that then that will finishing that way really leaves an impression, and those words really stand out because of the contrast and sound and style.
这是非常微妙的手法。
It's a very subtle thing.
人们可能不会——没人会停下来想：'看啊，这个技巧'。
People might not nobody's gonna pause and think, oh, look at that.
你会发现他们用撒克逊词汇收尾。
You fin they they finished with Saxon words.
他们可能只会觉得，这话说得真好。
What they what they what they might just think is, that was well said.
对。
Right.
是的。
Yeah.
现在，我如约要讨论圣经的影响。
Now, I promised, discussion of the influence of the Bible.
一个很好的例子是《钦定版圣经》对亚伯拉罕·林肯的影响，他阅读圣经，我认为多少有些痴迷于《钦定版圣经》，此外还有莎士比亚的作品。
A great example is the influence of the King James Bible on Abraham Lincoln, who read the Bible, I think, more or less upset the King James Bible, more or less obsessively, that and Shakespeare.
而林肯，在我看来，是我们公共生活中最伟大的散文大师。
And Lincoln, if you ask me, was the greatest master of prose we've ever had in our public life.
所以思考他是如何达到这种境界的，非常有趣。
So it's very interesting to think about, how did he get that way?
比如说，林肯是如何成为林肯的？
Like, how how did Lincoln become Lincoln?
答案就是，你知道的，数千小时沉浸在莎士比亚和《钦定版圣经》中。
And the answer is, you know, thousands of hours of immersion in Shakespeare and the King James Bible.
这怎么说？
How about that?
这可不是你想象中总统会花时间做的事，但他确实把时间花在了这上面。
Which is not not what you think of presidents spending their time on, but that's what he was spending his time on.
没错。
Right.
这难道不令人惊叹吗？
Isn't that amazing?
现在想想真是不可思议。
It's amazing to think about now.
想想那些埋头研读莎士比亚和《圣经》的总统们。
Think about presidents who are holed up with their, Shakespeare in the Bible.
好的。
Alright.
但看看他说了什么。
But look what he said.
这是林肯刚获得伊利诺伊州参议院共和党提名后不久。
This is right after Lincoln had received the Republican nomination for senate in Illinois.
当然，奴隶制是当时的热门话题。
And slavery, of course, was the the the the the topic of the day.
所以这是他当总统之前的事，1850年代之前
So this before he's president, 18 Before 50
他甚至还没开始竞选总统。
he's even running for president.
他正在与斯蒂芬·道格拉斯竞选参议员。
He's running for senate against Stephen Douglas.
这场竞选将吸引全国的关注。
It's gonna be the this race is gonna rivet the whole country.
这将为他竞选总统奠定基础。
It's gonna set him up to run for president.
他在获得提名后站起来说道。
He and he gets up after getting the nomination, he says.
我不认为联邦会解体。
I do not expect the union to be dissolved.
我不认为这栋房子会倒塌，但我确实认为它将不再分裂。
I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided.
它将完全成为一体，或完全成为另一体。
It will become all one thing or all the other.
这里，我的意思是
Here, I mean, is
一个非常明显的例子。
a very obvious example.
还有许多不那么明显的有趣例子，体现了圣经对林肯写作和演讲方式的影响。
There there are a lot of interesting ones that are that are less obvious of the influence of the Bible and the way that Lincoln wrote and spoke.
在他的写作和演讲中，你能听到所有这些节奏、措辞和短语，都是他一直在阅读的《钦定版圣经》的回响，有时还有莎士比亚的影响。
There's all these cadences and and and word choices and phrases that you can hear in his writing and speech are echoes of the of the of the King James Bible that he was reading all the time, and sometimes Shakespeare too.
他对《圣经》的依恋更为人熟知，但对莎士比亚的依恋或许我们可以改天再谈。
The by his attachment to the Bible is better known, but the Shakespeare attachment is maybe we can talk about it later or another day.
但在这里，你可以看到他基本上是在引用我们刚才看到的《马太福音》中的段落，尽管《马可福音》中也有类似的经文，但这并不影响什么。
But here, you can just see he's basically quoting the excerpt from Matthew that we saw a minute ago, although there's another passage just like it in in Mark, but it doesn't make any difference.
再次，让我们从结尾开始。
Again, let's start at the end.
一个句子最重要的部分通常在结尾。
The most important part of a sentence is typically the end.
所以如果你想考虑影响力，就从句子结尾开始倒推。
So you wanna work if you think about impact, work backwards from the end of the sentence.
它会变成或这段文字。
It will become or the passage.
它将完全成为一体，或完全成为另一体。
It will become all one thing or all the other.
明白吗？
Okay?
典型的撒克逊式结尾。
The sack the classic Saxon finish.
但这还不止于此。
But it's more than that.
注意他基本上是在重复刚才的话。
Notice how he's basically repeating what he said.
林肯喜欢把话重复说两遍。
Lincoln loved to say things twice.
他一开始就说，每个说英语的人都会两种语言。
He said at the beginning, everybody in English speaks two languages.
他先是这么说，就像先用这种语言说，再用那种语言说。
And he says it he says it first in it's like he says it first in this language, then in that language.
想象一个政治家用西班牙语说一遍，再用英语说一遍。
Imagine a politician who says it in Spanish and says it in English.
对。
Right.
林肯先用拉丁语系词汇表达，再用撒克逊语系词汇重复。
Lincoln says it in Latinate, then he says it in Saxon.
因为他既要诉诸理性与理想，又要直击你的内心与情感。
Because he's trying to appeal to the mind and the ideals, and then he wants to get you in the gut and the heart.
他想让你感同身受。
He wants you to feel it.
比如他会说：我不希望联邦解体。
So we'll say, I do not expect the union to be dissolved.
'联邦'和'解体'都是拉丁语系词汇。
Union and dissolved are Latinate.
而说'我不希望房屋倾塌'时，
I do not expect the house to fall.
这就是撒克逊语系的表达方式。
That is Saxon.
这基本上是在重复相同的内容，他只是用两种方式表达同样的意思，一次更诗意，一次更圣经化。
And it's basically repeating the same he's just saying the same thing twice, once more poetically, once more biblically.
但我确实预期它将不再分裂，这是拉丁语系的表达。
But I do expect it will cease to be divided, Latinate.
它将完全合为一体，或完全对立。
It will become all one thing or all the other.
它将不再分裂。
It will cease to be divided.
这与说它将完全合为一体或完全对立是同一个意思。
It's the same thing as saying it will become become all one thing or all the other.
现代编辑可能会删掉其中一句。
A modern editor would probably cross one out.
你在重复表达。
You're saying it twice.
比如说，我明白。
Say, I know.
我在重复它。
I'm repeating it.
我在说两种语言。
I'm speaking two languages.
我在用拉丁语说，然后又在用撒克逊语重复一遍。
I'm saying it I'm saying it at Latinate that I'm saying it again in Saxon.
是的。
Yeah.
这是他经常做的事。
And that's what he did a lot.
如果你看演讲，比如丘吉尔也做同样的事。
And if you see a speech, say, well and Churchill does the same thing.
他会先说一遍，然后基本上再重复一遍。
He'll say it, then he'll basically repeat it.
当你细想时，会发现这两句话几乎在表达同一个意思。
It when when you think of it, you say, you know, those two sentences are almost saying the same thing.
这句话用了更长的词汇，而另一句则多用单音节词，或者说更形象生动。
This one's got the longer words in it, and the other's more words of one syllable or it's more, picturesque.
也许这是个隐喻。
Maybe it's a metaphor.
但这些令人难忘的演说家和作家常用的增强感染力的手法，就是他们不会只说一遍。
But that's often what these really memorable speakers and writers do to create impact is they don't say it once.
他们会说两遍。
They say it twice.
他们会用不同类型的词汇以不同方式表达，以吸引读者和听众的不同理解能力。
They say it differently in different kinds of words that that appeal to different capacities of readers and listeners.
那
How about
当你思考如何让人理解时，这是个非常有用的观点。
That's a very useful idea when you're trying to think about how to get through to somebody.
你可能需要用不止一种方式来表达。
You may have to say it in more than one language.
所以先用拉丁语，再用撒克逊语，最后以撒克逊语结束。
So Latin, then Saxon, and end with the Saxon.
对。
Yeah.
嗯，光是这种交替本身就很有力量。
Well, just the alternation is is powerful.
我想说的是，如果你读一些关于如何写好英语的简单书籍，它们只会告诉你：优先使用简单的词汇，优先使用撒克逊词汇。
That's what I'm trying to say is that if you read simple books about how to write good English, they'll just tell you, prefer simple words, prefer Saxon words.
当然，这作为一种偏好是成立的。
And, of course, that's true as a preference.
但真正出色的效果并非仅靠单向推进就能实现。
But the really great effects aren't created by just going in one direction.
它们是通过对比和混搭创造出来的。
They're created by contrast by mixing out.
就像音乐一样，你知道，和弦本身并不那么有趣。
It's like in music, you know, music is about chords aren't that interesting.
音乐中真正有趣的是和弦的变化，对吧？
What's interesting is the chord change in music, right?
英语也是如此。
And it's like that in English.
我是说，你可以只坚持使用简单的词汇，至少不会让自己出丑。但如果你想超越这一点，超越仅仅追求高效，而希望令人难忘且雄辩有力，你就必须学会运用对比。因为我认为所有伟大的作家都本能地或通过学习理解到，任何伟大的事物往往在与非伟大事物的对比中更显伟大——因为这种对比为听众的感知做好了铺垫。
I mean, you can just stick to simple and you least want to make a fool out of yourself, But if you want to get beyond that, but beyond just being efficient to be memorable and eloquent, you've got to be a student of contrast, I think because that's what all the great writers understand either instinctively or through study or both is that it's is it anything that's great is tends to be greater when it's set off against what it isn't because that prepares the ear for it.
它让你被其震撼。
It lets you be struck by it.
要知道，我们人类实际上只能感知差异。
You know, we only really detect differences.
我们这些人类啊。
You know, we we human creatures.
所以，林肯是一位擅长运用差异的伟大艺术家，他通过书写语言将这些差异转化为真正令人难忘的作品。
So, Lincoln was a great artist with differences and with writing language that used those differences to really, create memorable stuff.
好吧。
Alright.
小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯曾在他的一份判决书中这样写道。
Oliver Wendell Holmes junior said this in one of his opinions.
如果说宪法中有任何原则比其他原则更需要我们坚守，那就是自由思想的原则——不是为我们认同的思想自由，而是为我们所憎恶的思想自由。
If there's any principle of the constitution that more imperatively calls for attachment than any other, it is the principle of free thought, not free thought for those who agree with us, but freedom for the thought that we hate.
哇。
Wow.
历史上很多人都表达过类似观点，但这一表述真正经受住了时间的考验。
Now so many people have said things like this historically, but this is one of the expressions of this idea that's really stood the test of time.
这话说得太绝了。
That's a heck of a quote.
是啊。
Yeah.
人们会引用这段话。
People quote this.
他们会记住它。
They remember it.
但我只是在思考，有多少人曾努力表达过这一理念。
But I just think about how many efforts there have been to express this idea.
为何唯独这句脱颖而出？
Why does this one rise to the top?
我认为原因有很多，其中之一正是我们刚才讨论的。
And I think it's it's there's a lot of reasons, but one of them is just what we've been discussing.
看看它的结尾部分。
Look at how it ends.
记住，思考影响力时永远要从结尾开始。
Remember, always start at the end when you think about impact.
为我们所憎恶的思想提供自由。
Freedom for the thought that we hate.
哇。
Wow.
这真是一连串犀利有力的措辞。
That's a run of hard sex and words.
这是个绝佳的结尾方式，尤其是最后那个词。
It's a great way to end, especially with that last word.
我们憎恨的思想也享有自由。
Freedom for the thought that we hate.
憎恨。
Hate.
最后一个词会在你耳边回响。
The last word is the one that rings in your ear.
他就是这样设计的。
He sets it up that way.
迎面一拳。
Punch in the face.
没错。
Right.
但再看看这之前的内容。
But then look what comes before that.
这部分开头相当拉丁化。
The beginning of this is is pretty Latinate.
对吧？
Right?
原则、宪法、强制性地。
Principle, constitution, imperatively.
对吧？
Right?
依恋。
Attachment.
这让我想起在学校读过的那种文章风格。
That feels like the kind of writing I read in school.
对。
Right.
你正在读这个，心里想着，我...我是说，也许它让你感到振奋，但这简直就像林肯的风格。
You're So reading that, and you're thinking, I'm I I mean, maybe you're being uplifted by it, but it's just like Lincoln.
他一开始用的是这种更拉丁化的措辞，更能吸引心智。
He's starting out with this sort of more Latinate wording that kind of appeals to the mind.
所以你真的需要动脑子才能理解。
So you really need to use your mind to get this.
对。
Right.
你得思考他在说什么，因为他用的是概念，你得把这些概念转化为对你重要的事。
You gotta you gotta think about what he's saying because he's using concepts, you gotta translate the concepts into things that matter to you.
但随后他又重申了一遍。
But then he restates it.
这是自由思想的原则。
It is the principle of free thought.
这就是他随后重申的内容。
That is the the he he then restates.
然后他说，让我用撒克逊语为你简单概括一下。
And then he re he and he said, let me boil this down to you in Saxon language.
好吗？
Okay?
你不想让我用高深的方式说吗？
You don't want me to put it a highfalutin way?
让我这么说吧。
Let me put it this way.
为我们所憎恶的思想提供自由。
Freedom for the thought that we hate.
明白吗？
Get it?
这就是我说的原则。
That's the principle I'm talking about.
我会用简单的英语告诉你。
I'll say it to you in Saxon words.
在这里，你不需要思考。
And here, you don't have to think about it.
这不是概念性的。
It's not conceptual.
大家立刻就能明白。
Everybody gets it immediately.
这就是撒克逊词汇的特点。
That's thing about Saxon words.
它们就像能被你瞬间消化吸收一样。
They it's like you metabolize them instantly.
你知道，当你谈论仇恨时，你能真切感受到它。
You know, you talk about hate and You feel it.
没错，你能感受到那个词的冲击力，明白吗？
Yeah, you feel you feel that word, you know?
但如果你用拉丁词，比如仇恨（hate）与敌意（hatred）、敌对（enmity）之间的区别。
Whereas you use a Latin word, like, the difference between hate and and hatred and enmity.
要知道，敌意（enmity）虽然表达相同含义，但你需要花点时间思考才能理解。
You know, enmity means that, but but gotta you gotta think about it in a minute.
你得思考一下‘恨’这个字。
You gotta think about hate.
每个人从心底都明白它的含义。
Everybody knows what that means right in the gut.
这就是撒克逊词汇的特点。
And that's what that that's what Saxon words tend to be like.
所以你要慎用这些词。
So you reserve them.
显然，句子中最突出的词就是句末的那个词。
And aft and so and so, obviously, the starkest word in the sentence is the last word in the sentence.
所以我再问一次：为什么这句话能经得起时间考验？
And so I say again, why does this why why does this utterance hold up over time?
因为奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯是真正的语言大师。
Well, Oliver Wendell Holmes was a real craftsman.
他父亲是19世纪美国著名文学家，而霍姆斯本人，我认为是美国法律史上最优秀的写作者。
He was the son of a very famous literary figure in nineteenth century America, and Holmes was, I think, the best writer American law has ever had.
但他拥有最精美的司法意见集，还有书信集。
But he he had the most beautiful collection of judicial opinions, but also letters.
如果你想研究英语的多样性，就该拜师于值得学习的人。
If you wanna study varieties of great English, you sort of wanna apprentice yourself to somebody who's worth it.
亚伯拉罕·林肯就值得学习。
Abraham Lincoln's worth it.
读林肯的作品时，你会真正思考其语言韵律及其成因。
You read Lincoln, and you really think about how it sounds and why.
奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯也是如此。
Oliver Oliver Wendell Holmes is like that too.
如果你热爱法律，他是值得你师法的对象。
If you like law, he's somebody you could apprentice yourself to.
你可以思考他为何要那样撰写文本。
You could think about why did he write it that way.
而且，要知道霍姆斯并不会在写作上过度雕琢。
And, you know, Holmes didn't linger forever over his writing.
他最初是站着写作的。
He originally wrote he'd write standing up.
对吧？
Right?
也许写写草稿。
Maybe write and draft.
他可能没在这上面花太多时间。
He probably didn't spend a lot of time on this.
他不需要。
He didn't need to.
他只是从小耳濡目染就理解了这些。
He just grew up understanding it because he was immersed in the environment.
他天生就具备极度敏锐的感知天赋。
He had the genetic gifts of just extreme sensitivity.
而且他知道说到这个份上就该收尾了，这样才显得接地气，如果你想表达观点的话。
And he knew by the time he said all this, it was time to wrap it up at the end, which is down to earth, if you wanna make your point.
当然。
Sure.
是啊。
Yeah.
好吧。
Alright.
到此为止。
Enough of that.
换个话题怎么样？
How about a change of subject?
我们一直在讨论撒克逊和拉丁词源，不过如果你研究修辞学——这是我的专长——而且你的读者对这类话题感兴趣的话，他们有整本书可以阅读。
We've been talking about Saxon and Latinate words, but if you study rhetoric, which is my bag, and this is if your readers enjoy this sort of thing, they got a whole book they can read.
我只是毫不掩饰地为你的书打个广告。
Me just do an unapologetic plug for your book.
我从不这样，但我
I never do this, but I
你坚持要这样。
You insist.
不。
No.
我绝对爱你的书。
I absolutely love your books.
它们如此简洁。
They're so simple.
翻阅起来非常有趣。
They're so fun to flip through.
任何认真写作的人都应该把《修辞与风格》放在家里随手可及的地方，随时翻阅。
And everyone who's serious about writing should have definitely rhetoric and style just, like, lying over their house, and you can flip through them.
我就是爱这些书。
I just love those books.
但是，大卫，关于隐喻呢？
But, David, what about the metaphor?
我还没读过那本。
I haven't read that one.
那也行。
That'll do.
就是特别喜欢另外两本。
Just really like the other two.
哦，我很感谢你为这些书美言。
Oh, well, I appreciate your putting in a good word for the books.
你说可以随手翻阅它们，这很对。
You said you could flip through them, and it's very true.
我写这些书就是为了把它们做成我所说的可浏览工具书，你可以随时拿起翻开，从中学习并享受阅读。
I wrote these books to try to make them what I would call browsable reference books, where you can pick it up and open and learn from it and enjoy it.
所以不像你拿到一本书就得面对要读完300页才能理解要点的压力。
So it's not like if you get the book, you got the prospect of, I gotta go read 300 pages to get the point.
你只需花十分钟阅读，就能在修辞学知识上进步十分钟。
You can spend ten minutes with it, and you'll be ten minutes better off in your knowledge of rhetoric.
好的。
Okay.
关于书的话题就到此为止。
Enough about the books.
我想讨论一个我们尚未提及的修辞手法。
I wanna talk about a different rhetorical device than we have yet discussed.
它叫做尾语重复。
It's called epistrophe.
这里我们
And here we
有一个林肯的例子。
have an example from Lincoln.
那么你来接手吧？
So will you take it away?
世人不会太注意，也不会长久记住我们在这里说的话，但他们永远不会忘记勇士们在这里的功绩。
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
这是林肯1863年在葛底斯堡的演讲。
So this is Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, 1863.
这比我们之前讨论的那些要晚五年。
So this is five years after the ones that we were talking about earlier.
没错。
That's right.
已经过去五年了。
It's five years later.
现在我们不必担心国家在内战中分裂。
Now we're not worried about the house being divided in a in a civil war.
我们正处于内战之中，这是葛底斯堡战役结束几个月后，那是内战中最血腥的战役。
We're in a civil war, and it's a few months after the Battle of Gettysburg, which is the bloodiest battle of the civil war.
约七千人阵亡，另有数万人伤残。
About seven thousand people are killed, and and tens of thousands of others are maimed.
于是他来到这里，发表了这篇非凡的演说。
So he comes, and he makes this extraordinary speech.
如果我们想通过上一个主题的视角来看待这篇演讲，也是可以的。
And if we wanted to look at the speech through the lens of the last topic, we could.
这是一篇非常具有撒克逊风格的英语文章。
It's a very Saxon piece of piece of English.
我们已经讨论过林肯和撒克逊语言了。
We've already talked about Lincoln and and and Saxon language.
让我们再指出这里发生的另一件事。
Let's just point out another thing going on here.
世人不会太注意也不会长久记住我们在这里说的话，但永远不会忘记他们在这里做的事。
The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but can never forget what they did here.
以'here'和'here'结尾，这种修辞手法叫做尾语重复。
Ending with here and here, that's a device called epistrophe.
尾语重复是指在连续的句子或从句中使用相同的词或短语结尾。
Epistrophe means ending consecutive sentences or clauses with the same word or words, the same word or phrase.
这有点像是首语重复的反面。
It's sort of the opposite of anaphora.
当我们讨论丘吉尔那篇《我们将在海滩上战斗》的演讲时，那是个典型的首语重复的例子。
When we talked about that we shall fight on the beaches speech that Churchill did, that's a classic case of anaphora.
那种手法就是每句开头用相同的词语。
That's sort of that's starting with the same words.
我们将在海滩上战斗。
We shall fight.
我们将在海滩上战斗。
We shall fight.
我们将战斗。
We shall fight.
这是相反的。
This is the opposite.
它以同一个词结尾。
It's ending with the same word.
同时掌握这两种修辞手法很好，因为句子的开头和结尾在修辞强调中确实是最重要的位置。
Good to have both tools because the start and the end of a sentence are the really the most important positions in it for for rhetorical emphasis.
那么，句尾部分反而更为重要，因为那是听众最后听到的内容，因此能在耳畔回响。
Now, the ending, if anything, is more important because the last thing you hear for for purposes of that sentence, and therefore, it can ring in the ear.
所以我认为这就是为什么我总说要‘从结尾开始构思’。
So I think that's why I always talk about starting at the end.
但无论如何，林肯钟爱尾语重复，如果你读他的作品，会发现他经常使用这种手法。
But in any event, Lincoln loved epistrophe, and if you read him, you'll see that he often comes back to this.
钦定版圣经也偏爱这种修辞。
The King James Bible likes it too.
其中就有一些著名的例子。
There are some famous examples there.
但在这里，将撒克逊式的表达与‘此地’的尾语结合，产生了强烈的共鸣效果，在此情境下显得格外肃穆。
But in this case, combining the Saxon approach with the here, here ending, it's a very resonant, and it's in this case, very somber thing to say.
当然这其中存在一丝讽刺，因为世人长久铭记的正是他在那里说的话。
Of course, there's this little irony in it because the world has long remembered what what he said there.
而我不确定人们是否同样清楚地记得他们在此地的作为。
And I don't know if it's remembered as well, what they did here.
所以他可能把顺序说反了，但这番话很美。
So he may have had it backwards, but it was a beautiful thing to say.
说到首语重复，我可以向你保证林肯喜欢这种修辞，而且他在其他地方也用过。
Speaking of epistrophe, I promise you that Lincoln liked it and that he used it elsewhere.
他甚至在同一个演讲中就用了。
He even used it in the same speech.
这个国家将在自由中获得新生，而这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永存于世。
That this nation shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
有意思的是，这不仅出自同一篇演讲，而且'民有、民治、民享'的表述还早于前面那些部分。
Well, what's cool about this is not only is it the same speech, but by the people, for the people, and then of the people before those.
我在政府工作中经常听到这个说法。
I hear that all the time in government.
其实我之前不知道它源自这里。
I actually didn't know that it came from this.
这是那个说法的原始版本吗？
Is this the original version of that?
差不多吧。
More or less.
所以你可以从丹尼尔·韦伯斯特的演讲中找到先例，或者书里还讨论过几个类似的前身例子。
So you can find prior examples in this from Daniel Webster, or there are a couple of other examples that are discussed in the book of sort of predecessors to this.
比如，他可能听过别人说过类似的话，然后稍作调整。
Like, he probably heard people say things a little like this, and then he tweaked it a little.
但这些细微调整产生了巨大影响——他还在结尾添加了'民有、民治、民享的政府必不会从地球上消失'，而韦伯斯特的版本原本只停留在'民有政府'就结束了。
And but the tweaks made a great difference in making And it sound and then he added at the end, the webs the division by Daniel Webster basically ended with the government, with people, and then he adds this shall not perish from the earth.
所以这里面有好几个因素让它显得伟大，就像我们见过的所有其他例子一样。
So there's several things going on in this that make it great, just like with everything, all the other examples we've seen.
其中之一就是尾语重复，即'人民'一词在句末的重复。
One is just the epistrophe, the repetition at the end of of a people.
对吧？
Right?
民有、民治、民享的政府。
Government of the people, by the people, for the people.
对。
Right.
这就是三次尾语重复。
That's epistrophe three times.
它遵循了三重法则。
It follows the rule of three.
这让
It makes
听起来如此美妙。
it sound so beautiful.
是的。
Yeah.
它在修辞上堪称完美。
It's rhetorically perfect.
然后注意，在尾语重复之后，以'shall not perish from the earth'作结，而丹尼尔·韦伯斯特早期版本的类似表述并没有这样做。
And then, notice that after the epistrophe, it ends with shall not perish from the earth, which the earlier version by the similar statement by Daniel Webster had not done.
那从地上灭亡，这是引自《约伯记》的。
That perish from the earth, that is a lifting from the book of Job.
我记得《耶利米书》里也有这个短语的用法，但他很可能引自《约伯记》。
I think there's also a usage of that phrase in Jeremiah, but I think he probably took it Job.
但这只是看到林肯表达中不断融入《钦定版圣经》语言的一个例证。
But this it's just an example of seeing the the King James constantly work its way into Lincoln's expressions.
就连'八十七年前'这个表述也是对圣经语言的改编。
Even four score and seven years ago is a is a is an adaptation from biblical language.
我想告诉你我唯一用来阅读文章的应用，它叫Reader。
I wanna tell you about the only app that I use to read articles, and it's called Reader.
看看这种情况你是否熟悉：
So tell me if this sounds familiar.
你读到一些精彩内容，比如绝妙的名言、完美的文章，但某天你想回头找它时，却发现它消失了。
You read something brilliant, like an amazing quote, the perfect article, but then one day you go back, you're looking to find it, and it's just gone.
你再也找不到那个东西了。
You can't find the thing.
这曾经让我抓狂。
That used to drive me crazy.
但后来我发现了一个叫Reader的应用，它成了我大脑的备份系统。
But then I found this app called Reader, and it's become the backup system for my brain.
它是这样运作的。
Here's how it works.
每当我在手机或电脑上看到新文章时，我就会把它丢进Reader。
So whenever I'm on my phone, I'm on my computer, I'll come across a new article, and what I do is I just toss it into Reader.
等我准备好阅读时，就能找到所有预先下载好的文章，没有广告也没有杂乱内容。
And then whenever I'm ready to read, I can find all the articles pre downloaded with no ads and no clutter.
但最棒的是这个功能：
But here's the kicker.
每当我标注内容时，Reader都会自动帮我保存下来。
Every time I highlight something, Reader automatically saves it for me.
所以当我写作需要那个完美引述或例子时，它就乖乖在那里等着我。
So then, if I'm writing and I need that perfect quote, that perfect example, it's just right there waiting for me.
正因如此，我再也不用翻找旧笔记或无数浏览器标签页了。
And because of that, I don't have to dig through old notes or endless browser tabs anymore.
这意味着我可以专注于写作。
And that means that I can focus on writing.
Reader是本期节目的赞助商。
Reader's the sponsor of today's episode.
说实话，只有我真心喜爱的产品才会愿意推广。
And look, I gotta love a product in order to promote it.
我可以告诉你，我每天都在使用Reader。
And I can tell you that I use Reader every single day.
于是我就这么做了。
So this is what I did.
我直接打电话给CEO，我说，嘿。
I called up the CEO, and I said, yo.
你能给我们《How I Write》的听众60天免费试用吗？
Will you give how I write listeners sixty days free?
他说，当然可以。
And he said, sure.
他们需要通过readwise.io/davidperrell这个链接注册。
They gotta sign up though at readwise.io/davidperrell.
下方描述中有相关链接。
And there's a link in the description below.
好的。
Alright.
回到正题。
Back to the episode.
我提到过你可以师从的那些人。
I mentioned people you can apprentice yourself to.
温斯顿·丘吉尔，就像林肯一样，被誉为英语史上最伟大的语言运用者——这里说的是英语世界公共领域，不单指美国，而是整个英语世界。
Winston Churchill, just like Lincoln has acclaimed to being the greatest user of the English language in the history of English speaking public life, not American, but English speaking.
丘吉尔这个人的演讲及其他著作，确实值得深入研究。
And Churchill is somebody whose speeches, as well as his other writings, really repays study.
他对语言有着绝妙的感知力，这份天赋源于他年轻时大量阅读真正卓越的英语作品。
He had a beautiful feel for the language, and he earned it by reading a lot of really extraordinary English when he was young.
但如今一切都取决于不列颠民族在世界各地的全部生命力，取决于我们所有盟国人民以及全球各地所有支持者们昼夜不息的全力付出——倾尽所有、勇闯险境、忍耐一切，坚持到底，直至终极。
But all depends now upon the whole life strength of the British race in every part of the world and of all our associated peoples and of all our well wishers in every land doing their utmost night and day, giving all, daring all, enduring all, to the utmost, to the end.
当时是1940年，英国正与纳粹对峙。
So it's 1940, and the British are facing down the Nazis.
他试图激励他的朋友们，包括这个国家的友人，挺身而出帮助他抵御威胁。
And he's trying to inspire his friends, including his friends in this country, to step up and and help him stave off the threat.
这里我想指出，开头部分我们可以分析几种不同的修辞手法，但我特别想聚焦结尾处的尾语重复和首语重复技巧。
And I just wanna point out in this that at the in the beginning, there's some different techniques we could look at, but I really want to focus on the epistrophe and the anaphora at the end.
对吧？
Right?
因为真正萦绕在耳畔的是结尾部分——你可能对前半段印象不深了。
Because that's what sticks in the ears, how to fin I don't you probably don't remember very well with the first half of that.
但最后的收尾，极具戏剧张力。
But the last the the very ending, it's very dramatic.
就像足球解说员那样，对吧。
It's like the the the football announcers, as you might Right.
修辞手法总是出现在句子的后半部分。
The rhetoric's always in the second half of the sentence.
虽然在英语中不总是如此，但你给出的例子基本都是这样
Not always in the English language, but basically in all the examples that you've given
这里面有很多门道。
There's a lot to that.
确实存在一些相反的例子，那些渴望更多案例的人可以在书中找到。
The the there are some examples of the other way around, and and those who can't get enough of examples can can find them in the book.
不过...不过...但你说得对。
But but but this is but you're right.
这是个非常经典的模式。
It's a very classic pattern.
虽然不是唯一模式，但确实非常经典。
It's not the only one, but it's it's it's very classic.
所以倾尽所有，敢于一切，忍受一切，这种经典的重复三次手法，将尾语重复运用到了极致。
So giving all, daring all, enduring all, the classic repetition thrice of something in in using epistrophe to the utmost to the end.
看，他从尾语重复转向了首语重复。
See, he reverses from epistrophe to an afferent.
他从每句末尾的重复，转到了几轮句首的重复。
He goes from repeating at the end of each clause to a couple of rounds of repeating at the beginning.
效果非常棒，这就像在拉丁词和撒克逊词之间切换，从末尾重复转到开头重复。
It's a great effect, and it's just another exam it's like moving between Latinate and Saxon words, moving between repetition at the end to repetition at the beginning.
变化就在重复中产生。
Changing with repetition occurs.
这种对比真的让修辞手法活了起来。
That kind of contrast really brings the device to life.
这正是我想强调的重点。
That's really what I'm trying to emphasize.
英语中有很多原则，比如优先使用撒克逊词汇，但这些原则的力量真正发挥到极致，是在与对比结合使用时——优先使用撒克逊词，但要为它们做好铺垫。
There are a lot of principles in English like prefer Saxon words, but those the the power behind those principles is really at its best when it's combined with contrast, which is prefer Saxon words, but set them up.
在结尾重复，然后在开头重复。
Repeat at the end, but then repeat at the beginning.
对吧？
Right?
当然。
Sure.
因为这是混合的效果。
It's because it's the mix.
是低音部分。
It's the bass.
真正抓住耳朵的是和弦变化。
The chord change that really grabs the ear.
没错。
Yeah.
耳朵确实会被差异吸引，而这些是创造差异的优美方式。
The ear is really grabbed by difference, and these are different ways to beautifully create difference.
好的。
Alright.
这里有个更现代的例子。
Here's a more modern example.
你说了很多，林肯和，还有丘吉尔。
You're doing a lot of, Lincoln and and, Churchill.
那劳埃德·本森呢？
How about, Lloyd Benson?
所以他曾是...这个只是说着玩的，但他曾是德克萨斯州的参议员，并在1988年成为民主党副总统候选人。
So he was he was the, this is just for fun, but he was a senator from Texas, and he was on the Democratic ticket in 1988.
哦，那很棒。
Oh, that's great.
你知道的，副总统...他当时是副总统候选人，与总统候选人迈克尔·杜卡基斯搭档。
And the you know, vice he he was the vice presidential nominee with when Michael Dukakis was the presidential nominee.
副总统辩论总是很无聊，从来没人记得住。
And vice presidential debates are so boring, and nobody ever remembers them.
这大概是我能记住的副总统辩论中唯一值得回忆的事了。
This may be the only memorable thing I can remember from any vice presidential debate.
我们稍后还会再讨论这个。
We'll still talk about it later.
丹·奎尔是共和党候选人，可怜的丹·奎尔，因为他站起来时被劳埃德·本森彻底压制了。
Dan Quayle was the Republican candidate, and poor Dan Quayle, because he got up he got posterized by, Lloyd Benson.
但他之前一直在说，尽管有人批评他作为立法者的经验不足，不足以胜任这个职位，但他表示，自己当选时的经验和约翰·肯尼迪差不多。
But, he had been saying that although he'd been criticized for not having enough experience in as a legislator, to to be in this position, he said, well, I have about as much as John Kennedy did when he got elected.
于是劳埃德·本森接着说道
And so Lloyd Benson He goes says
参议员先生，我曾与杰克·肯尼迪共事。
Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy.
我认识杰克·肯尼迪。
I knew Jack Kennedy.
杰克·肯尼迪是我的朋友。
Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine.
参议员，你可不是杰克·肯尼迪。
Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy.
是啊。
Yeah.
于是整个议院都沸腾了，而现在这成了人们唯一记得的辩论片段，这可能表明——我是说，你把这和林肯与道格拉斯的辩论相比。
And so the House erupts, and, and now this end ends up being the only thing anybody remembers from the debate, which may which may show I mean, you compare this to the kinds of debates that Lincoln and Douglas had.
我宁愿回到林肯-道格拉斯的时代。
I'd rather be in Lincoln Douglas land.
但即便如此，你仍能从中看出一些修辞技巧，这基本上是一种尾语重复。
But still, you can see some rhetorical skill here, and it's basically an, epistrophe.
我是说，这是个令人难忘的侮辱。
I mean, this is a very memorable insult.
如果你想给出一个令人难忘的侮辱，那么古希腊的修辞手法在这方面会非常有用。
You wanna if you wanna give a memorable insult, well, ancient Greek rhetorical devices can be very useful in that way.
在这个例子中，它意味着连续以杰克·肯尼迪结尾。
In this case, it means ending successively with Jack Kennedy.
但这还不止如此。
But it's not even just that.
它比那还要巧妙一点。
It's a little better than that.
我曾与杰克·肯尼迪共事。
I served with Jack Kennedy.
我认识杰克·肯尼迪，然后他反转了这句话。
I knew Jack Kennedy, then he reverses it.
杰克·肯尼迪是我的朋友。
Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine.
对吧？
Right?
结束。
End.
结束。
End.
开始。
Beginning.
结束。
End.
这种方式比一味使用尾语重复要好得多。
It's much better that way than just having relentless epistrophe.
先重复，再缓解，然后回归重复，因为听众期待这种节奏。
Repistrophe, then relief, then back to it because the ear wants it.
它想要那种重复感回来。
It wants that repetition back.
对吧？
Right?
它已经习惯了这种感觉。
It got used to it here.
然后你从这里开始，现在又回到这里，这种重复创造了满足感，这就是为什么每个看过的人至今仍能记住它。
And then you started here, and now you return to it, and it creates that satisfaction, which is why everybody who ever saw that, they can still remember it.
不仅仅是因为它刺耳又带点滑稽。
It's not just because it was harsh and sort of funny.
而是因为它构建的方式确实能取悦耳朵。
It's because it was constructed in a way that really satisfies the ear.
感觉像说唱对决。
Feels like a rap battle.
是啊。
Yeah.
有点那种感觉。
A little bit like that.
没错。
Yeah.
发生在八十年代末的两位政客之间。
Between between the two late nineteen eighties politicians.
总之，我只是想展示这个例子更现代、更易懂一些。
Anyways, I just wanted to show that this example is a little more modern, a little more accessible.
本质上都是相同的修辞手法，只是目的不同。
It's all the same basic rhetorical tools used for different reasons.
也许是为了激励人心，也许是为了催人泪下，又或许是为了博君一笑。
Maybe to inspire people, maybe to move them to tears, maybe to make them laugh.
或者是为了打压别人。
Or knock somebody else down.
没错。
Yeah.
或者，或者说确实是为了让人难堪，从而影响他们的当选机会。
Or or or indeed, embarrass somebody and and and and make them hard to elect.
但你知道，这是双方都能玩的游戏。
But, you know, it's a game of which both sides can play.
不过无论如何，好吧。
But in any event, okay.
大卫，我觉得我们在历史上花的时间够多了，你觉得呢？
David, I think we spend enough time on up history, don't you?
我们继续吧。
Let's move on.
我们继续吧。
Let's move on.
我还有一个非常实用、非常有趣、非常有用的工具。
I've got another tool that's very practical, very interesting, very useful.
这个工具叫做交错法。
This one's known as the chiasmus.
我知道你们之前讨论过这个。
Now I know you've talked about this before.
经典的交错法。
The classic chiasmus.
对。
Yeah.
我知道你和其他嘉宾讨论过这个，但让我们看看能否说些对听众有用且你尚未涉及的内容。
I know you've talked about this before with, other guests, but let's see if we could say something, about it that that that that might be useful and that you haven't yet covered.
不要问你的国家能为你做什么
Ask not what your country can do for you.
而要问你能为你的国家做什么
Ask what you can do for your country.
英语中最著名的交错法例子可能来自肯尼迪1961年的就职演说
The most famous example of chiasmus probably in English is from Kennedy's inaugural speech in 1961.
对我来说问题在于，人们很容易欣赏一个交错法修辞并说：这难道不美吗？
The issue to me is it's easy to admire a chiasmus and say, well, isn't that pretty?
非常令人难忘
Very memorable.
但你要如何创作一个呢？
But how do you make one?
我是说，你怎么知道什么时候该用这个修辞？
I mean, because how do you know when it's time to make one?
我的意思是，你不能随便什么内容都用这个修辞
Mean, you can't make one out of anything.
并不是你说的每句话都适用。
It's not like everything you say.
如果我说，大卫，你接下来五分钟能不能用交错修辞法和我对话？
If I said, David, why don't you talk to me in chiasmus for the next five minutes?
这是行不通的。
It's not gonna work.
没错。
Right.
只有特定类型的情感或你想表达的内容才适合这种修辞技巧。
Only certain kinds of sentiments or or things you'd wanna say lend themselves to this rhetorical trick.
这个技巧是什么？
What is the trick?
就是反转。
It's reversal.
基本上可以把它想象成一种a b b a的结构。
It's it's basically an think of it as an a b b a structure.
所以外部是a元素，内部是b元素。
So you've got a elements on the outside and b on the inside.
因此不是国家能为你做什么，而是你能为国家做什么。
So it's gonna be not what your country can do for you, what you can do for your country.
所以a部分就是外部的国家。
So the a part would be country that's on the outside.
交错修辞的内部则是你。
The inside of the chiasmus would be you.
对吧？
Right?
这些就是b元素。
These are the b elements.
是的。
Yeah.
所以结构就是国家、你、你、国家。
So it's country, you, you, country.
A b b a。
A b b a.
好的。
Okay.
这就是交错配列的基本结构。
That's the basic structure of a chiasmus.
当你想要表达某些内容时，哪些线索会让你想到可以用交错配列的形式来组织语言？
What kinds of things that you might ever wanna say would be clues to you that, you know, maybe I could frame this as a chiasmus.
但在某些场合下，比如这个例子，当你试图告诉某人他们把顺序搞反了时，就适合用这种结构。
But there are certain occasions, this shows one of them, which is you're try if you're trying to tell somebody, you've got it backwards.
对。
Right.
你搞错重点了。
You got the wrong end of the stick.
没错。
Right.
你搞反了。
It's the other way around.
每当你产生这些想法时，就可以思考：这是交错修辞法可能生长的修辞土壤。
Anytime you're thinking those thoughts, you can think, this is the kind of rhetorical soil in which a chiasmus might grow.
所以你可以思考：如何通过'你说事情已结束，但实际上才刚开始'这样的框架，来表达他们本末倒置的情况？
So you can think, how can I express how they have it backwards by framing the elements in terms of, you say it's done, but it's actually done?
你可以尝试用这种方式表达。
You can try it that way.
也可以尝试其他修辞方法。
And can try other rhetorical methods.
很多这类交错修辞都可以用尾语重复的方式重新表述——如果你想换种说法的话。
A lot of these chiasmus could be expressed as a with epistrophe if you want to rephrase them.
但我想说的是，这是个线索。
But I'm just saying that's a clue.
我认为当你试图掌握修辞手法时，了解不同场景的应用非常有帮助——比如针对不同表达需求时的适用技巧。
I think when you're trying to get the hang of using rhetorical devices, it's very helpful to learn about the different occasions, like, for for different kinds of things you might wanna say.
这些修辞手法往往天然适合这类模式，你就能嗅出端倪。
They tend to lend themselves to these kinds of of patterns, and then you can smell it.
你可以说，哦，明白了。
You can say, oh, okay.
我懂了。
I get it.
我想表达的是这类意思。
I'm trying to say this kind of thing.
这类场景就适合用这个手法。
That's the kind of thing you can use this for.
如果脑海里没有这些模式范式，虽然容易欣赏这些修辞技巧，却难以把握何时或如何运用它们。
If you don't have any of those patterns in mind, easy to admire these devices, but it's hard to figure out when to or how to ever put them to work.
一旦理解了什么样的内容适合这种手法，运用起来就轻松多了。
Once you have a sense of what the right kind of thing is that lends itself to this, much easier.
所以这个案例的启示是：当我想表达对立概念时。
So with that one, the lesson is I'm trying to communicate opposites.
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