英语问题与听众评论 🙋零碎杂谈 4 [951]

您正在收听卢克的英语播客。更多信息请访问teacherluke.co.uk。听众朋友们大家好，欢迎回到卢克的英语播客，这是一档面向全球英语学习者的节目。我制作这些节目的目的是帮助你们定期接收大量英语输入，这次是以听力形式呈现。我认为，大量听力练习对于培养全面的英语能力至关重要，这包括熟悉口语表达和实际使用的英语。

You're listening to Luke's English podcast. For more information, visit teacherluke.co.uk. Hello, listeners, and welcome back to Luke's English podcast, a podcast for learners of English around the world. My aim with these episodes is to help you get plenty of English input into your life on a regular basis, in the form of listening in this case. Doing plenty of listening, I think, is vital to help you develop the proper broad range of English skills, which incorporates your familiarity with the spoken word, English as it is spoken.

今天这期节目名为《英语问题与听众评论：零碎话题第四辑》。在这期节目中，我将继续去年开始的零碎话题系列。还记得《零碎话题》第一、二、三辑吗？你们当然记得。怎么可能忘记呢？

So this episode today is called questions of English and listener comments, bits and bobs part four. And in this episode, I'm gonna continue the bits and bobs series, which I started last year. Do you remember Bits and Bobs parts one, two, three? Of course you do. How could you forget?

正如我所说，这期节目叫做《英语问题与听众评论》。为什么用'零碎话题'这个标题呢？'零碎话题'究竟是什么意思？这个标题的用意在于，节目将包含各种不同的问题、语言点和主题。所以这是个零碎话题的合集。明白了吗？

So this one, as I said, is called questions of English and listener comments. The idea behind the Bits and Bobs title for what does Bits and Bobs actually mean? Well, the idea behind this title is that the episode is gonna is gonna include a variety of different questions, language points, and topics. So it's a collection of bits and bobs. Okay?

本期内容包括：一些语法知识——特别是如何区分had和would的缩写形式，因为你们肯定注意到这两个词在书面英语中都会缩写成'd。在口语中，当我们快速发音时也会产生连读，有时会难以区分。这可能比想象中更复杂，我们会讨论这个问题。此外还有些词汇知识。

This one is going to include things like this. So a bit of grammar, specifically how to identify the difference between had and would when they are contracted because I'm sure you've noticed both of those words are contracted to an apostrophe d in written English. Also, in spoken English, when we say them quickly, they get contracted in pronunciation, and they can be indistinguishable sometimes. And that can be more complex than you might think, so we'll deal with that. Also, some vocabulary.

我将讲述'podcast'这个词的奇特起源。还会给大家上一堂关于'cast'的迷你词汇课，包括各种搭配和由这个词素构成的单词。如果你们不知道什么是词素，以为是什么外星生物——这个词确实听起来像科幻片里的东西——我会在适当时候解释。我还会分享一些听众数据和一个特色国家，带大家深入了解收听本播客的遥远国度，重点聚焦某个可能是你们居住的地方。

I'm gonna talk about the curious origins of the word podcast. And, also, I'll give you a mini vocabulary lesson about the word cast with various collocations and also words formed with this morpheme. And if you don't know what a morpheme is, if you think it's like some sort of alien, it does sound a bit like an alien or something from a science fiction film. If you don't know what a morpheme is, I will explain in due course. I'll talk about some audience data and a featured country, so that means some more insights into the far flung countries where people listen to this podcast, including a focus on one particular place where you might live.

关于口音。我们会讨论不同地区口音。原因是常有听众评论说我的标准英音（RP）很清晰，但我认为你们也需要熟悉英语中各种各样的口音，不仅是标准英音或美式通用英语，还要全面了解英语世界中存在的各种口音。我之前做过很多关于口音的节目，你们可能会感兴趣，具体是哪些呢？我会告诉你们。

Accents. There'll be some stuff about different regional accents. The reason for this is that on this podcast, people often comment on how clear my RP British accent is, but I believe you also need to be familiar with the wide variety of different accents we have in English, not just standard British RP or general American in American English, but you need to be fully familiar with the wide variety of different accents that exist in the world of spoken English. I've done lots of episodes about accents in the past, which you might wanna listen to, but which ones are they? I'll tell you.

关于跟读法。我们会讨论这种语言学习技巧，并给大家机会在本期节目中实践。这意味着你们可以练习句子重音、停顿和语调，素材来自我最喜欢的喜剧电影中的一段搞笑台词。除此之外，作为对听众评论的回应，我还会分享更多关于为人父的感悟——那些关于抚养小孩的感人温馨时刻，而不仅仅是火车上的噩梦经历和在餐厅处理孩子发脾气的故事。

Shadowing. There'll be some comments about the language learning technique of shadowing and an opportunity to do it yourself with this episode. So that means a chance to practice some sentence stress, pausing, and intonation with a funny speech from one of my favorite comedy films. As well as all of that, there'll be some further reflections on fatherhood In response to a comment from a listener, I'm going to share some, moving and heartwarming thoughts about what it means, or what it's what it's like to bring up small children. And it's not all nightmare train journeys and dealing with tantrums in restaurants.

所有这些内容都来自听众的各种评论，我会在朗读时适当纠正其中的错误。让我先把窗户关上，以防外面的人在我楼前做些奇怪的事产生太多背景噪音。不知道他们在干什么。你好。抱歉。

And, you know, all of this comes via various comments from listeners, and I'll correct a few of their errors while I read them out if that is necessary. Let me close the window here just in case there is too much background noise with people doing weird things outside in front of my building here. I don't know what they're doing. Hello. Sorry.

请允许我打断一下。这里是来自未来的卢克插播。这是大约一小时十五分钟后的我。我刚录完这期节目，现在插话是想说明：实际上我决定把这期内容分成几部分。所以关于听众数据、口音、跟读法和为人父的那些内容，将会出现在本系列下一辑《零碎话题第五辑》中。

Let me just interrupt myself. This is Luke from the future just interrupting here. This is me from about an hour and fifteen minutes into the future. I've just finished recording this episode, and I'm adding this little interruption just to say, actually, I decided that I would divide this episode into several parts. And so those other bits, the bits about the audience data, accents, shadowing, and fatherhood, those are actually gonna come up in the next part of this series, Bits and Bobs five.

因此本期节目主要聚焦语法和词汇。语法、词汇加上一些闲聊——这就是你们将要听到的内容。现在先澄清一下，如果我能顺利说完这些话的话。让我们继续吧。

So in this one, I will be focusing on grammar and vocabulary mostly. So grammar and vocab and a bit of rambling. That's what you're gonna get in this one. Just wanted to clarify that now, if I can actually speak my own language. Now let's continue.

我们开始吧。总之，这只是对本期播客内容的一个概述。有一份播客PDF文件，你可以在描述中找到链接。PDF上有我在这里读的完整节目笔记，末尾还有详细的词汇表。这对所有认真学习英语的听众应该会非常有帮助。

Here we go. So, anyway, that's just an overview of what's coming up on the podcast in this episode. There is an episode PDF, and you'll find a link in the description. On the PDF, you will find the full episode notes that I'm reading from here and also a detailed vocabulary list at the end. And that should be very helpful for all you dedicated learners of English out there.

你可以用它来核对听到的内容，或收集新单词和短语。当然，我们都知道，我认为最大限度提升英语水平的最佳方式就是要全情投入，通过多种途径下功夫，有意识地扩展词汇量，培养运用不同语法形式的能力等等。要知道你能做的事情很多，PDF可以帮到你。但最基本的是，放松心情享受这期播客就好。

You can use it to check what you've heard or to gather new words and phrases. And, of course, as we all know, I think the best ways to really push your English as much as possible is to be sort of dedicated, to apply yourself to it in a variety of ways, to be consciously focused on expanding your vocabulary, developing your ability to use different grammar forms and all that stuff. Know, there's a lot of things you can be doing. You could use the PDF to help you. But basically, at a at a minimum, just relax and enjoy listening to another episode of the podcast.

如果你想获取PDF，描述中有链接。这次我不会向你要——不会向你要什么，你的邮箱地址之类的。不用。这次不用。对了，我需要给自己设个提醒。

But you'll find a link in the description if you wanna get the PDF. And I'm not asking you for your I'm not asking you for your, what, for your email address or anything like that. No. Not this time. So, yes, I need to just set a reminder for myself.

Siri，三十分钟计时。这是为了确保我三十分钟后喝水。Siri已经睡着了。Siri已经变成戴耳机的骷髅了。已手动启动三十分钟计时器。

Siri, thirty minute timer. That is to make sure that I drink water in thirty minutes. Siri is asleep already. Siri has already become a skeleton with headphones on. Thirty minute timer has been started manually.

那么我们就开始吧，来讲这个语法点。当你看到撇号加d的缩写时，什么时候是would的缩写，什么时候是had的缩写？这个问题来自Nancy-dp4o4n的留言——这让Nancy听起来像个机器人。总之Nancy说：卢克你好，我有个问题。

So let's let's get started then, shall we, with this grammar point. When the apostrophe d that you might read, when is this wood and when is it had? And this is from a comment written by Nancy dash d p four o n, which makes Nancy sound like a robot. Anyway, this is from Nancy who said, hello, Luke. I have a question.

当我看到'I'd read'或'I'd read'时，如何识别后面的d是would还是had？这是个好问题。这是YouTube上Nancy提出的关于如何区分撇号d代表would还是had的问题。我相信各位听众，任何专注学习英语的人，任何阅读过英语的人，甚至刚接触英语的人，肯定都注意到过并产生过同样的疑问。

How can I recognize the letter d after I'd read or I'd read? How do I know if it's would or had? Right. So this is a question from Nancy on YouTube about knowing whether apostrophe d is a contracted form of would or had. And I'm sure listeners, anyone who's focused themselves on learning English, anyone who's read English, anyone who just started looking at English at any point, you must have noticed this and asked yourself the same question.

你们觉得呢？会怎么回答Nancy？怎么判断这个撇号d是would还是had？可能答案很简单——

So what do you think? How would you answer Nancy? How do you know if it's apostrophe if that apostrophe d? How do you know if it's would or had? And it might be pretty simple.

只需要看语法上下文。但有些情况下会比较难判断，比如read这个词。如果你看到书面形式的I'd read，到底是read还是read？这就增加了难度。那我们就来深入探讨这个问题。

You just look at the grammatical context. But there are some cases when it might be more difficult. Like, for example, with the word read, and if you see that in written form, I apostrophe d, and then the word read, or is it read? That might make it more difficult. So let's get into this then.

这其实涉及多个方面：理解语境中的语言、语法，还有发音。我们从情境开始：假设你正在阅读一段文字，看到这个短语——

So this actually involves a few things. Understanding language in context, grammar, but also pronunciation. So there's a variety of things. Let's start with the situation. Let's say that you're reading a text and you see this phrase.

这个短语写着：可能是'I'd read that book'，也可能是'I'd read that book'。但当你看到书面形式时，因为听不到发音，所以不知道是read还是read。如果听到的话，通过发音可能就很容易区分了。所以要么是I'd read that book，要么是I'd read that book。

And the phrase says, either it says, I'd read that book or it says, I'd read that book. But of course, when you're reading it written down, you can't hear it, so you don't know if it's read or read. Right? Now if you heard it, it might be fairly obvious because of the pronunciation, I suppose. So it would be either I'd read that book or I'd read that book.

对吧？我会读那本书的意思是我想读那本书。听起来不错。我会读的。或者说我会读那本书。

Right? I'd read that book would be I would read that book. It sounds good. I would read that. Or I'd read that book.

比如，我没借那本是因为我已经读过了。那应该是‘我读过那本书’。所以听到时会很明显，因为你能听出语法。如果是‘had’，后面就要用‘read’的过去分词形式，即‘read, read, read’。明白吗？

Like, I didn't borrow that one because I'd read it already. That would be I had read that book. So hearing it would make it obvious because you would hear the grammar. Because if it's had, then you're gonna be using the past participle of read, and it's read, read, read. Okay?

所以如果是‘I'd read’，你就知道是‘had’，因为‘had’后面当然跟着过去分词。这样听的时候会更容易分辨，除非遇到这样的句子：‘I'd cut the pizza’。‘I'd cut the pizza’。这是‘我会切披萨’还是‘我切过披萨’？‘I'd cut the pizza’。

So if it's I'd read, then you would know it was had because had is followed by the past participle, of course. So that would make it easier being able to hear it unless, of course, it was this line, I'd cut the pizza. I'd cut the pizza. Is that I would cut the pizza or I had cut the pizza? I'd cut the pizza.

嗯，两种都有可能，不是吗？那怎么区分这个‘d’是‘would’还是‘had’？回到‘read’或‘read’的例子，如果是书面形式，你怎么判断？因为‘read’有好几种发音。所以上下文显然非常重要，再加上语法线索和发音，应该能告诉你需要知道的一切。

Well, it could be either, couldn't it? So how would you know if the d is would or had? And going back to the one with the word read or read, if you saw it written down, how would you know? Because read can be pronounced several ways. So context is obviously really important, and that as well as grammatical clues and pronunciation should tell you everything you need to know.

但有时候搞清楚这个比你想象的要复杂，特别是有些动词的不同形式拼写甚至发音都一样，比如‘read, read, read’，这在书面形式上会造成困难。不管怎样，我们好好梳理一下。可能不是可能，是肯定。我们一定要好好梳理这个问题，从主要问题开始：怎么知道‘d’是‘had’还是‘would’？

But sometimes working this out is more tricky than you think when you consider that some verbs have the same spelling or even pronunciation across their different forms, like the case with read read read, which can make it difficult in written form. Anyway, let's go through this properly prop properly. And probably not probably. Definitely. Let's definitely go through this properly, starting with the main issue, which is how do you know when d is had or would?

这是英语学习者常问的问题，也是经常让人困惑的地方。我在课堂上就注意到学生有这个问题。每次读到带‘d’的内容时，我都会问：这是‘had’还是‘would’？怎么判断？我总是鼓励他们注意这一点。

So this is a really common question among learners of English and something that catches people out all the time. I noticed this among my students in class. And whenever we're reading something with an apostrophe d, I always ask, so is this had or would? How do you know? I'm always trying to encourage them to be aware of this.

当然，‘would’和‘had’都可以缩写成‘d’。为了演示，我们来做个小测验。如果你在看PDF，会看到两个句子，它们都有‘d’缩写的助动词形式，要么是情态助动词‘would’，要么是普通助动词‘had’。如果你在读，看看它们然后告诉我你的想法。对。

Now of course, both would and had get contracted to apostrophe d. So to demonstrate let's do a quick quiz. Now if you are looking at the PDF you will see two sentences they both have apostrophe d contracted forms of an auxiliary verb of some kind, either the modal auxiliary verb 'would' or the standard auxiliary verb 'had'. So if you're reading it, have a look at them and tell me what you think. Yeah.

会很明显。我现在读出来：‘I'd never eat chicken’。‘I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all of’——我连话都说不利索了。什么，卢克？

It'll be pretty obvious. Let me read them out now. So I'd never eat chicken. I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all of I can't speak my language. What, Luke?

‘I'd never I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night’。还有‘I'd never eaten chicken before because I was raised by my parents to be a vegetarian’。好，第一个句子：‘I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night’，应该是‘would’。

I'd never I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night. And I'd never eaten chicken before because I was raised by my parents to be a vegetarian. Okay. So the first one, I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night. That should be would.

‘I would never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night’。你疯了吗？因为会食物中毒。对吧？另一个句子是‘I'd never eaten chicken before’。

I would never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night. Are you mad? Because of food poisoning. Right? And the other one is I'd never eaten chicken before.

那是had。我从未吃过鸡肉。显然是过去完成时。关键线索在于eaten。所以区分would或had的方法是通过上下文和整体含义、语法，即跟随这个撇号d的词语，以及其他周围的语法线索。

That's had. I had never eaten chicken. Clearly, past perfect. The dead giveaway being eaten. So the way to identify whether would or had is being used is through the context and general meaning, the grammar, so words which follow this apostrophe d, as well as other surrounding grammar clues.

比如，有eat或eaten，had eaten，还有一些发音线索。我们先从整体含义开始。基本上，表达的是什么？如果是与时间相关的内容，那可能是had，因为可能是过去完成时。如果是关于可能性、愿望或习惯的内容，那可能是would。

Like, for example, there is eat or eaten, had eaten, and some pronunciation clues. So let's start with general meaning. Basically, what is being expressed? If it's something related to time, then it's probably had because it's probably past perfect. If it's something related to possibilities, desires, or habits, it's probably would.

为了明确这一点，比如可能性：如果天气好，我们会去野餐。这是关于可能性的。关于愿望，即你想做什么。我绝不会吃过夜后放在外面的熟鸡肉，意思是我不想这么做。对吧？

So to be clear about that, possibilities, for example, if the weather was good, we'd go for a picnic. That's about possibilities. About desires, meaning what you want to do. I would never eat cooked chicken that's been left out overnight, meaning I would never want to do it. Right?

或者习惯。我小时候，我们总是在周六早上去游泳池。所以这是关于过去习惯的。如果是这些概念而不是时间，那可能是would。我绝不会吃过夜后放在冰箱外的鸡肉。

Or habits. When I was a kid, we would always we'd always go to the swimming pool on Saturday mornings. So that's about past habits. So if it's one of those ideas rather than time, then it's probably would. I'd never eat chicken that's been left out of the fridge all night.

这是关于愿望或你想做什么，所以是would。我从未吃过鸡肉，等等。这是关于时间的。从未之前，所以是had。是过去完成时。

This is about desires or what you would want to do, so it's would. I'd never eaten chicken before, blah blah blah. This is about time. It's never before, so it's it's had. It's past perfect.

当你查看短语周围的上下文整体含义时，这相当明显。所以，通常这不是问题，我想。你们中的一些人可能会想，是的，Luke。当然。这看起来太明显了。

Now this is pretty obvious when you look at the general meaning of the context around the phrase. So, usually, it's not a problem, I suppose. And some of you are thinking, yes, Luke. Of course. This seems to be so obvious.

但当你处理脱离上下文的语言时，比如语法练习或语言测试，或者只是简短的电子邮件或短信，其中没有那么多上下文时，事情就变得有点棘手了。这时你需要关注语法。在语法方面，had作为过去完成时的助动词，后面跟着过去分词。不仅仅是过去完成时，也可能是第三条件句。你知道，如果你早点告诉我，我本可以准时到的。对吧？

But things become a little bit trickier when you're dealing with language out of context, such as in grammar exercises or language tests or perhaps just short emails or texts in which there isn't that much context, then you need to pay attention to the grammar. So in terms of grammar, of course, had as an auxiliary verb in past perfect is followed by a past participle. Not just past perfect, it could be in third conditionals. You know, if you had told me earlier I would have been on time. Right?

技术上那不是过去完成时。那是第三条件句。但通常是过去完成时。我以前从未去过纽约。我从未去过纽约。

That's not past perfect technically. That is a third conditional. But typically past perfect. I had never been to New York before. I'd never been to New York before.

所以它后面跟着过去分词。这里的been当然是be的过去分词，有时也用作go的过去分词，这是另一个话题。比如这样，我从未去过纽约，实际上等同于说我从未去过纽约。意思上略有不同，但总之，你去过纽约吗？

So it's followed by a past participle. Been in this case, of course, being the past participle of of be, sometimes used as the past participle of go, which is another story for another time. Like this, I'd never been to New York, which is actually equivalent to saying I never went to New York. I mean, slightly different in terms of meaning, but anyway, you go to New York. Have you ever been to New York?

你有没有去过纽约……不管怎样，been有时是go的过去分词，正如你从那个例子中看到的。总之，是been。它是过去分词。因此，是had。这就是你的重要语法线索。

Have you ever gone to New anyway, been is sometimes the past participle of go, as you can see from that example. Anyway, it's been. It's a past participle. Therefore, it's had. So there's your big grammar clue.

再举一例，我们过去度假总是去法国。我们总是去那里。'Gone'显然是过去分词，所以这里是'had'。而'would'后面接的是不带to的不定式。我绝不会吃过夜的鸡肉。

Another one, we'd always gone to France for our holidays. We had always gone. Gone is a is clearly a past participle, and so this is had. Whereas would is followed by a bare infinitive. I would never eat chicken that's been left out overnight.

你疯了吗？你想吃点鸡肉吗？这鸡肉已经放了一整夜。别开玩笑了。我绝不会吃过夜的鸡肉。

Are you mad? Would you like some chicken? It's been left out overnight. Don't be don't be ridiculous. I would never eat chicken that's been left out overnight.

所以这里，'would'后面接的是不带to的不定式。这就是动词原形，但没有to。'我绝不会吃鸡肉'。明白吗？在大多数情况下，结合上下文这就足以判断是哪个词了。

So here, would is followed by a bare infinitive. This is just the bare infinitive base form of the verb, but without to. I would never eat chicken. Right. So in most cases, this along with the general context is enough to show you which word it is.

对吧？现在再来个小测验。是'would'还是'had'？这里有多少个缩写的'would'或'had'？我来读一小段。

Right? Now here's another quiz. Is it would or is it had? How many contracted woulds or hads are there here? So I'm gonna just read you a little bit.

我要你们告诉我数量。有三个缩写词只用一个d音或'd表示。其中有多少是'would'？多少是'had'？好了。

I want you to tell me how many. There are three contracted words with just, you know, represented by a d sound or an apostrophe d. How many of them are would? How many of them are had? Alright.

开始了。《战争与和平》。对，就是那本书。'如果我有时间，我会读那本书。'

Here we go. War and Peace. Yes. The book. If I had time, I'd read that book.

'如果我有时间，我肯定会读它。我问过我妻子，但她说她从未读过。'老实说前两句基本是重复的。他们会说两遍。但无论如何，'如果我有时间，我会读那本书。'

I'd definitely read it if I had time. I asked my wife about it, but she said she'd never read it. To be honest, the first two are kind of like repetition of the same thing. They'll just say it twice. But, anyway, if I had time, I'd read that book.

所以这里就是'would'。对吧？我的意思是，从上下文很明显，'re would read'。对吧？'I'd read'。

So that is would. Right? And it's I mean, it's obvious from the context, but re would read. Right? I'd read.

这是动词原形。从我的发音能听出来。这个练习在听力中比阅读更容易理解。'如果我有时间，我肯定会读它。'这基本上又是同样的结构。

That's the base form of the verb. You can hear it in my pronunciation. Easier in listening, this exercise, than in reading. I'd definitely read it if I had time. That's basically the same thing again.

'我问过我妻子，但她说她从未读过。'所以这是过去完成时。'She had never read it'。所以两个'would'和一个'had'。明白了吗？

I asked my wife about it, but she said she'd never read it. So that is that's past perfect. She had never read it. So two woulds and one had. Okay.

接下来这个例子如何？我们试试这个关于电影的话题。有多少是'had'或'would'的用法？昨晚我和妻子想看电影，却迟迟决定不了看什么。

What about this next one? Let's try try it with this, which is about films. How many are there, and are they had or would? So films. My wife and I wanted to watch a film last night, but we just couldn't decide what to watch.

她想看《角斗士》，但我已经看过无数遍了。她说从没看过《辛德勒的名单》，可我当时没那个心情。我们本来都想看新出的披头士纪录片，结果想起我取消了Disney+订阅。后来我说随她选，我们就挑了网飞最新的《王冠》系列。可等我架好投影仪时，她已经睡着了。

She wanted to watch Gladiator, but I'd seen it loads of times before. She said she'd never seen Schindler's List, but I wasn't in the mood. We both wanted to watch the new Beatles documentary, but then I remembered that I'd canceled my Disney plus subscription. Then, I said I'd watch anything she wanted to watch, so we chose the latest series of The Crown on Netflix. But by the time I'd got the projector set up, she'd fallen asleep.

趁她睡着时我看了，觉得挺不错。我肯定会推荐。好，这个案例中听力可能更难，因为那些缩读词很难捕捉——你基本上要努力听出那个轻微的'd'音。

I watched it while she was sleeping, and I thought it was good. I'd recommend it for sure. Okay. So this is a case where listening is actually probably harder because it can be difficult to spot those up those contracted words. It you're basically trying to hear a little d sound.

但你们知道英语口语里，这些助动词常被压缩粘连，特别是d/t音——它们 notorious（臭名昭著）地会与后续辅音连读。当它们出现在词尾时，往往会与下个词首的辅音结合，几乎消失。现在公布答案：昨晚我和妻子想看电影，却迟迟决定不了看什么。

But as you know from spoken English, these little auxiliary verbs get squashed and they get connected to other words, especially d sounds. D and t sounds are notorious for kinda joining up with other consonant sounds. When you find them at the ends of words like this, they do tend to join up with consonant sounds at the beginning of following words, and they sort of just disappear. So here are the answers. So my wife and I wanted to watch a film last night, but we just couldn't decide what to watch.

她想看《角斗士》，但我had看过无数遍了（I'd seen it loads of times）。现在听的话很难捕捉到had——I'd seen, I'd seen it，对吧？

She wanted to watch Gladiator, but I had seen it loads of times before. So I'd seen it loads of times before. Right now if you're listening it's difficult to hear that had. I'd seen I'd seen it. Yeah.

我们不会总说'I'd seen it'，d音和下一个词之间不一定有间隔。I'd seen it——这个发音问题我待会儿会详细讲。

We don't always say I'd seen it. You don't always get a gap between the d and the next word. I'd seen it. I'll go into that in a bit. I've got some stuff about the pronunciation of it in a minute.

总之这里有个had（她had从没看过《辛德勒的名单》）。后面'I'd cancelled my Disney plus subscription'（我had取消了订阅）这里稍容易听些，因为'I'd cancelled'的d音更明显...其实也不一定。

But anyway, there was one. I had seen it. Seesaw scene of course she said she'd never seen Schindler's List okay there's the same thing again she had never seen Schindler's List but I wasn't in the mood we both wanted to watch the new Beatles documentary but then I remembered that I'd cancelled my Disney plus subscription. I had cancelled my Disney plus subscription. It's a little bit harder, a little bit easier to hear there because the in I'd cancelled I'd cancelled no.

不，说实话'I'd cancelled...I'd...I'd can...'（听不清）

No. I don't know actually. I'd cancelled. There it is. I'd I'd can yeah.

很难注意到对吧？稍后我会带你们练习分辨'I cancelled'（一般过去时）和'I'd cancelled'（过去完成时）——前者就是简单的'I cancelled'，后者是'I had cancelled'。

It's really hard to notice, isn't it? I'll give you some practice in a minute of hearing the difference between I'd cancelled and I cancelled. I cancelled, that is just I cancelled. And I cancelled, that's I had cancelled. Well, I'll give you some practice with that.

要辨别一般过去时'I cancelled'和过去完成时'I'd cancelled'，我们马上练习。对了，还有个would的用法：'I said I'd watch anything'（我说我会看任何她想看的）。

Noticing when it's past simple, I cancelled, and past perfect, I cancelled. We'll practice that in a moment. Anyway, there was another had. I said I would watch anything. I said I'd watch anything.

我会看。我说过我会看任何东西。那是would，对吧？因为是watch。I would watch是动词的原形。

I'd watch. I said I'd watch anything. That's would, isn't it? Because it's watch. I would watch is the base form of the verb.

我说过我会看任何东西。这也关乎欲望和你想做的事。她想看任何她想看的内容，所以我们选了Netflix上最新的《王冠》系列。但等到我把投影仪设置好时，等到我把投影仪设置好时。从意思上看，这显然是had，因为是by the time。

I said I'd watch anything. It's also about desires and what you wanna do. She wants, anything she wanted to watch, so we chose the latest series of The Crown on Netflix. But by the time I'd got the projector set up, by the time I'd got the projector set up. In terms of meaning, this is obviously had because it's by the time.

所以我们处理的是时间。又是过去完成时。By the time, I'd got。你可能听出来了，但也是got。Get, got, got在英式英语中。

So we're dealing with time. It's past perfect again. By the time, I'd got. You might be able to hear it, but it's got as well. Got get, got, got in British English.

Get, got, gotten在美式英语中。为什么他们说gotten？我是说，我真的不知道。这完全完全没必要。我不介意。

Get, got, gotten in American English. Why they say gotten? I mean, I don't know really. It's completely completely unnecessary. I don't mind.

我只是在开玩笑。等到我把投影仪设置好时，她已经睡着了。她已经睡着了。Fallen。Fall fell。

I'm just being silly. By the time I'd got the projector set up, she'd fallen asleep. She'd fallen asleep. Fallen. Fall fell.

Fallen。对吧？She had fallen。就是这样。又一个had。

Fallen. Right? She had fallen. There you go. There's another had.

她睡着时我看了，我觉得不错。我肯定会推荐。I would recommend it for sure。所以这是关于可能性、欲望、意图。我会推荐它。

I watched it while she was sleeping, and I thought it was good. I'd recommend it for sure. I would recommend it for sure. So that's about possibilities, desires, intentions. I would recommend it.

I'd recommend it。好的。我们继续。正如我们所见，不规则动词会让事情变得困难。它们会让这变得困难。

I'd recommend it. Right. So let's continue. Irregular verbs, as we've seen, can make things difficult. They can make this difficult.

有时识别单词会更困难，当主要动词的原形和过去分词形式相同，比如单词set，因为当然是set, set, set。你可能知道英语中有几个这样的词，主要动词、过去式和过去分词形式都一样。语言仍然运作良好。我是说，这确实让你有点难以分辨别人是在说would还是had，尽管整体意思肯定有帮助。而且我觉得母语者从来不会混淆这个，顺便说一句。

Sometimes identifying the word is made more difficult when the main verb has the same infinitive and past participle forms like the word set, for example, because, of course, it's set, set, set. And then you probably know there are a few words in English like this where the main verb and the past form and the past participle form are all the same. And the language still functions well. I mean, does make it a little bit difficult for you to identify when someone is saying would or had, although the general meaning definitely helps. And I think native speakers never get confused with this, by the way.

你会有点想，对于这些每次形式都一样的动词，你会有点想这确实让我...确实让你好奇为什么不是所有动词都这样。为什么我们不干脆让所有动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都一样？如果对这些词有效，为什么不简化一切？当然语言不是这样运作的。总之，这确实让你感到困难，因为当原形、不定式和过去分词形式相同时，比如set这个词，你就无法辨别语法。

And you kinda think, with these verbs where it's the same form each time, you kinda think that does make me that does make you you wonder why all verbs don't do that. Why don't we just have the same form for the part for the infinitive past and past participle for all verbs? If it works for these ones, why not just simplify everything? That's not how language works, of course. Anyway, it does make it difficult for you because you can't spot the grammar when the base form, the infinitive form, and the past participle form are the same, like with the word set.

比如，我说我会把闹钟设在早上7点，但我忘记设了。我说我会把闹钟设在早上7点。那是‘会设’。我说我会把闹钟设在早上7点，但我其实想设9点。那是‘已经设了’。

For example, I said I'd set my alarm for 7AM, but then I forgot to do it. I said I would set my alarm for 7AM. That's would set. I said I'd set my alarm for 7AM, but I meant 9AM. That's had.

我说我已经设了闹钟。好的。所以‘设’这个词形式总是不变的。这有点让人困惑，对吧？再次强调，更大的语境在这些情况下会有帮助。

I said I had set my alarm. Okay. So set, set, set is always the same. So this is a bit confusing, isn't it? Again, the larger context would help in those situations.

再举个例子，给你更多背景信息。我说我会把闹钟设在早上7点，但我忘记设了。每次我食言时她总是很生气。所以这是‘会设’。我会把闹钟设在早上7点。

For example, giving you a bit more context. I said I'd set my alarm for 7AM, but then I forgot to do it. She's always so annoyed when I don't do what I promise to do. So that's would. I will set my alarm for 7AM.

别担心。我说过我会把闹钟设在7点。你看，上下文表明这里用的是‘会设’。而这个例子中，她早上有个重要会议。我们睡前我就设好了闹钟。

Don't worry. I said I would set my alarm for seven. So, you know, the context shows it's would there. And this one, she had an important meeting in the morning. I set the alarm clock before we went to bed.

但她还是迟到了，因为我的闹钟没及时响。我说我会把闹钟设在早上7点，但我其实想设9点。哇，卢克，这故事真精彩。新的《碟中谍》电影应该以这个情节为蓝本。

But then she was late because my alarm didn't go off early enough. I said I'd set my alarm for 7AM, but I meant 9AM. Wow. What a fascinating story, Luke. They should make of the the new Mission Impossible film should be based around this situation.

特写镜头：某人正在设闹钟，但时间设错了。我说我会把闹钟设在7点，但我其实想设9点。我说我已经设了，表明设闹钟的动作发生在对话之前。嗯，好的。

A close-up shot of someone setting an alarm, but it's the wrong time. I said I'd set my alarm for seven, but I meant nine. I said I had set it showing that set the setting of the alarm happened before we had the conversation. Yeah. Okay.

所以关键在于，细节越多、语境越丰富越有助于理解。虽然‘设’这个词在不同时态中形式相同确实可能造成混淆。必须时刻注意对方的理解程度。顺便说，这是个关于保持觉察和避免歧义的通用建议——这样你就不会因为设错闹钟或食言而惹妻子生气了。所以始终需要明确对方的理解。

So basically, the point there is that the more details, more context helps you understand. Now that can be confusing, I suppose, because set has the same form across these verb conjugations. It's necessary always to be aware of what the other person understands. By the way, this is just a general point about the importance of being aware and and avoiding ambiguity so that you don't make your wife angry by either setting the alarm clock at the wrong time or not doing what you said you would do. So it's always necessary to be aware of what the other person understands.

关注他人，确保自己意识到这些可能的误解，保持表达清晰。要明白缩写'd确实可能存在歧义，所以必须消除所有疑点，对吧？记住缩写的had或would可能产生歧义，特别是某些动词，要保持清晰。补充语境。

Pay attention to others and make sure you stay aware of these possible misunderstandings and to keep things clear. And this is about being aware that, yes, apostrophe d, there's a chance it could be ambiguous, so you've got to make sure there's no room for doubt. Right? If you remember that contracted had or would can be ambiguous, especially with certain verbs, keep things clear. Add context.

始终考虑对方的理解角度。觉察力和专注力在沟通中很重要，不是吗？这时候你就会说：是的，卢克，确实如此。因为我用了那个强大的技巧——附加疑问句。‘觉察力和专注力在沟通中很重要，不是吗？’

Always think about the other person and what they might be understanding. Awareness and mindfulness are important in communication, aren't they? And this is where you go, yes, they are, Luke. Because I use that powerful technique called the the tag question. Awareness and mindfulness are important in communication, aren't they?

于是语法迫使你回答：‘哦，是的。当然，卢克。绝对重要。’不过当阅读或听力时，如果缺乏足够语境，加上动词原形、过去式和过去分词同形造成的语法线索模糊，确实会很棘手。

And you are then compelled by grammar to go, oh, yes. Yes, Luke. Definitely. Yeah. So but, yes, when you're reading or listening, it can be tricky when there isn't enough context and when grammatical clues are hard because the verb has the same form across infinitive past and past participles.

然而，只有少数动词的原形和过去分词形式相同，即这些，而且这些是最常见的。比如bet（打赌）、cut（切）、hit（打）、hurt（伤害）、let（让）、put（放）、set（设置）、shut（关闭）和read（读，除发音外）。所以bet就是bet bet bet。

However, there are only a few verbs that have the same infinitive and past participle forms, namely these, and these are the most common ones. So bet, cut, hit, hurt, let, put, set, shut, and read except in pronunciation. So bit bet. I mean, I don't need to repeat the forms. Bet because it's just bet bet bet.

我需要每次都重复三遍吗？可能不需要，但我还是要这么做。Bet bet bet。Cut cut cut。Hit hit hit。

Do I need to say them three times each time? Probably not, but I'm gonna do it anyway. Bet bet bet. Cut cut cut. Hit hit hit.

Hurt hurt hurt。Let let let。Put put put。Set set set。Shut shut shut。Read read read。显然，read是个例外，因为发音变了但拼写没变。这些词更难辨认，但句子的大意能帮你理解。对吧？

Hurt hurt hurt. Let let let put put put set set set shut shut shut read read read. Obviously, that's the exception because the pronunciation changes, but the spelling is the same. So those ones are harder to identify, but again, the general meaning around the sentence should help you work it out. Right?

这时候你会说，嗯。对。好的。再来个小测验。是would还是had？

And this is where you go, yeah. Yeah. Right. Another quiz for you. Is it would or is it had?

我们要用这些动词来练习。第一个是bet。如果我是你，我会在那上面赌点钱。我也不知道。

And we're gonna use those verbs. Here we go. Number one is the first one is with bet. So if I were you, I'd bet some money on that. I don't know.

你即将看一场赛马或足球赛什么的，然后你想，知道吗？比如查德维克FC对巴黎圣日耳曼。你会说，我确定查德维克FC会赢。如果我是你，我会在那上面赌点钱。另一个例子是，我很难过，因为我给输的队伍押了很多钱。

You're about to see a horse race or a football game or something, and you you think, know what? I don't know, it's Chadwick FC versus Paris Saint Germain. And you'd say, I'm sure that Chadwick FC are gonna win. If I were you, I'd bet some money on that. And then another one is, I was devastated because I'd bet a lot of money on the losing team.

好。所以如果我是你，我会赌（I'd bet）。关于发音，恐怕我们不会总是发出那个d音。如我之前所说，它常被后面的辅音吞掉。I'd bet。

Right. So if I were you, I'd bet I'd bet. Now about the pronunciation, I'm afraid we don't always signal that d sound. As I said before, it does get swallowed by the other consonant sound that comes after it. I'd bet.

但实际发音时，当我说I'd bet，我的舌头确实会摆到d的位置。发d音时，d d d d d。你口腔里会发生什么？这就是我热爱当语言老师的原因——能问这种奇怪问题。发d音时你口腔里会怎样？

But what happens is when you when I say I'd bet, my tongue does go into that d position. So when you do d d d d d, which is how you pronounce that d sound, d. What happens in your mouth when you go d? This is why I love being a language teacher because I get to ask weird questions like that. What happens in your mouth when you go?

我不知道。你大脑里会发生什么？啥也没有。发d音时，你的舌头首先会上抬，舌尖会抵住上门牙后方的那块肉质隆起处。就是上排牙齿后面。

I don't know. What happens in your brain? Nothing. So when you go d, your tongue first of all lifts and the tip of your tongue sort of presses against the sort of like little ridge there of flesh just behind your front teeth at the top. So there are your teeth at the top.

你有上排牙齿对吧？门牙。牙齿正后方有个牙龈组织的隆起处。你的舌尖会轻压那里，然后向前推，声音就发出来了。

You have teeth at the top. Right? The front teeth. Right behind those teeth, you got the you got the front of the teeth, you got the edge of the teeth, you got the back of the teeth, and then there's like a sort of gum, fleshy bit of gum, that ridge there. Your your tip of your tongue sort of presses against that, and then it pushes forward, and then the sound comes out.

它是二选一的，对吧？那是个t音。对。所以这有两个阶段。首先舌头要抬到那个位置，然后要让它向前移动再离开。

And it's either or it's right? Which is a t sound. Right. So there's two stages to that. There's lifting the tongue into that position and then there's making it come forward and away.

所以当我们说一个带d音的句子时，d音似乎消失了，实际上发生的是你的舌头确实进入了发音位置，但最终发出了下一个词首音。比如'bet'。'I'd bet'。明白吗？而不是'I'd bet'，因为我们不会发d b这样的音。

So what happens is when we say a sentence with that d sound, but the d sound sort of seems to disappear, what actually happens is your tongue does go into the position to make the sound, but then you end up making a different sound of the the first sound of the next word. In this case, bet. I'd bet. You see? Rather than I'd bet, because you don't we don't go d b.

与其说'I'd bet'——虽然承认这对大家会容易得多，特别是像你们这样正在学英语的人，那样确实更简单，不是吗？事实上，如果我们说'如果我是你，我会在那上面赌点钱'会更容易。那显然很简单，但可惜世界不是这样运转的。而且，我们也不希望世界变成那样，对吧？如果每个人都这样说话，首先我们都会疯掉，然后会想互相残杀，因为这太烦人了。

Instead of going I'd bet, which admittedly would be a lot easier for everyone, for, you know, those people out there such as yourselves who are learning English, that would be easier, wouldn't it? In fact, it would be easier if we said, if I were you, I would bet some money on that. That obviously would be easy, but that's unfortunately not the way the world works. And, anyway, we wouldn't want the world to be like that, would we? If everyone was going around the place speaking to each other like this, first of all, we would all go completely insane, and we would want to kill each other because it would be so annoying.

这就是为什么我们不那样说话。总之，你的舌头会进入那个位置，但接着就直接发下一个词的开头音。'I'd bet'。'I'd bet'。所以我的舌头其实进入了那个位置。

That's why we don't speak like that. So anyway, the the your tongue goes into that position, but then you just make the next sound of the beginning of the next word. I'd bet. I'd bet. So my tongue is actually going into that position.

很难听出来，对吧？'I bet'和'I bet'对比。'I bet'。嗯。嗯。

It's very hard to hear, isn't it? I bet compared to I bet. I bet. Yeah. Yeah.

嗯。'I bet'。'Bet'。'I bet'。舌头没有到位因为这里没有d音。

Yeah. I bet. Bet. I bet. The tongue is not going into position because there's no d.

'I bet'。而'I'd bet'可能完全听不见，除了可能有轻微停顿。所以是'I'd'还是'I'？准备好了吗？开始。

I bet. And I'd bet is probably completely inaudible except there's maybe a slight pause. So is it I'd or I? Ready? Here we go.

'I bet'。所以有d还是没d。我们这样来。有d还是没d。'I bet'。

I bet. So d or no d. Let's do it like that. D or no d. I bet.

没d。'I'd bet'。有d。下一个。'I'd bet'。

No d. I'd bet. D. Next. I'd bet.

有d。'I bet'。没d。所以你能听出区别，对吧？非常微妙。

D. I bet. No d. So you can hear the difference, can't you? It's very subtle.

那里正在上演一种微妙的黑色魔法把戏，但事实就是如此。如果我是你，我会在那上面押些钱。那其实是木头，因为这关乎意图，不是吗？还有可能性。我当时崩溃了，因为我在输掉的队伍上押了很多钱。

It's a subtle sort of black bit of black magic going on there, but that's what that is. If I were you, I'd bet some money on that. That is that is wood because it's about in it's about intentions, isn't it? And possibilities. I was devastated because I'd bet a lot of money on the losing team.

这是过去完成时。我曾下注。用过去完成时表明你在崩溃前就下了注。下一个是割伤。当我走进房间时，我晕倒了。

This is had. I had bet. That's past perfect telling us when you bet before you were devastated. Next one is cut. When I came into the room, I fainted.

我晕倒是因为她割伤了手指，流了很多血。如果说有什么是我无法忍受的，那就是看到血。每次都会让我晕倒。就像那样。当我走进房间时，我晕倒了，因为她割伤了手指。

I fainted because she'd cut her finger and there was quite a lot of blood. If there's one thing I just can't stand, it's the sight of blood. Makes me faint every time. Like that. When I came into the room, I fainted because she'd cut her finger.

她割伤了手指。她...她...她割伤了。她割伤了手指。对吧？意思是在我进房间之前她就割伤了手指。

She'd cut her finger. She she'd she'd cut. She had cut her finger. Right? Meaning she cut her finger before I came in the room.

当我走进房间时，我晕倒了，因为她割伤了手指，流了很多血。如果我那样切胡萝卜的话，我也会割伤手指。对我来说太快了。你看着厨房里的某个人，比如杰米·奥利弗或戈登·拉姆齐在切胡萝卜。

When I came in the room, I fainted because she'd cut her finger and there was quite a lot of blood. I'd I'd cut my finger if I chopped carrots like that. It's too fast for me. You're watching someone in the kitchen. It's Jamie Oliver or Gordon Ramsay Cutting carrots.

你见过专业厨师切胡萝卜吗？非常令人印象深刻。他们有特殊的方法确保不会切到手指。因为一般来说，不切掉手指是个好主意。所以切胡萝卜时，把拇指放在手指后面，确保只有指甲可能接触到刀。

Have you ever seen a a a professional chef cutting carrots? It's very impressive. They've got a special way of doing it where they don't cut their fingers off. Because generally, it's a good idea not to cut your fingers off. So cutting their cutting carrots, hold your thumb behind your fingers, make sure the fingernails are the only parts that could be could come into contact with a knife.

看，我知道如何专业地切胡萝卜。我曾经专业地切胡萝卜。我曾在厨房工作过。然后，你知道的，非常快地切胡萝卜。但如果我...我告诉你吧。

See, know I know how to cut a carrot professionally. I used to cut carrots professionally. I used to work in a kitchen. And then, you know, cut the carrot really fast. But if I I'll tell you what.

如果我那样切胡萝卜，我会割伤手指。对我来说太快了。我会割伤手指。我会割伤手指。我当然会割伤手指。

I'd cut my finger if I chop carrots like that. Too fast for me. I'd cut my finger. I'd cut my finger. I would cut my finger, of course.

让我们继续看'打'这个词。如果他对我说那种话，我会打他。我会...我会打他。我会打他。这里的'd更容易听出来，因为'hit'中的't'是从口腔完全不同的部位发出的。

Let's move on to the word hit. If he said that to me, I'd hit him. I'd I'd hit him. I'd hit him. The is easier to hear there because of the in hit, which comes from a totally different part of the mouth.

它在喉咙后部。所以你最终会发出一点'd'的音。我会打他。如果他对我说那种话，我会打他。对吧？

It's at the back of the throat. So you do end up making a little d sound. I'd hit him. If he said that to me, I'd hit him. Right?

如果他对我那样说，那会怎样，不是吗？如果他对我那样说，我会揍他。这通常是条件从句的一部分。虽然你也可以说'如果他当时对我那样说，我早就揍他了'，但这里用的是'如果他那样说，我会揍他'，这是第二条件句。我抬起了胳膊。

If he said that to me, that's would, isn't it? If he said that to me, I'd hit him. It's often part of an if clause. Although you could have if he had said that to me I would have hit him but it's no it's if he said that to me I'd hit him which is a second conditional. I moved my arm up.

我本能地抬起胳膊护住脸，直到看见他倒在地上，我才意识到自己用肘部击中了他。怎么了？哦天啊。哎呀。对不起。

I moved my arm up instinctively to protect my face And it was only when I saw him on the floor that I realized that I'd hit him with my elbow. What's that? Oh, god. Oh, jeez. Sorry.

我打到你了吗？直到看见他倒在地上，我才意识到自己用肘部击中了他。我意识到自己用肘部击中了他。好。那我们回到之前提到的发音问题。

Did I hit you? It was only when I saw him on the floor that I realized I'd hit him with my elbow. I realized I had hit him with my elbow. Right. So let's go back to the pronunciation thing, which I did mention earlier.

大多数情况下，这和语法规则是一致的，对吧？关键在于辨别——因为你是在通过发音来识别动词的过去分词形式或原形，除非遇到刚才那些特例。比如'I'd read it before'。

So in most cases, this is the same as the grammar. Right? Being able to identify, cause you're identifying the pronunciation. You're hearing the sound of the verb either in the past participle form or the present form, unless it's one of those difficult ones that we just had. So I'd read it before.

那是'I had read it before（我之前读过）'。而'I'd read it again'则是'I would read it again（我会再读一次）'。你只需要通过发音来辨别动词形式，明白吗？

That's I had read it before. I'd read it again. That's I would read it again. You just identify the form of the verb by hearing it. Right?

read可能是唯一我能想到的原形和过去分词拼写相同但发音不同的动词，属于同形异音词。原形读/riːd/，过去分词读/red/。如果她问我...如果她问我，我会给她读那本书。

Read is perhaps the only verb I can think of which has the same spelling in the infinitive and past participle forms, but the pronunciation is different. It's a homograph. So in the infinitive, it's read. The past participle read. If she asked me if she asked me, I'd read that book to her.

如果她问我，我会给她读那本书。我当时很困惑，因为我从未读过莎士比亚的作品。'had never read'。但要注意/d/的发音。更大的挑战可能是听出英语口语中缩写的/d/音。

If she asked me, I would read that book to her. I was quite confused because I'd never read Shakespeare before. Had never read. But noticing the d sound. Perhaps the bigger challenge is hearing a contracted d sound in spoken English.

我的喝水计时器响了。有时候很难注意到什么时候用了过去完成时，导致难以区分一般过去时和过去完成时的句子，特别是规则动词的过去式和过去分词形式相同的情况——就是那些以ed结尾的动词。这又回到我之前说的。比如'I wanted to go there'和'I'd wanted to go there'的区别。

There's my water timer. Sometimes it's extremely hard to notice when it's been used, making it difficult to hear the difference between a sentence in past simple and a sentence in past perfect, particularly with regular verbs where the past participle and past forms are the same. That's with e d ending. So this is going back to what I said earlier. So for example, the difference between I wanted to go there and I'd wanted to go there.

I wanted to go there（我那时想去那里）。I'd wanted to go there（我原本想去那里）。第一句是一般过去时，第二句是过去完成时。

I wanted to go there. I'd wanted to go there. So the first one is past simple. I wanted and the second one is past perfect. I'd wanted.

就像之前说的，如果你诚实地面对自己，你能听出区别。我再示范一次：I wanted（一般过去时）... I'd wanted（过去完成时）。嗯这次很明显——I'd wanted. I'd wanted. 这是过去完成时。

And just like before you can if you're if you're honest with yourself you can hear a difference. Let me do that again I wanted past simple I'd wanted. Oh well that was quite clear I'd wanted. I'd wanted. That's past perfect.

我想要，过去简单时。我曾想要，过去完成时。这很微妙，但老实说你能听出来。再举个例子：我曾在那里住了十年和我曾在那里住了十年。

I wanted, past simple. I'd wanted, past perfect. It's subtle, but come on be honest you can hear it. Here's another one. I'd lived there for ten years and I lived there for ten years.

我曾住在那里我曾在那里住了十年。我在那里住了十年。第一个是过去完成时。我曾住在那里。我曾我曾——这是因为舌尖抵住了上颚。

I'd lived there I'd lived there for ten years. I lived there for ten years. The first one is past perfect. I'd lived there. I'd I'd that happens because the tip of the tongue is in place.

我曾的声音是从舌侧发出的。我曾住在那里。而相比之下，我住在那里。我住在那里。你不会听到那个音。

I'd sounds are coming out of the side of my tongue. I'd lived there. Whereas I lived there. I lived there. You don't get that sound.

我在那里住了十年和我曾在那里住了十年。好了，我已经在笔记上记下来了。你现在大概在疑惑这两种动词形式的区别吧？是不是？

I lived there for ten years and I'd lived there for ten years. Okay. I've written in my notes now. You're probably wondering about the difference between the two verb forms now. Are you?

你在想‘我住在那里’和‘我曾住在那里’的区别吗？过去完成时和过去简单时。我不知道你是否在想，但我要告诉你。主要是过去完成时强调动作发生在过去的另一个时间点之前。比如，昨天我们正决定去哪里度假。

Are you wondering about the difference between I lived there and I'd lived there? Past perfect and past simple. I don't know if you are, but I'm gonna tell you. Mainly, it's that past perfect emphasizes that an action happened before another moment in the past. For example, yesterday, we were trying to decide where to go on holiday.

我想去爱尔兰，但她不想。我很久以来一直想去那里，所以这对我很重要。这强调想去那里的想法发生在这个时刻之前。所以用‘我曾想要’。我曾我曾想要。

I wanted to go to Ireland, but she didn't. I'd wanted to go there for a long time, and so it was really important to me. This emphasizes that wanting to go there was something that happened before this moment. That's why it's I'd wanted. I'd I'd wanted.

是的。区别微妙而精细，但有时这种细节很重要。比如这个：当我到达时，他们已经决定离开。所以当我到达时，他们已经决定离开。

Yeah. The the difference is subtle and nuanced, but sometimes this level of detail is important. For example, this. When I arrived, they'd decided to leave. So when I arrived, they'd decided to leave.

他们决定。哇。听起来真像。他们决定。他们曾经决定。

They decided. Wow. That does sound so similar. They decided. They had decided.

他们决定。他们决定。他们决定。真的非常微妙。总之，当我到达时，他们已经决定离开。

They decided. They decided. They decided. It's really just very subtle. Anyway, when I arrived, they had decided to leave.

这意味着他们在我到达之前就决定了。而‘当我到达时，他们决定离开’意味着他们在我到达时决定离开，可能因为我的到来。比如，天啊，卢克来了，趁他还没开始讲半小时语法前赶紧走。

That means they decided before I arrived. And when I arrived, they decided to leave. This means they decided to leave when I arrived, maybe because I arrived. Like, oh god, Luke's here. Time to leave before he starts talking about grammar for half an hour.

总结来说，利用上下文含义、语法及细微的发音线索来判断你是否真的能听出'd'代表的是'had'还是'would'。这很微妙，但对于准确理解和表达英语中的时间与可能性至关重要。就是这样。现在我要休息喝口水，你们也可以稍作喘息，放心知道我们暂时不谈语法了，但稍后我们会继续讨论一些词汇。好的。

So in summary, use the context as the meaning and the grammar and little pronunciation clues to work out whether d if you can indeed hear it at all, if it means had or would. It's subtle but essential for understanding and expressing time and possibility accurately in English. And that is that. Now it's time for me to have a water break and you can just have a breather safe in the knowledge that we're not gonna talk about grammar now, but in a moment we're gonna move on to talk about some some vocabulary. Okay.

让我们喝口水吧。好的。是时候继续了。我们接着进入下一部分，主要是关于'podcast'这个词，以及围绕'cast'的一个迷你词汇课。这是基于一位叫Jerry的听众的留言，他是这么说的。

Let's have a drink of water. Okay. It's time to carry on then. Let's move on with an let's move on to the next bit, which is all about the word podcast and and a mini vocab lesson about the word cast. This is based on a comment that I got from a listener called Jerry, which went like this.

嗨，Luke。'podcast'这个词到底是什么意思？提前谢谢你的解答。祝好，Jerry。好的。

Hi, Luke. What does the word podcast mean actually? Thank you for your answer in advance. Cheers, Jerry. Okay.

首先，让我们再拼一遍这个词，因为我的许多听众在评论和邮件中都会拼错，'podcast'这个词。顺便说一句，Jerry拼对了。干得好，Jerry。给你十颗金星奖励。这个词的正确拼写是：p o d c a s t。

Well, first of all, let's spell this word again because so many of my listeners in comments and emails spell it wrong, the word podcast. Jerry got it right, by the way. Well done, Jerry. 10 gold stars for you. But here's the word spelled, podcast, p o d c a s t.

明白了吗？Podcast。不是postcard（明信片）。不是postcard。那是你度假时会寄给爱人的东西。

Okay? Podcast. Not postcard. Not postcard. That's a thing that you'd send to your loved one when you go on holiday.

你去伦敦度假。在背面发现一张明信片。你说伦敦太棒了，就像卢克视频里那样。真希望你也在这儿。

You go on holiday to London. You find a postcard on the back. You say London is fantastic. Just like in Luke's video. Wish you were here.

再见。那是明信片。不，这是播客。也不是邮政广播。

Bye. That's a postcard. No. This is podcast. And it's not postcast.

这毫无意义。虽然人们确实会在评论里这么写。非常感谢你的邮政广播。抱歉，也不是锅猫。

This doesn't mean anything. Although people do write that in comments. Thank you so much for your postcast. Sorry. And not pot cat.

我不知道那是什么。是住在锅里的猫？还是抽大麻的猫？甚至是麻制的猫？我不知道这怎么可能。

I don't know what that is. Is this a cat that lives in a pot? Or maybe a cat that smokes pot? Or even a cat that's made of pot. I don't know how that would be possible.

那是锅猫。不。然后人们确实会这么对我说：卢克，我爱你的锅猫。你呢？

That's a pot cat. No. And then people do write that to me. Luke, I love your pot cat. Do you?

不，这是播客。现在我想你知道什么是播客了吧？你知道吗？实际上，等一下。

No. It's podcast. Now I think you know what a podcast is, don't you? Do you? In fact, wait a minute.

也许你并不清楚。因为我觉得这个词总是有点模糊，这可能就是为什么这么多人拼写错误的原因。或许了解这个词的起源能帮助人们以后正确拼写。而且，我还想说，我想一劳永逸地澄清什么是播客，因为我确实听到‘播客’这个词被用来指代各种根本不是播客的东西。似乎在有些国家，人们对播客的实际含义更熟悉，而在其他国家则不然。

Maybe you don't know. Because I feel like the word is always a bit vague, which might account for why so many people spell it wrong. And perhaps understanding the origin of the word will help people to spell it right in the future. And, also, I wanna say I want to just clarify what a podcast is once and for all because I do hear the word podcast being used for all sorts of things which are definitely not podcasts. It seems in some countries, people are more au fait with what a podcast actually is and in other countries not so much.

我住在法国，经常听到人们谈论‘哦，我听了一个播客’，但他们绝对没有听播客，或者他们把YouTube频道称为播客。YouTube频道也不是播客。那么，播客到底是什么？我不确定是否有必要解释这个，但我还是要说。根据我的定义，播客是通过RSS订阅源在线发布的定期更新的音频或视频节目。

I live in France and I regularly hear people talking about, oh, I've listened to a podcast and they definitely did not listen to a podcast or they talk about YouTube channel as a podcast. A YouTube channel is not a podcast either. Anyway, what is a podcast exactly? Is I don't know if it's necessary to explain this, but I'm going to. So according to my definition, a podcast is a recurring episodic audio or video program published online via an RSS feed.

就是这样。这对你有帮助吗？所以实际上，RSS订阅源是最重要的部分。我的定义可能有点复杂，让我来分解一下。

There you go. Does that help? So it's the RSS feed that is the most important part actually. Now my definition might be a bit complex. Let me break it down.

再重复一遍，播客是通过RSS订阅源在线发布的定期更新的音频或视频节目。让我来分解一下。音频或视频节目，我想你知道这是什么。我想你理解这一点。‘定期更新’。

So just to repeat, a recurring episodic audio or video program published online via an RSS feed. So let me break that down. An audio or video program, I think you know what this is. I think you understand this. Recurring.

所以一个定期更新的音频节目。‘定期更新’意味着它会一次又一次地发生，对吧？有点像重复。‘分集’。

So a recurring audio program. Recurring just means it happens again and again. Right? Sort of like repeating. Episodic.

一个分集的音频节目意味着它是分部分或分集发布的，对吧？‘在线发布’，这很容易理解。‘通过RSS订阅源’。

An episodic audio program means it's published in parts or published in episodes. Right? Published online. That's easy to understand. Via an RSS feed.

这有点技术性，但RSS订阅源是用于在线发布播客内容的系统。它是播客发布的媒介。RSS订阅源就像是由播客主机发布的播客频道。对吧？就我而言，那就是Acast。

So this is a bit technical, but an RSS feed is the system that is used for publishing podcast content online. It's the kind of medium through which podcasts are published. The RSS feed is like a podcast channel which is published by the podcast host. Right? In that in my case, that is a cast.

播客主机是一种服务，播客制作者（在这里就是我）将音频文件上传到播客主机，然后播客主机通过RSS订阅源分发它。所以我将我的节目上传到Acast，Acast然后将它们发布到我的RSS订阅源。作为播客制作者，拥有自己的RSS订阅源非常重要。所以如果你想转移到另一个播客主机，比如Acast或其他播客主机会说，好吧，我们会释放你的RSS订阅源，让你的新主机接管它，本质上让你拥有自己的RSS订阅源。其他发布平台很少会这样做，比如YouTube。

A podcast host is a service where the podcaster, in that case in this case, that's me, uploads the audio file to the podcast host and the podcast host then distributes it via the RSS feed. So I upload my episodes to Acast and Acast then publishes them to my RSS feed. And as a podcaster, it's really important that you have ownership of your RSS feed. So if you want to move to a different podcast host like Acast or other podcast hosts will say, okay, we will release your RSS feed and allow your new host to take control of it, essentially allowing you to have ownership of your own RSS feed. It's rare that other publishing platforms will do this, like YouTube, for example.

他们不会让你把所有订阅者和所有视频转移到一个完全不同的平台并继续使用。他们永远不会那样做。但播客很好，播客主机通常允许你拥有自己的RSS订阅源。所以我将我的节目上传到Acast，Acast然后将它们发布到我的RSS订阅源。

They won't let you transfer all your subscribers and all your videos to a totally different platform and just let you carry on. They will never do that. But podcasting is nice and podcast hosts generally will allow you to own your own RSS feed. So I upload my episodes to Acast. Acast then publishes them to my RSS feed.

然后像苹果播客或Spotify这样的播客应用会连接到这个RSS订阅源并接收剧集。所以当你在播客应用中订阅我的播客时——顺便强烈建议你这么做，别只在YouTube上听，要用播客应用——你的应用会保存这个RSS订阅源。它就像与之建立链接，每当有新剧集发布时就能抓取到，让你随时随地便捷收听。这真是太棒了。

Then podcast apps like Apple Podcasts or Spotify then connect to this RSS feed and receive the episodes. So when you subscribe to my podcast in a podcast app, and and I highly recommend that you do that, by the way, not just on YouTube, but listen in a podcast app. When you do that, your app saves the RSS feed. It kind of links to it and then catches all the new episodes when they're published there and then lets you listen to them conveniently whenever you want. It's a wonderful thing.

这些播客应用也被称为'播客抓取器'，是它们的另一个称呼。当新剧集发布时，抓取器会自动将音频文件保存或下载到你的应用中。现在大多数人直接在应用里通过RSS源流媒体播放，但音频文件也能下载后传输到iPod或MP3播放器这类设备上——这原本就是人们收听播客的方式。他们得先把文件下载到电脑，再连接设备传输文件才能收听。

These podcast apps are also called podcatchers. That's another term for these things. So when a new episode is published, the podcatcher automatically saves or downloads the episode file to your app. Most people these days stream episodes in their apps directly from the RSS feed, but the audio file can also be downloaded and transferred to a device such as an iPod or m p three player, which is originally how people used to listen to podcasts. They would download the files onto their computer and then had to connect a device to the computer, transfer the files, and then they could listen.

对吧？那么是哪种设备呢？通常会是iPod。还记得它们吗？现在已经销声匿迹了不是吗？

Right? So what kind of device? It would typically be an iPod. Remember them? They're just gone now, aren't they?

iPod或MP3播放器。你们有没有——对，你们肯定有——曾经这样收听播客：先下载剧集，再传输到iPod或MP3播放器上？还记得怎么操作吗？找出连接线，把心仪的播放器连上笔记本电脑或台式机，花半小时传输文件，突然发现iPod存储空间不足，不得不纠结该删除哪些内容。大约十五到二十年前——真是好久以前了——我就用iPod听播客。

IPod or m p three player. So did you ever did you yes, you did you ever used to listen to podcast episodes in this way by downloading them first then transferring them to an iPod or m p three player. Did you do that? Do you remember connecting your m p three player of choice to your laptop or your computer, finding the cable, connecting it up, and then doing that transfer, transferring the files onto it, waiting for half an hour for everything to transfer, realizing you've run out of space on your iPod so you have to decide which things you need to delete. About fifteen to twenty years ago, such a long time, I used to have an iPod, which I used for listening to my podcasts.

不是我制作的播客，而是我最爱的那些节目。我用电脑上的iTunes作为播客抓取器，在iTunes播客目录里搜索并订阅节目。我最早收听的播客包括《Ricky Gervais秀》，如果你们也听过这档和Stephen Merchant搭档的节目——当然还有那个长着橘子般浑圆脑袋的傻瓜Karl Pilkington——我得说，后来我在自己播客里提到过Karl，不是本人啦。

Not my podcasts, but for my favorite podcasts. I used iTunes on my computer as my pod catcher, so I searched for podcasts in the iTunes podcast directory and then subscribed to them. The first podcasts I ever listened to included the Ricky Gervais podcast. Shout out to you if you ever listen to it too with Stephen Merchant and, of course, Kyle Pilkington, the idiot who had a perfectly round head like an orange. He's I've featured Carl in episodes of this podcast, not personally, but anyway.

除了《Ricky Gervais秀》，还有Mark Kermode和Simon Mayo的电影评论节目。这些都是我当年用那种方式收听的播客。每当喜欢的节目更新，iTunes就会自动下载到电脑上，然后我连接iPod进行同步。这里我要讲个笑话：

So the Ricky Gervais podcast and also Mark Kermode and Simon Mayo's film reviews. Those are the podcasts I used to listen to in that way. When new episodes of my favorite podcasts were published, iTunes automatically downloaded them onto my computer. Then I'd connect my iPod to my computer and sync it with iTunes. This is my chance to tell that joke.

我把iPod名称从'Luke Thompson的iPod'改成了'泰坦尼克号'，这样连接电脑时就会显示'泰坦尼克号正在同步'。新播客文件会从电脑传输到iPod，之后就能随时收听了。听众朋友们，这些往事很有趣吧？

I changed the name of my iPod from Luke Thompson's iPod. I changed it to the Titanic so that when I connected it to my computer, it said the Titanic is syncing. Okay. The new podcast files would be transferred from my computer to my iPod, and then I'd be able to listen to them whenever I wanted. This is fascinating stuff, isn't it, listeners?

想象一下——哦太棒了Luke——你坐在公交车上听我追忆iPod的黄金年代。如今大多数人直接流媒体播放播客，用移动网络在线收听而不下载。现在的你八成就是这么做的，直接在线播放。

Just like, oh, this is so great, Luke, as you sit on a bus or whatever just listening to me reminiscing about the old days of iPods. These days, most people just stream podcasts. They stream podcast episodes directly using their mobile Internet connections rather than downloading them. That's probably you right now. Just just streaming.

现在尽管直接流媒体播放吧，毕竟移动网络比过去又快又便宜。但这是怎么实现的？我问的是懂行的人——为什么过去移动数据和每月流量配额像稀缺资源，比黄金、藏红花或钻石还珍贵？

Just go ahead and stream the podcast directly because mobile Internet these days is way faster and cheaper than it used to be. How is that possible? I'm asking people who know. How is it that back in the old days, your mobile data connection and the amount of data that you were able to use every month was like a precious commodity. It was more valuable than gold or saffron or diamonds or diamond gold saffron.

那简直是最金贵的东西。不行！我得省着用流量！而如今我们却可以随意在公交上刷Netflix。

It was like the most precious thing. No. I've gotta protect my data. But these days, we're just like, yeah. I'll just stream Netflix on the bus.

我们似乎并不担心这个。我不知道为什么。过去一想到要通过移动网络传输千兆字节的数据就会让我们感到恐惧，对吧？如果你不小心点击了视频下载，赶紧停下。

We don't seem to worry about that. I don't know why. The idea of streaming gigabytes of data over a mobile connection used to horrify us. Right? If you accidentally tapped download on a video, stop.

快停下。但人们至今仍在使用播客订阅器来订阅播客，每天接收新剧集然后收听。如今最流行的播客订阅器就是手机上的播客应用，比如苹果播客、Spotify、Pocketcasts等等。对吧？大家好。

Stop it. But people still use podcatchers to subscribe to podcasts a day, receive each new episode, and then listen. These days, the most popular podcatchers are podcast apps, which you can get on your phone, Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Pocketcasts, etcetera. Right? Hello.

我觉得此刻有必要打断一下自己。这就是我。实际上我正站在家里的浴室录制这段音频，专业播客水准。总之，接下来你们会听到我说出这些话——你们会听到我说：YouTube频道不是播客，而且我会说两遍。

I just feel the need to interrupt myself here at the moment. This is me. I'm actually standing in my bathroom at home while recording this bit of audio, professional podcasting. Anyway, what you're about to hear is you're to hear me say these words. You're gonna hear me say, a YouTube channel is not a podcast, and I say that twice.

我会说「YouTube频道不是播客」，然后继续解释为什么YouTube频道绝对不算播客。但我刚刚意识到，我的YouTube频道偏偏就叫「Luke的英语播客」，这让我很尴尬。显然我是对的——YouTube频道确实不是播客，可我不知道该怎么处理这个矛盾。我想我们只能接受这个事实...

I say, a YouTube channel is not a podcast, and then I go on to explain why a YouTube channel is definitely not a podcast. But I've just realized, of course, that my channel on YouTube is called Luke's English podcast, and I don't know what to do about this. I mean, obviously, I'm right that a YouTube channel isn't a podcast, but I still don't know how I'm gonna deal with the fact that despite that information, my channel on YouTube is called Luke's English podcast. I don't know what to do about this. I think the only way for us to progress from this point is just for us all to accept that this is yeah.

这就是个矛盾，对吧？确实。这就是个矛盾，生活中总有这种事。我们只能接受世界存在矛盾，然后继续前进，不是吗？别无选择。

It's just a contradiction, isn't it? It is. It's just a contradiction, and it's just one of those things. And we just have to accept in life that there are contradictions, and we just have to just keep going, don't we? We have no choice.

总不能停下来说：抱歉，能让地球停止转动吗？我想下车。这做不到。我们只能继续前行，接受这个世界存在的矛盾。所以各位，抱歉了。

We can't just stop and say, sorry, can you stop the earth from spinning? I'd like to get off now. You can't do that. You have to just keep going, accepting that there are certain contradictions in this world. So I'm sorry, everyone.

但现在我要说重点了：尽管存在这些矛盾，YouTube频道依然不是播客。我知道。好了，我们开始吧。

But now let me say what I need to say, which is that a YouTube channel is not a podcast despite all of this. I know. Alright. Here we go. Let's do it.

YouTube频道不是播客——虽然 confusingly YouTube用「播客」这个词指代某些可订阅的播放列表。但明确一点：YouTube频道不是播客，因为其内容仅限YouTube体系内传播。而真正的播客（包括真实犯罪类）可在多平台、多订阅器获取。不知为何我特别想澄清这点。

Now a YouTube channel is not a podcast, although confusingly YouTube uses the word podcast to describe certain playlists, which you can subscribe to, on YouTube. But let's be clear. YouTube channels are not podcasts because episodes published there are only available within the YouTube system. Whereas true podcasts, including true crime podcasts, are available across many different platforms, and different podcatchers. I don't know why it's so important for me to point this stuff out.

这就是播客的定义。今后没人会再困惑了。现在问你们几个问题：你们——对，就是你——怎么听播客？用什么播客应用？

So that's what a podcast is. So no one ever needs to wander ever again. Couple of questions for you at this point. How do you, yes, you, listen to podcasts? What podcast app do you use?

你首选哪个播客应用？为什么喜欢它？你更爱看YouTube视频还是听音频版？我意识到，当我在播客领域提出这种问题时，根据这个领域的特性，答案往往会出现在YouTube上——因为如果你在公交车上用播客应用收听，手机可能揣在口袋里，你只是听着而不会实时互动。

What is your podcast app of choice? Why do you like it? And do you prefer watching on YouTube or listening to the audio version? I realize that the landscape of podcast land when I ask questions like this, the general landscape of podcast land dictates that I will get answers on YouTube. Because if you're listening in a podcast app on the bus or something, you've got your phone in your pocket or whatever, and you're just listening and you're not there.

或许连评论区都没有。在Spotify上是有评论区的。现在你在Spotify上可以很方便地写评论。只需打开你正在听的节目，就能找到评论区，欢迎你留下宝贵的意见，我们会非常感激。

And maybe there's no comment section either. On Spotify, there is a comment section. You can write comments quite conveniently now in Spotify. Just open up the episode you're listening to. You should find a comment section there where you can leave your most welcome your comments, which will be very welcome.

我很喜欢收到听众的评论。YouTube实在太方便了，直接就有评论区，你可以随心所欲地写下任何想法，人们更容易这样做。

I love getting comments from listeners. YouTube is just so easy. There's the comment section. You can just write any old stuff you want in there. People do much more easily.

但如果你是用Apple Podcasts、Pocket Casts或其他类似应用收听，可能就不太方便给我留言了。所以我问了这些问题：你用什么方式听播客？喜欢哪个播客应用？为什么？

Whereas if you're listening on Apple Podcasts or Pocket Casts or this or that or the other, it might be more difficult for you to write to me. So I've asked those questions. How do you listen to podcasts? What podcast app do you use? Why do you like?

我猜答案多半是‘我用YouTube’或‘我用Spotify’。不过你也可以通过网站联系我，在你使用的播客应用里，这期节目的描述中能找到链接，点进去就行。

I'm sure the answers will be, I use YouTube. I use Spotify. But you can get in touch on the website. You'll find a link in the description of this episode in your podcast app of choice. Go to the link.

链接会带你到这期节目的网页，底部就有评论区。所以，你用什么播客应用听节目？为什么喜欢它？

That will take you to the website page for the episode. And at the bottom, there is a comment section there. Right. So anyway, which podcast app do you listen through? Why do you like it?

你更喜欢在YouTube上看视频版，还是听音频版？为什么？当然啦，在YouTube上你能看到我这张光彩照人的脸——虽然我不确定这对你算不算优势。

Do you prefer watching on YouTube or listening to the audio version? And why? Alright. Obviously, on YouTube, you get to see my glorious face. I don't know if that is an advantage to you.

而音频播客可以让你专心听内容，不会被分散注意力，比如我下巴有没有胡茬、眉毛是否可见，甚至我头上到底有没有眉毛之类的问题。抱歉杰瑞，我还没回答你的问题呢。你肯定知道播客是什么，但你想了解的是‘podcast’这个词的来历对吧？

Whereas in the audio podcasts, you can just listen without the without being distracted by, you know, whether there's hair on my chin or whether you can see my eyebrows or not or whether indeed whether there are eyebrows actually there on my head. People do get distracted by those sorts of things. Anyway, sorry, Jerry. I still haven't actually answered your question. You're probably well aware of what a podcast is, but you just want to know about the word podcast and where the word podcast come from comes from.

抱歉没直接给你答案。这就像我和我爸聊天时，他总是进入‘授课模式’，把关于某个主题的所有知识都倒出来，唯独不回答你具体的问题。比如你问‘你觉得下任曼联主帅会是谁？’他能给你从头讲解英超历史。最后你只能无奈地说：你为什么不直接告诉我答案呢？

Right? This is sorry for not just giving you the answer straight away. This is a bit like when I have a conversation with my dad who has a habit of going into lecture mode and just telling you everything he knows about a subject except for the answer, the specific question that you've got, which is something like, so who do you think will be the next manager of Manchester United? And then he goes on to explain the history of Premier League football. And you just say to him, why didn't you just tell me the answer instead of just telling me it?

所以我们管他叫‘维基百科’。好了，言归正传，‘podcast’这个词的起源——这次我们直奔主题。

You know? This is why we call him Wikipedia. Anyway, origin of the word podcast. Let's get straight to the point then. Fine.

在绕了五十分钟后，我们终于要切入正题了。根据维基百科（不是我爸那个‘维基百科’），‘podcast’是个相对较新的词汇，多数人认为它最初由英国顾问播音员兼系统开发者本·哈默斯利创造。他随口提议用这个词来描述这种新型音频发布方式。‘podcast’是个混成词。

Let's get straight to the point after fifty minutes. So the word podcast, this is from Wikipedia, not Wikipedia. This is Wikipedia. The word podcast is a fairly new word, and most people say it was originally created by Ben Hammersley, a British consultant broadcaster and systems developer who casually suggested that this word could be used to explain this new method of audio publishing. The word podcast is a portmanteau.

那是一个组合词或混合词，将几个其他词融合在一起。所以‘podcast’这个词是‘iPod’（你知道苹果公司那个似乎没人再用的媒体播放器品牌）和‘broadcast’的混成词。将iPod与broadcast结合，就得到了podcast。本·哈默斯米...哈默什么？本·哈默斯利在2004年2月为《卫报》撰写的一篇文章中创造了‘podcast’这个术语。

That's a combination word or blend word, a word that blends several other words together. So the word podcast is a portmanteau of iPod, which you know the brand of media player on Apple that no one seems to use anymore, and the word broadcast. So iPod combined with the word broadcast, you end up with podcasts. Ben Hammersme Hammers what? Ben Hammersley coined the term podcast in an article he wrote for The Guardian newspaper in 02/2004.

2005年2月，《新牛津美语词典》将其评为年度词汇，反映了通过这一创新系统进行音频出版的新兴趋势。所以播客真正起源于2004至2005年左右。实际上LEP（译者注：应指Luke's English Podcast）始于2009年2月。我可是早期采用者。为什么我说话突然像尤达大师那样调整了语序？

It was declared word of the year by the New Oxford American Dictionary in 02/2005, reflecting the growing trend in new audio publishing via this innovative new system. So like podcasting has really its origins in around the year 02/2004, 02/2005. LEP was started in 02/2009, in fact. Early adopter, I was. Why did I go all Yoda there with my sentence structure?

早期采用者，我是的。没错。自2009年2月起做播客，我一直。是的。哈默斯...哈默斯利...哈默斯利曾说，他造这个词是为了凑足一篇篇幅过短的文章。

Early adopter, I was. Yes. Podcasting since 02/2009, I've been. Yes. Hammers Hamersley Hammersley, Hammersley, has said that he made up the word to pad out an article he was writing that was a little too short.

为了扩充内容，他需要给文章添加填充材料，意味着必须延长文章篇幅。这倒是个有趣的方法——如果你需要达到字数要求，何不直接发明些新词来凑数？他就是这么干的。他编造了‘podcast’这个词。以下是他在BBC访谈中谈及此事的简短片段。

To pad it out, he needed to add padding to the article, meaning he had to make the article longer. So he just this is an interesting way of if you if you got a word count that you've got to reach, why not just invent some new words just to extend the word count? That's what he did. He made up the word podcast. Here's a short extract from a BBC interview he did about this.

我们来听听看。在BBC Sounds上。看看能不能播放这段...从大约...消失了。太好了。

Let's listen to it. It's on BBC Sounds. Let's see if we can listen to this. From about It's disappeared. Great.

那篇文章不见了。怎么回事？本·哈默斯利？我找找看...没有。

The article has disappeared. What is it? Ben Hammersley? Let's see if I can find it. No.

没了。消失了。唉，算了。本来很精彩的。

No. It's gone. It's disappeared. Oh, well, never mind. It was amazing.

简直太棒了。但基本上就是本·哈默斯利说：'没错，我就是编了这个词。这是个混成词，结合了iPod和broadcast两个词。说实话，我当时只是为了凑足给《卫报》写的文章篇幅，觉得文章有点短。'

It was just so brilliant. But it was basically Ben Hammersley saying, yeah. Well, I just made up the word. It was a portmanteau word, which means a combination of two other words between the word iPod and broadcast. And to be honest, I just made it up in order to to sort of, you know, pad out an article I was writing for The Guardian, which I thought was a little bit too short.

所以我想，干脆加个新词进去。他大致就是这么说的。总之，podcast通常是名词，但也可作动词用。比如'to podcast'指制作播客，例如'我真的很喜欢做播客'。

So I thought, I'll just include this new word in it. It's basically what he said. Anyway, podcast is usually a noun, but it can be a verb. To podcast, meaning to do a podcast. For example, I really enjoy podcasting.

我从2009年2月开始做播客。早期采用者。我是的。没错。

I've been podcasting since 02/2009. Early adopter. I was. Yes. Yeah.

太年轻。你太老了。你才开始做播客。他不是那么说的。总之，pod加cast。

Too young. You are too old. You are to begin the podcast. That's not what he said. Anyway, pod plus cast.

有趣的是看到podcast这个词如何由这两个其他词组成，在这个例子中，是两个语素。又提到这个词了。语素是词的一部分。明白吗？所以，你知道，我们从大到小来看。

It's interesting to see how the word podcast is made up of these two other words, two other in this case, morphemes. There's that word again. A morpheme is a part of a word. Okay? So, you know, we go from large to small.

大就像一段文字，分成段落。段落分成句子，开头有大写字母，结尾有句号。句子分成短语或从句。实际上是分句。分句是句子的一部分，包含动词和主语。

Large is a like a paragraph a text which is divided into paragraphs. Paragraphs are divided into sentences with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop at the end. Sentences are divided into phrases or clauses. In fact, clauses. A clause is a is a part of a sentence which has a verb and a subject.

分句由词或短语组成。短语就是小词群。而词本身由部分组成，对吧？这些部分称为语素。

Clauses are made up of words or phrases. Phrases are just little groups of words. And words themselves are made up of parts. Right? These parts are called morphemes.

这些就像是词的最小有意义部分。例如，你看player这个词，足球运动员，显然有两部分，不是吗？play和后缀er，后者常用于表示做某事的人。面包师、教师、程序员、运动员。对吧？

These are like the smallest parts, meaningful parts of words. Example, if you look at the word player, a a football player, that's obviously two parts, isn't it? Play and the part, which is a suffix, which often is used in words for a person a word for a person who does something. Baker, teacher, programmer, player. Right?

所以player中的er不是合成词，因为er本身不是词，但它是个语素，是词的有意义部分。总之，让我们分解这个词为pod和cast两部分。pod指小的东西。

So that ER play plus ER. Player is not considered a portmanteau word because ER isn't a word, but it is a morpheme. It's a part of a meaningful part of a word. So, anyway, let's break down this this word into its two parts, pod and cast. So a pod is something small.

我们通过iPod知道它，但通常pod是小的、常为窄圆形的容器。比如豆荚，里面可能有三颗豆子。逃生舱，在太空船上是你爬进去的东西。假设有个可怕的食肉外星人上了船，你需要逃离，就会进入逃生舱飞向太空，心想终于摆脱外星人了。

We know it as an iPod, but, generally, a pod is a small, often narrow and rounded thing that contains something. For example, a bean pod. You know, beans come in pods that contain maybe three beans or something. An escape pod, which on a spaceship would be the thing that you would climb into. If let's say there's a horrible carnivorous alien which has somehow got onto your ship and you need to escape from it, you would get into the escape pod and off you would go into space going, oh, finally got away from the alien.

然后你意识到，天啊，它就在逃生舱里和我一起。哦不。好吧，至少能拍部好电影。这就是逃生舱。

And then you realize, oh my god. It's in this it's in the escape pod with me. Oh, no. Well, at least I'll make a good film about it. So an escape pod.

当然还有iPod，装MP3的小圆形容器。这就是pod。cast或投射某物。cast这个词源自古诺尔斯语casta，意为投掷。所以cast有点像throw。

And then then you also have an iPod, of course, a small rounded container of m p threes and so on. So that's pod. A cast or to cast something. So this word cast comes from Old Norse casta, meaning to throw. So cast is a bit like throw.

因此cast使用时总意味着发送、投掷、让某物穿过空气。稍后看更多例子。现在看些含cast的词组，思考cast如何贡献其含义。以下是cast的常见搭配词。

So whenever the word cast is used, it means sending something, throwing something, making something go through the air. We'll see more examples in a moment. Let's look at some words and phrases with cast. Let's look at other words that also contain caste and consider how caste contributes to their meaning. So here are some common collocations with the word caste.

那么你说我们施放什么？我们施放什么呢？嗯，你可能会施放咒语，对吧，用来召唤魔法或施加魔法。女巫施了一个咒语，把王子变成了青蛙，在魔法中施放咒语。投下阴影，基本上就是让阴影出现，投射或制造阴影，也可以隐喻使用。

So you we caste what? What do we caste? Well, you might cast a spell, right, to invoke magic or enchantment. The witch cast a spell that turned the prince into a frog to cast a spell in magic. Cast a shadow, which is basically to make a shadow appear, to project or create a shadow, and it can be used metaphorically.

例如，伏地魔的存在给那个夜晚投下了长长的阴影，或者字面上，乌云给整个山谷投下阴影，使其显得阴郁，或者坏消息给当天余下的时间蒙上了阴影。你也可能在选举中投票。投票意味着在选举或决策过程中提交选票。例如，公民前往投票站，在全国选举中投下他们的选票。还有‘引起怀疑’。

For example, the presence of Voldemort cast a long shadow over the evening, or literally, the dark clouds cast a shadow over the entire valley giving it a gloomy appearance, or the bad news cast a shadow over the rest of the day. You also might cast a vote in an election. To cast a vote means to submit a vote in an election or decision making process. For example, citizens went to the polls to cast their votes in the national election. Also cast doubt.

某件事可能会对另一件事引起怀疑，意味着对某事产生不确定性或怀疑。例如，新证据对被告的不在场证明产生了怀疑，引发了关于他们行踪的问题。投以一瞥或投以目光，意思是快速或短暂地看某物。她瞥了一眼手表，希望会议能快点结束。这就是当你瞥一眼某物时发出的声音。

Something might cast doubt on something else, meaning to create uncertainty or suspicion about something. For example, the new evidence cast doubt on the defendant's alibi raising questions about their whereabouts. Cast a glance or cast a look, meaning to look quickly or look briefly at something. She she cast a glance at her watch hoping the meeting would end soon. That is the sound that happens when you when you cast a glance at something.

在考试中，你瞥了一眼时钟，看看还剩多少时间。你瞥了一眼你的手表。你瞥了一眼你的同学，他也瞥了你一眼，然后你又瞥了一眼老师。然后老师说，你能别再用嘴发出那种声音吗？这非常分散注意力。

You in the exam, you cast a glance at the clock to see how much time you've got left. You cast a glance at your watch. You cast a glance at your classmate who casts a glance at you, and then you cast a glance at the teacher. And the teacher goes, can you stop making that noise with your mouth? It's it's very distracting.

然后你把目光重新投向试卷。只是朝她的方向看了一眼。哦，天哪，那不是完美吗？来自一首歌。只是朝她的方向看了一眼。

And you cast your glance back at the exam paper. Just cast a look in her direction. Oh me, oh my, ain't that perfection? From a song. Just cast a look in her direction.

哦，天哪。那不是完美吗？她不是很甜美吗？就是这样。

Oh, me. Oh, my. Ain't that perfection? Ain't she sweet? That's it.

这就是那首歌。‘阐明’某事，意思是澄清或揭示关于某事的信息。例如，新证据为案件提供了新的线索。新证据浮出水面。新证据为案件提供了新的线索，揭示了新的事物。

That's the song. Cast light to cast light on something, meaning to clarify or reveal information about something. For example, the new evidence cast light on the case. New evidence has come to light. New evidence has cast light on the case, revealing new things.

那部电视纪录片揭示了公司有问题的环保行为。所以，在所有这些短语中，‘cast’意味着以某种方式抛出或发送出去，就像‘broadcast’这个词一样，用于媒体，意思是向四面八方发送广泛的信号。那就是‘broadcast’。例如，无线电广播或电视广播。BBC现场直播。

The documentary, the TV documentary cast light on the company's questionable environmental practices. So in all of those phrases, cast means throw or send out in some way just like in the word broadcast, which is used in media, meaning sending out a wide signal in all directions. That's broadcast. For example, a radio broadcast or a TV broadcast. Broadcasting live from the BBC.

这是英国广播公司通过电波进行现场直播。而在‘podcast’中，意味着通过互联网向你的iPod发送或广播内容。所以，电视广播、无线电广播、向你的iPod广播或播客。所以，这个基本的‘抛出’或‘发送’的概念包含在大多数含有‘cast’的词汇中，即使只是隐喻性的。让我们看看其他包含这个语素‘cast’的词汇。

This is the this is the British Broadcasting Corporation broadcasting live over the airwaves. And in podcast, it means to send or broadcast something to your iPod through the Internet in this case case. So a TV broadcast, a radio broadcast, a broadcast to your iPod or podcast. So this basic idea of throwing or sending out is included in most words containing cast even if only metaphorically. Let's have a look at some other words which contain this morpheme cast.

是的。这是一个让你词汇量再扩大一点的机会。一步一步，一个词一个词地，我把你带进英语词汇的这片深林中，你拓宽了你的范围。我是说，想象一下你在玩一个电脑游戏，游戏开始时，你只有游戏区域的地图，而地图上只有一小部分是可见的。地图的大部分区域还是黑暗的，对你来说是不可见的，就像你玩GTA时那样。

Yes. A chance for you to expand your vocab just a little bit further. Step by step, word by word, we you know, I bring you further and further into this deep jungle of English vocabulary, and you broaden your range. I mean, this is you know, imagine yourself in a computer game where you start the game, you've only got you've you've only got like a you've got a map of the game area, and the map, only a little bit of it is uncovered. There's a whole dark area of the map that's not been uncovered that's still dark and not visible to you, like when you play GTA.

当你探索地图的不同区域时，那些部分就会对你显现。这本质上就是你积累词汇的方式——必须走出去探索。对吧？你需要广泛阅读、大量聆听，在实践中发现新知。

And then when you visit the different parts of the map, those parts become visible to you. That's essentially what you have to do for your vocabulary. You have to go out and explore. Right? You need to go out and explore and find, you know, read a lot, listen a lot.

你实际接触的语言素材越多，就越能获得对这门语言的全局认知。这正是我试图引导你们做的——带你们遍历这张'语言地图'的不同区域，介绍更多词汇。现在让我们看看其他包含词素'cast'的单词，你能想到哪些含'cast'的词汇？

The the more stuff you actually visit and encounter, the more you get a global overview overall sense of this whole language. And so that's what I try to do with you. I try to bring you to these different parts of the map in order to introduce you to some other words. So let's look at other words which contain the morpheme cast. Can you think of words which have the word cast in them?

正如刚才提到的，我们学过短语：投射阴影（cast shadow）、引起怀疑（cast doubt）、阐明某事（cast light on）。那么单词呢？比如广播（broadcast），还能想到其他含'cast'的词汇吗？这里有些例子，我们来看看'cast'如何参与构成这些词义。

We've had phrases, as I just said, cast shadow, cast doubt, cast light on something. What about words? So we've got broadcast. Can you think of any other words that contain the word cast? Here are some examples along with how cast contributes to their to their meaning.

首先是广播（broadcast），意为广泛投射。这里指将无线电信号远距离传播，但本质上是通过某种媒介向广阔区域发送信息，比如电视或无线电信号。它也可作名词，例如'入侵消息是通过无线电直播广播发布的'。

So broadcast is the first one to cast broadly or widely. In this case, cast a radio signal far and wide. But, really, this this means sending out information like radio or TV signals across a wide area via some kind of media. So broadcasting a TV, radio, or radio signal, making a TV radio show is also a noun. For example, the news of the invasion was delivered via via a live radio broadcast.

还有预报（forecast），意为向前投射，指预测或展望未来状况，通常用于天气预报。它可以是名词或动词，本质就是预测。比如'你查过天气预报了吗？'

Also, we've got forecast. This means to cast forward, and it refers to predicting or throwing a vision of future conditions, often weather to the weather forecast. It could be a noun or verb. So it's basically predicting. Have you checked the weather forecast?

预计今天下午有雨。财务预测则很乐观。明白吗？然后我们还有‘outcast’（被排斥者）。懂了吗？

Rain is forecast for this afternoon. The financial forecast is optimistic. Okay? Then we've got outcast. Okay?

这个词意为被驱逐。它可以是动词或名词，实际上常用作名词，描述一个被驱逐或排斥的人，即‘outcast’。这里其实也隐含了动词‘to be cast out’（被驱逐）的用法。

This means to be cast out. So it's a verb or noun. It's often a noun, in fact. It describes someone, an outcast, who is thrown out or cast out. There's the verb, actually, to be cast out.

所以‘outcast’是指被驱逐、排斥或不被群体/社会接纳的人，通常作名词使用。丑闻过后，他在同僚中感觉自己像个弃儿，曾被称作朋友的人都避而远之。‘Shunned’意为被拒绝。这部小说讲述了一个在崇尚从众的社会中艰难寻求接纳的局外人的故事。

So a person is an outcast who's been thrown out or cast out or excluded from a group or society. So it's usually a noun. After the scandal, he felt like an outcast among his peers, shunned by those he once called friends. Shunned, meaning rejected. The novel tells the story of an outcast who struggles to find acceptance in a society that values conformity.

对吧？接下来是‘cast away’。这是个名词，动词形式是‘to be cast away’。字面意思是被抛到遥远之地，通常指某人（尤其是因海难）被困在荒岛上的状态。

Right? Next we've got cast away. So that's a noun. The verb is to be cast away. So cast away literally means cast away or thrown away to a distant place, and it's often used for someone stranded, especially on a deserted island.

于是他成了‘castaway’（遇难漂流者），最终在荒岛上生活。这个短语动词由两部分组成：‘to cast someone away’（放逐某人）或‘to be cast away’（被放逐），常用被动形式，比如‘他被放逐到荒岛上’。

So he is a castaway. He ends up becoming a castaway living on a desert island. So the phrasal verb is in two parts, to cast someone away or to be cast away. It's usually in the passive form. He gets cast away on a desert island.

好的。这当然让我们想起那部精彩的汤姆·汉克斯电影。叫什么名字来着？讲的是一个男人被遗弃在荒岛上的故事。但我就是想不起片名了。

Okay. Of course, this makes us think of that wonderful Tom Hanks film. What's it called again? It's about a guy who gets cast away on a desert island. I just can't remember the name of it though.

《荒岛余生》，对就是它。接下来第五个是形容天空的'overcast'。天空被云层覆盖，或者说云朵被抛洒在天空上。这个词描述的是多云阴沉的天气，看不到一丝蓝天。

Cast away. That's it. Next, number five is overcast to describe the sky. The sky is cast over or clouds have been thrown over the sky. It describes cloudy, dull weather where you can't see any blue sky.

基本上就是英国二三四五六七八九十十一十二月乃至一月的常态——英国的天空经常阴云密布。这是个形容词。比如：'今天就是典型的英国天气，灰蒙蒙的阴天'。下一个是选角或电影演员阵容。在影视戏剧界，当制作戏剧、电影或电视节目时，演员会被分配不同角色。

England, basically, in February or March or April or May or June, July, August, September, October, November and indeed December and January just England the sky in England is often overcast. So this is an adjective. It's typical British weather today with a grey overcast sky. Next is to cast someone or the cast of a film. So in the world of movies and TV and theatre, when a play, a film, or TV show is made, actors are given the different roles.

这些演员被分配、安置或'投掷'到特定角色中。他们被选定出演那些角色，由制片方选角。比如华金·菲尼克斯在最近的《小丑》电影中被选定饰演小丑。明白吧？

These actors are given or placed or thrown into a particular role. They are cast in that role. The producers cast them. For example, Joaquin Phoenix was cast as the Joker in the recent Joker films. Right.

我们也用'cast'指代影视剧的全体演员阵容。《复仇者联盟》系列拥有全明星阵容，包括奥斯卡得主小罗伯特·唐尼和其他一些演员。第七个是'typecast'定型选角。这个词是指反复让某个演员出演特定类型角色。

We also talk about the cast of a film, play, or TV show. The Avengers series has an all star cast with Academy Award winner Robert Downey Junior and some other guy some other people. Number seven, typecast. To be typecast. This is to cast someone, again, in the sense of putting them in a movie, to cast someone in a particular type or role repeatedly.

这其实涉及角色定型——这个词不错。'pigeonholing'听起来可能不礼貌，但实际意思是把某人归入某个类别。所以定型选角就是反复让某人扮演特定角色或刻板形象。

So it's about pigeonholing. There's a nice word. And pigeonholing is is not as rude as it might sound. Pigeonholing means putting someone into a category. So it's about pigeonholing or repeatedly assigning someone to a specific character or stereotype.

你能想到哪些被定型的演员吗？他们总是演同类型角色，事实上他们只能接到那种戏路。有什么例子？比如饰演卢克·天行者的马克·哈米尔？

Can you think of any actors who've been typecast? They're always they always play the same character. In fact, they are only ever given that kind of role. Can you think of any examples? What about Mark Hamill, the actor who played Luke Skywalker?

在出演《星球大战》后，扮演卢克·天行者的马克·哈米尔很难获得其他电影角色，因为大家都只认他是天行者。他被定型为天行者。后来他转型从事出色的配音工作，比如在动画版蝙蝠侠中为小丑配音。丹尼尔·雷德克里夫（哈利·波特）则努力避免被定型，他通过参演大量非常规电影和舞台剧，成功摆脱了波特形象。

After appearing in the Star Wars films, actor Mark Hamill, who played Luke Skywalker, found it very hard to get other acting roles in other films because everyone just knew him as Luke Skywalker. He was typecast as Luke Skywalker. He later managed to find his place industry doing excellent voice over work such as playing the Joker in animated Batman films. Daniel Radcliffe, Harry Potter, has worked very hard to avoid being typecast as Harry Potter, and he's done a fairly reasonable job of doing that. He's he's managed to avoid being typecast.

连姆·尼森因《飓风营救》系列大获成功后，就被定型为老年动作明星，接连出演多部类似电影——总是一个带着北爱尔兰背景、身怀绝技的粗犷美国老男人。基本上是《飓风营救》飞机版、轮船版、冰原版...不知道他是否满意这种定型，毕竟这让他晚年获得大量工作机会。

He's appeared in lots of unconventional films as well as stage plays, playing roles which are clearly very different to Harry Potter in an effort to clear his association with that role and avoid getting typecast. What about Liam Neeson from the Taken films? When the film Taken became a huge success, a big success, Liam Neeson became quite typecast as an older action movie star, and he went on to make lots of other similar films as a old gruff American with a probably a Northern Irish background and a particular set of skills. So it's basically taken on a plane. It's taken on a boat, taken in a frozen wasteland.

最后是'recast'重铸/重选，指重新塑造或重组。可以指金属制品（比如重铸金属雕像），也可以指影视剧角色重新选角。

And I don't know if he was happy about this because, obviously, he got a lot of work later in his career, Or maybe he was unhappy to be typecast as this kind of character. I don't know. That's typecast. Moving on, we've got recast, which is to cast again, which means reshaping or restructuring something. Here, we're talking about things made of metal, for example, or so, you know, recasting a statue made of metal, so making it again, or reassigning a role in a film or TV show, for example.

就像在《回到未来》里，显然，马蒂·麦克弗莱这个角色，众所周知是由谁来扮演的？迈克·亨特。当然是迈克尔·J·福克斯。但最初其实是另一位演员。所以在《回到未来》中，马蒂·麦克弗莱这个角色在拍摄几天后被重新选角。

Like in Back to the Future, obviously, the character of Marty McFly, everyone knows, he's played by what's his name? Mike Hunter. Michael j Fox, of course. But originally, it was a different actor. So in Back to the Future, the role of Marty McFly was recast after a few days of shooting.

原定演员埃里克·斯托尔茨被迈克尔·J·福克斯取代，角色被重新选角。再来第九个同类型词汇——选角不当（miscast），指错误地分配角色，常用于描述影视戏剧中演员与角色不匹配的情况。

The original actor, Eric Stoltz, was replaced by Michael j Fox. The character the role was recast. Another nine, again, in the same kind of category, we have miscast. This is to cast incorrectly. It describes giving someone an unsuitable role often in acting in TV, theater, or films.

这是个动词。比如——虽然一时想不出合适的真实案例——假设《李尔王》的选角就有问题。说实话，我觉得金·凯瑞并不适合这个角色。

It's a verb. So if you imagine I can't think of a good example of an actor who was really miscast in a movie. I think the role here's an example. It's not real. I think the role of King Lear was miscast, to be honest.

虽然他试图突破戏路，但年龄气质都不符，况且李尔王这个角色本就没有喜剧元素。最后第十个词是沮丧的（downcast），形容词，字面意思是情绪被抛掷低落，引申为失望、悲伤、消沉的状态。

I don't think Jim Carrey was the right actor for the role. I appreciate he was trying to do something different with it, but he still isn't quite old enough, and there isn't really any comedy in the part of King Lear anyway. And I think this is the last one, number 10, downcast, which is an adjective, which literally means cast down, thrown down. It implies being emotionally thrown down or dispirited. So it's like disappointed, sad, depressed to be downcast.

就像心情被重重摔落。例如当我独自走出医院时，感到无比沮丧。这些词汇都保留了'抛掷/赋予/传递'的核心意象——无论是动作、特质还是角色分配，展现了词根cast作为语素的强大衍生力。这也解释了podcast（播客）的词源，以及cast在其他复合词中的妙用。感谢收听本期播客的各位听众。

It's your mood which is thrown downwards. For example, when I walked out of the hospital on my own, I just felt so downcast. So each of these terms retains that sense of throwing or giving or sending something out, sending forth an action, a quality, or a role, which shows the versatility of the word cast as a root word or or morpheme. So that is the meaning of the word podcast and a little trip into the world of the word cast and how it can be found in various other words and phrases. You are welcome, listeners out there in podcast land.

知道吗？我刚刚决定改变计划——原定要讲的内容就此打住，剩余内容将留到第五期零散专题再继续。可能是下期，也可能不是。

You know what? You know something. I said earlier, I said we're gonna cover this, that, and the other, but we're gonna stop here. I've just decided we are gonna stop here right now at this point, and I'll carry on and do the rest of the stuff I had planned in bits and bobs episode part five, which will come soon. Maybe it will be the next episode, but maybe it won't.

没错，我就喜欢保持悬念。毕竟生活就像一盒巧克力，你永远不知道下一颗是什么味道。

Yeah. Woah. I like to keep you on your toes. So you just don't know because, you know, life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get.

Luke's English播客也像巧克力盒——只不过你其实知道里面肯定是巧克力，而且通常包装盒侧面还有口味示意图。

Luke's English podcast is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get, except you know you're gonna get chocolates. And you probably the the the often when you buy a box of chocolates, often you know what's gonna be in it. And it's gonna be chocolates, and you know what kind of chocolates. Because it often has a little diagram on the side of the box.

对吧？我一直不理解《阿甘正传》里那句'生活像巧克力盒，你永远不知道下一颗是什么'——现实中买巧克力时你明明很清楚口味。

Right? I've never understood that. I've said this on the podcast before in Forrest Gump where he says, life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get. Well, you often do know exactly what you're gonna get when you buy a box of chocolates.

不过生活确实充满未知（虽然比喻不够贴切）。如果改成'我妈妈总说生活充满变数'，估计这电影就拿不到奥斯卡了——毕竟巧克力盒的套路大家早摸透了。

But, nevertheless, life is unpredictable, let's say, which is, to be fair, it wouldn't be as good in the film. Well, my mama always said life is kinda unpredictable. You never quite know what's gonna happen, you know, next. And, well, it would be it's it's kinda like a box of chocolates except that you do tend to know so life is not like a box of chocolates, but it is a bit unpredictable. The film would never have won any Oscars if that if I had written it.

总之，我会让你们通过RSS订阅在播客客户端里自行发现下一期内容。但无论如何，希望你们喜欢这次节目。这次我们讲了些语法和词汇。感谢大家的收听，请务必在评论区留言。

So anyway, I will let you discover what the next episode is when it arrives through your RSS feeds into your podcatcher. But anyway, I hope you appreciated that. A bit of grammar and a bit of vocabulary on the podcast this time. Thank you for listening, everybody. Write into the comments section, please.

你们都是怎么收听Luke英语播客的？有没有特别偏好的方式？使用什么平台？更喜欢音频版还是视频版？为什么？通常会在什么情境下收听？

How do you listen to Luke's English podcast? Do have a particular do you have a favorite way of doing it? Do you you what platform do you use? Do you prefer the audio version or the video version and why? And in what situation do you typically listen to the podcast?

其实如果你们正在听这期播客——我猜你们确实在听对吧？就是你，对，说的就是你。

In fact, if you're listening to this podcast right now, which I suppose you are. Right? You. Yes. You.

你们现在是在什么情境下收听的？在户外某个地方？在有趣的场所？还是无聊的地方？或者正在不该听播客的场合偷听？

What is the situation in which you find yourself listening to this? Are you outside somewhere? Are you in a interesting location? Are you in a boring location? Are you listening when you perhaps shouldn't be listening?

是在学校上课时？工作时边听边 multitask？想着'反正要做这个无聊的工作，不如同时听听Luke的英语播客'？正在开车去某处？

Are you in a a lesson at school? Are you at work listening to this while trying to multitask? You think, well, I'm gonna do this boring task at work. I might as well listen to Luke's English podcast at the same time. Are you driving somewhere?

要去哪里？旅途如何？交通状况怎样？是在散步吗？天气怎么样？

Where are you going? How's the journey? What's how's the traffic? Are you walking around? What's the weather like?

你们此刻身处世界哪个迷人的角落？周围正在发生什么？我超想知道的。请在评论区留言，我们下次再聊。好吗？

Where where are you? Which which incredibly fascinating part of the world are you in at the moment and what's going on around you? I would love to know. Please leave your comments wherever you leave your comments, and I will speak to you next time. Okay?

别忘了可以订阅LEP Premium获取更多类似内容。这类教学向内容更接近付费节目风格，包含PDF文档、大量记忆练习和其他能真正拓展词汇量的学习任务。付费内容持续更新中，别错过啦。网址是teacherluke.co.uk/premium。

Don't forget you can sign up to LEP Premium to get more stuff like this. This is closer to the sorts of things I do in premium episodes where I do focus on teaching stuff and obviously PDFs and loads of like memory exercises and other tasks that you can do to really help you expand your vocab. So premium content is constantly arriving all the time. So don't miss out. Teacher luke dot co dot u k slash premium.

总之我们下次再聊。期待通过评论听到你们的反馈。记得查看PDF文档。就这样，好吗？

But anyway, I'll speak to you next time. I look forward to hearing you from you in the form of comments in some way. Check out the PDF. And that's it. Okay?

好的。太棒了。各位保重。再见。

Alright. Nice one. Cheers, everyone. Bye. Bye.

再见。再见。再见。感谢收听卢克的英语播客。更多信息，请访问teacherluke.co.uk。

Bye. Bye. Bye. For listening to Luke's English podcast. For more information, visit teacherluke.co.uk.

如果你喜欢本期英语播客，可以考虑订阅卢克的英语播客高级版。你将定期收到包含故事、词汇、语法和发音教学的高级节目，还有我一贯的幽默风趣时刻。此外，你的订阅将直接支持我的工作，使整个播客项目得以持续。有关卢克英语播客高级版的更多信息，请访问teacherluke.co.uk/premiuminfo。

If you enjoyed this episode of English podcast, consider signing up for Luke's English podcast premium. You'll get regular premium episodes with stories, vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation teaching from me, and the usual moments of humor and fun. Plus, with your subscription, you will be directly supporting my work and making this whole podcast project possible. For more information about Luke's English podcast premium, go to teacherluke.co.uk/premiuminfo.