好产品难以复制

我认为阅读德语在各个学科领域都非常有用。

I think reading Deutsch across all the different disciplines is very useful.

即使当他谈论模因和模因理论时，这些理论虽然源自进化论，却直接跨越到了认识论、猜想与批评的领域。

Even when he talks about memes and meme theory, that comes from evolution, but crosses over straight into epistemology and conjecture and criticism.

它远不止于他对财富的定义——那些你能影响的物理转变集合。

And it reaches far beyond his definition of wealth, the set of physical transformations that you can affect.

这同时考虑了资本和知识，并清晰地表明知识是更重要的组成部分。

That takes into account both capital and knowledge, and it clearly shows that knowledge is a bigger component.

然后这些可以被引入商业领域并应用到你的日常生活中。

And then that can be brought into business and applied into your everyday life.

它既适用于国家财富，也适用于个人财富。

It can apply to the wealth of nations, and it can apply to the wealth of individuals.

因此有很多部分相互关联在一起。

So there are a lot of parts that interconnect together.

他说好的解释难以被改动。

He says that good explanations are hard to vary.

所以当你回顾一个好的解释时，你会说，嗯，它怎么可能有别的样子呢？

So when you look back on a good explanation, you say, well, how could it have been otherwise?

这是这件事唯一可能的运作方式。

This is the only way this thing could have worked.

所有这些不同部分以某种方式相互契合并制约，从而产生了一些涌现特性、某种复杂性或你未曾预料的结果，某种能完美解释一切的说明。

All these different parts fit together and constrain each other in such a way that there's now some emergent property or some complexity or some outcome that you didn't expect, some explanation that neatly explains everything.

这不仅仅适用于好的解释。

That doesn't just apply to good explanations.

这适用于产品开发。

It applies to product development.

优秀的产品难以被改动。

Good products are hard to vary.

看看iPhone，这颗光滑、完美、美丽的宝石。

Go look at the iPhone, this smooth, perfect, beautiful jewel.

自初代以来，其外形设计并未发生实质性变化。

The form factor hasn't really changed that much since the original one.

它围绕单屏幕设计，通过多触点技术嵌入电池，使其能装入口袋，在手中流畅滑动，本质上创造了真正个人便携计算机的完美典范。

It's all around the single screen, the multi touch embedding the battery, making it fit into your pocket, making it smooth and sliding in your hand, essentially creating the platonic ideal of the truly personal pocketable computer.

因此这个产品难以被改动。

So that product is hard to vary.

苹果及其竞争对手已尝试通过16代iPhone进行改动，但都未能实现实质性变化。

Both Apple and its competitors have tried to vary it across 16 generations of iPhone, and they haven't been able to materially vary it.

他们可以改进组件和部分基础性能，但本质上，外形设计难以被改动。

They've been able to improve the components and improve some of the underlying capabilities, but, materially, the form factor is hard to vary.

他们设计出了正确的东西。

They designed the right thing.

我想起安东尼·德·圣埃克苏佩里的名言：飞机机翼的完美不在于无法再添加什么，而在于无法再删减什么。

There's the famous saying, I think, from Antoine de Sani Xuperi, where he says, the airplane wing is perfect not because there's nothing left to add, but because there's nothing left to take away.

那种飞机机翼难以被改动。

That airplane wing is hard to vary.

当我们设计出适合火星任务的航天器时，我敢打赌，无论是整体架构还是细节设计，在相当长时间内都难以被改动——除非出现突破性技术。

When we figure out the proper design of the spacecraft to get to Mars, I will bet you that both at a high level and in the details for quite a long time, that thing will be hard to vary until there's some breakthrough technology.

基础的内燃机设计在电池技术足够成熟前难以改变，之后我们创造了电动车，而现在电动车设计也变得难以突破。

The basic internal combustion engine design was hard to vary until we got batteries good enough, and then we created electric car, and now the electric car is hard to vary.

事实上，现在有些设计师抱怨说在现代社会，产品和物品开始看起来都一个样。

In fact, there's a complaint now among some designers that in modern society, products and objects are starting to look all the same.

这是因为Instagram的影响吗？

Is that because of Instagram?

为什么会这样？

Why is that?

至少在汽车领域，它们看起来都经过风洞设计，因为那是最具效率的设计方案。

Well, at least in the car case, they all look like they've been through a wind tunnel design because that is the most efficient design.

它们都呈现流线型外观的原因在于都经过风洞测试，试图找到空气阻力最小的设计方案。

The reason they all look swoopy and streamlined is because they're all going through a wind tunnel, and they're trying to find the thing that cuts through the air with minimal resistance.

因此最终它们看起来都很相似，因为这种设计要在不损失效率的前提下进行改变很困难。

And so they do all end up looking the same because that design is hard to vary without losing efficiency.

优秀作家的作品具有极高的密度和互文性，其本质上是分形结构的。

Good writers write with such high density and interconnectedness that their works are fractal in nature.

你会在自己准备好接受的认知层面上遇到这些知识。

You will meet the knowledge at the level at which you are ready to receive it.

而且你不需要完全理解它。

And you don't have to understand it all.

这就是学习的本质。

This is the nature of learning.

你读第一遍可能只理解20%，重读时能理解到25%。

You read it, you got 20% of it, then you go back through it, you got 25% of it.

你听了布雷特·霍尔的其中一期播客，现在你掌握了28%的内容。

You listen to one of Brett Hall's podcasts alongside, now you got 28% of it.

现在你去Grock或ChatGPT提问，深入研究某些部分，就能掌握31%的内容。

Now you go to Grock or ChatGPT, you ask us some questions, you dig in on some part, now you got 31% of it.

所有知识都是作者与观察者或读者之间的交流，双方需要达到一定水平才能吸收。

All knowledge is a communication between the author and the observer or the reader, and you both have to be at a certain level to absorb.

当你准备好接收不同信息时，就会获得不同收获。但只要能沟通和阅读语言，无论处于何种水平，你总能有所得。

When you're ready to receive different pieces, you will receive different pieces, but you'll always get something out of it no matter what level you're at as long as you can even just communicate and read the language.