黑洞理论宇宙学（黑洞是什么？！）第一部分 - 罗纳德·甘布尔博士主讲

是啊。

Yeah.

所以她确实这么做了。

So she she did that.

我的意思是，从小到大，无论是童年、大学还是高中时期，我都会不断自问：好吧。

So I mean, all along through childhood, through college, high school, whatever, I would just ask myself, okay.

那么，如果...？

Well, what if?

重力虽然很奇妙，但它究竟起什么作用？

What gravity is weird, but what does gravity actually do?

黑洞有什么作用？

What do black holes do?

黑洞内部是什么？

What's inside of a black hole?

于是我去谷歌搜索查阅了资料。

So I googled, I looked up.

好的。

Okay.

那么，物理学中尚未解答的问题有哪些？

Well, what are the unanswered questions in physics?

是啊。

Yeah.

我们还有哪些未知领域？

What do we not know yet?

暗物质当时就排在清单首位。

Dark matter was, like, at the top of the list.

暗能量。

Dark energy.

还有件怪事我可能不会提，因为那得再花一小时才能讲完

There's another weird thing that I'm probably not gonna mention because it's gonna take us another hour

是什么？

What it?

那是什么？

What is it?

它被称为暗流，但我不会

It's called dark flow, but I'm not gonna

天啊。

Oh my god.

我甚至从未听说过这个。

I've never even heard of it.

那是一堆奇怪的东西。

It's bunch of weird stuff.

显然这是个有争议的假说。

It's a controversial hypothesis, apparently.

所以我们先把它放一边。

So we're just gonna set that aside.

但如果你碰巧上维基百科，别被页面顶部那个斜体警告分散注意力。

But if you happen to Wikipedia, don't get distracted by this italicized warning on the top of the page.

上面写着不要与暗能量、暗流体、暗物质或暗波混淆。

It says not to be confused with dark energy, dark fluid, dark matter, or dark wave.

我当时就想，然后点击了暗波链接，结果跳转到一个关于90年代哥特场景的页面，接着又把我带到一个外部网站，在那里我发现自己会被归类为传统哥特元老。

And I was like, and I clicked the dark wave link, and it takes you to a page about the nineteen nineties goth scene, which then took me to an external website, where I learned that I would be considered an elder trad goth.

我们刚才说到哪了？

So where were we?

我们正在话题里打转呢。

We were spiraling.

然后当然还有一些关于黑洞和大爆炸的相关内容，我就想，好吧。

And then, of course, some other things that pertain to black holes and the Big Bang and and then I'm like, okay.

于是我查了查，为什么我们还没搞明白这个？

So and I looked up, well, why haven't we figured this out?

哦，好吧，我们目前还不知道。

Oh, well, we don't know yet.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我是

I'm

就在想，为什么我就不能研究这个呢？

like, well, why can't I do this?

对啊。

Yeah.

所以快进到大学本科阶段，我去问我的导师。

So fast forward to college, undergrad, I'm asking my adviser.

我说，好吧。

I'm like, okay.

我想研究黑洞。

So I wanna study black holes.

结果发现，这里没人研究这个。

So I go, don't have anybody here that does that.

我就想，好吧。

I'm like, okay.

那么，我该怎么做到呢？

Well, how do I how do I do this?

我想，数学。

I'm like, math.

于是我翻开我们称为《引力圣经》的书，就是Misner、Thorne和Wheeler合著的《引力论》。

And I look up I open what we call the Gravity Bible, which is Meisner, Thorn and Wheeler, Gravity.

这可真够重的，伙计。

That's heavy, man.

谢谢，嗯哼。

Thank you Mhmm.

MTW啊，你们可让我头疼坏了。

MTW for all the headache you've given me.

《引力论》是一本1280页的高阶教材。

So gravitation, it's a 1,280 page high level textbook.

没错，对天体物理学家来说这确实是部宗教经典。

And yes, it is a religious text to astrophysicists.

这本书最初出版于1973年，至今仍获得如潮好评，被称为教学杰作。

So it was initially published, first came out in 1973, and the reviews for it still swoon, saying things like a pedagogic masterpiece.

如果物理学著作也有类似烂番茄的评分系统，

There were a Rotten Tomatoes for physics books.

这本书绝对会被认证为新鲜推荐。

This would be certified fresh.

它由查尔斯·迈斯纳、基普·索恩和约翰·惠勒合著。

And it was co written by Charles Meissner and Kip Thorne and John Wheeler.

基普是诺贝尔物理学奖的共同获得者。

And Kip was the co winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics.

书中涵盖了相对论、平直与弯曲时空、黑洞、引力坍缩、引力波、宇宙学等主题，简直像是宇宙手册的专题广告。

And this book covers such topics as the theory of relativity, flat and curved space time, and black holes, gravitational collapse, gravitational waves, cosmology, and so much more like an infomercial for a manual of the universe.

纯黑封面上印着白色苹果图案的示意图，采用无衬线字体，带着尼克松时代特有的未来主义叛逆感。

And it's got this stark black cover with a white diagram of an apple, some sans serif font, and kind of a rebellious sense of Nixon era futurism.

说实话，我看到时就想——这简直是暗潮音乐专辑的完美封面设计。

And honestly, I saw it and I was like, this would be the perfect graphic for a dark wave album.

假设有人给你安排了一次约会，对象是位天体物理学家，如果你第一次约会就想和对方结婚，只需问问他们是否还留着那本《引力论》。

So if you were ever set up on a date, let's say, someone sits on a date with an astrophysicist, and you should want to marry them on that first date, just ask them if they still have their copy of gravitation lying around.

我一看，心想，哦，糟了。

And I look, I'm like, oh, shit.

这里面有太多

There's a lot

我当时不懂的数学知识。

of math here that I didn't know at the time.

比如，这是什么意思？

Like, what does this mean?

嗯。

Mhmm.

什么鬼是度规张量之类的？

The hell is a metric tensor and all this?

我就想，好吧。

And I'm like, okay.

让我翻一翻。

So let me flip.

我浏览了一下术语表，心想，好吧。

And I go through the glossary, and I'm like, okay.

术语可真不少。

That's a lot of terms.

嗯。

Mhmm.

那时候我还没学微积分三。

And at the time, I had not taken calculus three yet.

所以我就想，好吧。

So I'm like, okay.

我还是先做明天要交的作业吧。嗯哼。

Let me go back to my actual homework that's due tomorrow Uh-huh.

先完成这个，然后等周末或空闲时再回来做笔记。

Finish this, and then go back on, like, weekends or my own time and start taking notes.

我开始只是抄写课本上看到的内容。

I started just rewriting things I saw in textbooks.

我不知道那些内容是什么意思。

I didn't know what they said.

我不理解它们的含义，但我知道，好吧，我必须练习记忆其中一些内容。

I didn't know what they meant, but I knew, okay, I had to practice memorizing some of this.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以当我后来真正回头学习数学，并成为数学专家时，我就想，好吧。

So that when I actually went back and I learned the math now, became an expert in the math, I was like, okay.

我以前见过这个。

I've seen this before.

我已经见过一段时间了。

I've seen it a while now.

所以在不了解完整背景的情况下，是的，Gamble博士熟悉了方程式的形状和模式，这样后来那些图形就变得熟悉了，他就能深入探究其中的原理和原因。

So without knowing the full context, yeah, doctor Gamble got familiar with the shapes of the equations, the patterns, so that later, the figures were familiar, and he could jump into the hows and the whys of that what.

我现在真的可以彻底开动脑筋了。

I can now really explode my brain.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

然后就会觉得，好吧。

And be like, okay.

好吧

Well okay.

那么，让我回到我的艺术背景

Well, let me come back to my art background.

我也是一名画家

I'm a painter also.

哦

Oh.

所以我本科时双修了艺术和物理专业。

So I double majored in art and physics in undergrad.

我之前不知道这事。

I did not know that.

是的。

Yes.

超能力。

Superpowers.

你

Did

画了很多太空题材的画吗？

you make a lot of space painting?

老实说，我并没有。

I honestly, I didn't.

好的。

Okay.

你就像是，这是我人生的另一个阶段。

You're like, this is a different part of my life.

你就像是，我

You're like, I'm

我画了很多海景画，因为我喜欢海滩。

I did a lot of seascapes because I like the beach.

是的。

Yeah.

那是我最喜欢的事情之一。

So that was one of my favorite things.

我画了很多肖像画。

I did a lot of portraits.

不过，你可是第一个知道这事的人。

But, you heard it here first.

我打算创作一个立体主义黑洞系列。真的吗？

I am gonna be doing a, like, cubism black hole series Are you really?

在2024年。

In 2024.

是的。

Yeah.

我会给你看的。

I'll show you.

我们会在节目说明中附上Gamble博士的社交媒体链接，如果你想收藏一幅由能美妙理解宇宙中恐怖事物的大脑创作的作品的话。

So we will link doctor Gamble's social media in the show notes in case you'd like to own a painting by someone whose brain comprehends beautifully terrifying things in the universe.

这就是我如何对它产生兴趣的故事。

That's the story of how I kind of you kinda get interested in it.

嗯。

Mhmm.

但你必须真正熟悉理论，熟悉黑洞的实际哲学。

But you have to be really intimate with the theory, with the actual philosophy of black hole.

黑洞意味着什么？

What does a black hole mean?

嗯

Mhmm.

我就是这么问的

That's what I asked.

所以我就想，好吧

And so I was like, okay.

那就在大学学费还便宜的时候尽量多学点东西 嗯

Well, let me learn everything I can while college is cheap Mhmm.

本科期间

In undergrad.

你知道，我

You know, I

可以多选一门课，因为这里有奖学金，就多学多问

can just take an extra class because I have a scholarship here and just learn and ask questions.

我就是这么做的

That's what I really did.

我向教授们、自己以及那些真正研究过黑洞的人提了很多问题。

I asked a lot of questions, both to my professors, to myself, and then others who actually studied black holes.

然后我就直接去做了。

And then I just went and did it.

我找到了教材和一些数学资料。

I just found the textbooks, some of the math.

我知道自己必须学习大量数学知识。

I knew I learned had to learn a lot of math.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以我在进入研究生院前两年就开始了毕业论文的写作。

So I started my graduate thesis, my dissertation, two years before I got into grad school.

哦，哇。

Oh, wow.

那是在我本科大三前的那个夏天。

So it was the summer before my junior year in undergrad.

那是我第一次学习我知道自己攻读博士学位所需的数学。

That's when I first started learning the math that I knew I would needed for my PhD.

所以我算是有点先见之明。

So I was kinda like a foresight.

你的博士学位是什么方向的？

And what was your PhD?

那篇论文研究的是什么？好的。

What was the dissertation Okay.

所以这些术语我实在没法避而不谈。

So here are the words that I can't really ignore.

好的。

Okay.

我的博士论文研究的是具有正宇宙常数的旋转黑洞非线性引力波理论

My dissertation was on a nonlinear gravitational wave theory for rotating black holes with a positive cosmological constant

好的。

Okay.

在粘弹性解释框架下。

Under a viscoelastic interpretation.

好的。

Okay.

再次说明，那项研究是关于粘弹性卡λ时空中的引力辐射和非线性波理论。

Once again, that was on gravitational radiation, nonlinear wave theory in viscoelasticus kar lambda space time.

对。

Yep.

这意味着，我实际上是对爱因斯坦的相对论进行了扩展，嗯。

So what that means is, is I quite literally created an extension to Einstein's theory of relativity Mhmm.

现在将时空解释为某种弹性

That now interpreted space time as some elastic

属性。

property.

粘弹性。

Viscoelastic.

粘弹性。

Viscoelastic.

好的。

Okay.

所以如果你想象弹性腻子

So if you think of elastic putty

嗯。

Mhmm.

这就是我设想时空运作的方式，天啊。

That's how I envisioned space time to act Oh my god.

围绕一个旋转的黑洞，辐射出引力波。

Around a rotating black hole radiating gravitational waves away.

所以我在想，好吧。

So I'm thinking, okay.

好吧。

Okay.

这很奇怪。

This is weird.

是的。

Yes.

但我知道如何用数学把这些整合起来。

But I know the math to put this together.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以那时候在研究生院，我简直就像在玩乐高积木一样摆弄这些数学。

And so the math literally, I was like working with Legos at that point in grad school.

有一个

Had one

是真的乐高积木吗？

Literal Legos?

实际的乐高积木？

Actual Legos?

有时候，

Sometimes,

是的。

yes.

好的。

Okay.

哦，我的乐高很酷

Oh my Legos are cool

而且我有它们。

and I had them.

你知道，如果你

You know, if you're

是研究生，就玩玩乐高吧。

a grad student, play with LEGOs.

但数学就像乐高一样。

But the math was like LEGOs.

所以我们就像积木一样。

So we're like building blocks.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我可以把积分或导数组合起来，把张量拼在一起，重新构建它们，分解它们，然后创造出新的东西。

I could put an integral or derivative together and put tensors together and reconstruct them, break them down, and make new ones.

我还创造了一些新的数学方法。

And I made some new math.

嗯。

Mhmm.

这有点像虚构的新数学，但它是一种以前不存在的运算，我需要它来完成我的工作。

It's like fake new math, but it's an operation that didn't exist before and I needed it to actually do my work.

所以我就想，好吧。

So I was like, okay.

那么，为什么这个又不存在了呢，为什么这个不存在？

Well, why doesn't this again, why doesn't this exist?

嗯。

Mhmm.

好吧，如果它不存在，那就创造它。

Well, if it's not there, then create it.

是啊。

Yeah.

再说一次，你知道，我是学艺术出身的。

So again, you know, I was trained as an artist.

我放下画笔，拿起了一支粉笔

I put the paintbrush down and picked up a piece of chalk

嗯哼。

Uh-huh.

为了数学。

For math.

所以它使用的是你大脑中相同的部分。

So it's the same it used the same parts of your brain.

这就是我一直使用的，你大脑的创造性部分。

That's what I used the whole time, The creative aspect of your brain.

我就是这样完成我的工作的。

That's how I did my work.

那么你能解释一下爱因斯坦的计算在哪些方面不适用于现有的一些现象吗？

And so can you explain where Einstein's calculations don't really apply to some of what's out there?

比如，我理解暗物质可能不完全符合相对论。

Like, I understand that, like, dark matter might not totally fit in with a theory of relativity.

就像有些东西让人感觉，呃。

Like, there's something that it's like, ugh.

是啊。

Yeah.

在这里行不通。

This doesn't work here.

那里发生了什么？

What's going on there?

好吧。

So okay.

所以，不是的。

So, no.

爱因斯坦的场方程，这是广义相对论的核心方程。

Einstein's field equations, which is the principal equation for general relativity.

记住，广义相对论讲的是质量如何影响时空的四个维度。

And remember, general relativity is all about how mass affects the four dimensions of time and space.

但并不适用于所有物质。

But not for all stuff.

当你接触到比原子更小的粒子时，事情就变得非常奇怪了。

Things get really weird when you get to particles smaller than atoms.

它对暗物质不太适用，嗯哼。

It doesn't quite work for dark matter Uh-huh.

或者暗能量。

Or dark energy.

我们有个最佳猜测。

We have a best guess.

当然，我们有一些修正过的引力方程。

Of course, we have some modified gravity equations.

我就说到这里吧，因为这完全是另一个话题了。

I'm gonna leave it there, because that's a whole another topic.

但如果你越过黑洞的事件视界。

But if you go beyond the event horizon of a black hole.

对吧？

Right?

那差不多就是它的外表面。

So that's kind of the outer surface.

那就相当于...呃...有去无回的临界点。

That's like the the the point of no return.

对吧？

Right?

是的。

Yeah.

如果你进入其中，相对论就会失效。

If you go inside that, relativity fails.

我们不知道会发生什么。

We don't know what's going on.

所以我们正在尝试将这些方程逐步逼近，但这并不像a加b等于c那么简单。

So we're kind of taking the equations and we're kind of smearing them closer and closer slowly, but we it's not a as simple as a plus b equals c.

而是a加上a的一个微小变化，再加上a的另一个微小变化。

It's a plus a little change in a plus a plus another little change in a plus a.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我们试图悄悄接近c之类的目标，而不使用b。

We're trying to sneak up on c or something and not try to use b.

对吧？

Right?

就像那个完整的方程一样。

As in a the full fledged equation.

但我们能做的也就这么多了。

But we can only do that but so much.

然后它们就在事件视界、就在奇点处失效了。

And then they fail right at the event right at the singularity.

我们完全不知道发生了什么。

We have no idea what's going on.

我们需要一种叫做量子引力的理论。

We would need something called quantum gravity.

也就是能与亚原子粒子协同工作的引力理论。

So gravity theories that work with those subatomic particles.

但这目前还未能实现。

But that's not really happening yet.

这是个未解之谜。

It's mystery.

但我们现在需要一种量子尺度上的引力解释

But we would need an interpretation of gravity on a quantum scale now

好的。

Okay.

就目前而言，我们还没有一个——我该怎么说——关于这个理论应该是什么样子的共识。

Which as of right now, we don't have a, I would say, a consensus for what that theory should look like.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我们有一大堆相互竞争的理论。

We have a whole bunch of competing theories.

其中之一是圈量子引力理论。

One of them is loop quantum gravity.

我们还有其他各种弦理论，其中一种至少需要七个维度才能实现。

We have a bunch of other string theories, another one, but that's you need at least seven dimensions to do that.

这太疯狂了。

It's madness.

我知道。

I know.

但你知道，我们正在努力解决。

But, you know, we're working on okay.

嗯，非常简单的问题。

Well, very simple questions.

引力对行星和原子的作用方式相同吗？

Does gravity behave the same way for planets as it does atoms?

嗯哼。

Uh-huh.

这就是量子

And that's where the quantum

这就是量子层面的问题。

And that's the quantum aspect.

它们是一样的吗？

Is it the same?

如果情况不同，那么我们就需要新的物理理论。

If it's not the same, well, then we need new physics.

嗯。

Mhmm.

哦，天哪。

Oh, boy.

我们如何验证新的物理理论？

How do we test for new physics?

我们毫无头绪。

We have no idea.

我不知道。

I don't know.

你能给我讲讲黑洞的结构吗？

Can you walk me through the anatomy of black hole?

因为我理解的是存在事件视界，就像是那个嗯。

Because what I understand is there's the event horizon, which is like the Mhmm.

边缘处的一切仿佛都在燃烧。

Where everything's kind of burning up around the edges.

那么奇点在哪里呢？

And then where is the singularity?

根据我的想象，它就像一个逐渐收窄成巨大物体的大蝴蝶网。

And from what I picture it, it's like a big butterfly net that tapers into something massive.

但是，艾玛，我的理解错得有多离谱？

But like, Emma, how wrong am I?

我有点尴尬

I cringe

每次看到那个画面时我都这样。

I'm whenever I see that.

抱歉。

Sorry.

我只是想象着那种线框示意图。

I just picture the wireframe, like, illustration.

对不起。

I'm sorry.

我尽量不为此杀人，不过，好吧。

I try not to kill people for it, but it's like, okay.

那是最接近的，数学上的，对。

That's the best, like, mathematical Yeah.

是我们能画出的最佳表现了。

Representation we could draw.

我就说，好吧各位。

I'm like, okay, guys.

加把劲啊。

Do better.

我们可以的，好吧。

We can okay.

那就这样吧。

So okay.

所以它不是漏斗状的。

So it's it's not a funnel.

好的。

Okay.

大家做好准备。

Hang on to your hats, people.

黑洞实际上是个球体。

A black hole is actually a sphere.

什么？

What?

没错。

Yeah.

它实际上是个球体。

It's actually a sphere.

所以它不仅是球体，而且由于黑洞在旋转，两极会被压扁。

So not only is it a sphere, but because the black hole's rotating, it squishes along the poles.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以它是个扁球体。

So it's an oblate spheroid.

哇。

Wow.

地球就是个扁球体。

The Earth is an oblate spheroid.

由于自转，它并非完美的球体。

It's not a perfect sphere because it rotates.

像M&M巧克力豆那样，还是像

Like an m and m or like a

没错。

Exactly.

像没那么扁的M&M巧克力豆。

Like a not as squished m and m.

没那么扁的M&M，是胖版的M&M。

Not as squished m a fat m and m.

好吧。

Okay.

所以如果你想象一个胖版的M&M，那就是黑洞的样子。

So if you think a fat m and m, that's what a black hole is.

天啊。

Oh my god.

它看起来像个巨大的M&M。

It looks like a huge M and M.

而且那是侧面的视角。

And that's edge on.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

好的。

Okay.

所以如果我们从鸟瞰视角往下看，沿着极轴方向，你会看到一个完美的圆形。

So now if we're looking bird's eye view down, down the pole, you're gonna see a perfect circle.

好的。

Okay.

因为它具有我们所说的那种圆形或赤道对称性。

Because it has what we call kind of circular or equatorial symmetry.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以它在赤道上是完美的圆形，但随着你向两极移动，形状会发生变化。

So it's perfectly circular along the equator, but as you kind of go up towards the poles, it changes.

嗯。

Mhmm.

它不是一个完美的球体。

It's not a perfect sphere.

这就是黑洞的外部。

So now that's the outside of a black hole.

对吧？

Right?

所以沿着中间部分，顶部和底部是完美的圆形，但越往两极越不圆。

So along the middle, perfectly round toward the top and bottom, less so.

黑洞周围有一个日冕层，温度显然高达十亿摄氏度，换算成华氏度就是十八亿零三十二度，以防你靠近它。

And around the black hole is a corona, and that's apparently a billion degrees Celsius, which Americans, that would be one point eight billion and thirty two degrees Fahrenheit in case you're getting close to one.

不过，从日冕层向内、事件视界之前，有一个被称为'能层'的热闹区域。

But, yeah, inward from the corona, but before the event horizon, is a hot nightlife spot called ergosphere.

在我们进入内部之前，黑洞外还有另一个区域叫做能层。

Before we go inside, there's another area right outside the black hole that's called the ergosphere.

好的。

Okay.

能层意思是工作球面，工作区域。

Ergosphere meaning work sphere, work region.

嗯哼。

Uh-huh.

能层(ergosphere)的本质是时空本身——不是你，也不仅仅是黑洞，而是时空本身正在被拖拽旋转。

The essence of the ergosphere is that space time itself, not you, not just the black hole, but space time itself is being dragged around.

所以你在能层中完全不可能保持静止状态。

So it is quite quite impossible for you to stay still in the ergosphere.

因为它被拖拽着

Because it's getting dragged

随着冲击波绕着黑洞旋转。

dragged around the black hole with the blast.

黑洞旋转时，时空会被拖拽着运动。

The black hole spin, space time is being dragged around.

但这种拖拽不像旋转木马那样。

So not dragged around like a merry-go-round.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以你可以想象，如果你在一个旋转木马上，对吧，你拍了一张照片，一张长时间曝光的照片

So you can imagine if you were on a merry-go-round, right, and you took a picture, a long exposure picture

嗯。

Mhmm.

当你绕着旋转木马转时，你的影像会变得模糊。

And you went around the merry-go-round, your image would smear.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

这就是你在黑洞的能层周围会看到的现象。

That's what you would see around a black hole in the ergosphere.

你甚至可以看到自己的后脑勺。

You could see the back of your own head No.

因为光线会被完全拖拽一圈然后进入你的眼球。

Because the light would be dragged all the way around and hit eyeballs.

是的。

Yes.

好的。

Okay.

时空

Space time

简而言之。

in a nutshell.

所以时空拖拽这个概念，对于普通人来说太难理解了。

So dragging space time is so hard to grasp for for someone who's like, today is Wednesdays.

明天是星期四。

Tomorrow's Thursday.

我今年这么大岁数了。

I'm this years old.

从能被拖拽的角度来说，时空到底是什么？

What is space time in the aspect that it can be dragged?

我们正坐在这个演播室里。

We're sitting in this studio.

我可以记录你的时间。

I can clock your time.

我可以在三维、四维中确定你的位置。

I can figure out your position in three d, in four d.

但这真的是时空吗？

But is it actually space time?

不是。

No.

我们现在讨论的是事件，而不仅仅是点。

We are talking about events now, not just points.

我们必须进入四维而非三维。

We have to go to four d instead of three d.

好的。

Okay.

所以是x y z在时间中。

So x y z in time.

四维，我们现在讨论的是时空中的事件。

Four d, we're talking about events in space time now.

如果某个宇宙物体是平的，它将在x轴和y轴上占据两个维度。

So if some cosmic object were flat, it would occupy two dimensions on an x and a y axis.

但当物体是三维时，它就多了深度这个维度，而我们存在于三维世界中。

But when something is three-dimensional, it has that added dimension of depth, and we exist in a three-dimensional world.

所以我朝你脸上扔袜子，这个动作经过了三个维度。

So I toss a sock at your face, and that goes through three dimensions.

但根据爱因斯坦的理论，时间不仅是金钱，还是第四维度。

But according to Einstein, time is not only money, it's also the fourth dimension.

所以时空不会...他们可能会因此杀了我。

So space time doesn't they're gonna kill me for this.

没有事件的时空...时空是不存在的。

Space time space time doesn't exist without events.

好的。

Okay.

明白了吗？

Okay?

懂了。

Got it.

就像绘制点那样吗？

Like plotting points sort of?

差不多就像绘制点。

Almost like plotting points.

好的。

Okay.

对吧？

Right?

所以你可以想象那个图表本身，就像坐标纸一样。

So you can imagine the graph itself, like graph paper.

你可以想象一下，把你的狗放在坐标纸上。

If you could imagine, you put your dog on graph paper.

好的。

Okay.

明白了。

Alright.

现在你看不到坐标纸了。

And now you can't see the graph paper.

因为你在看那只狗。

Because you're looking at the dog.

因为你的注意力都在狗身上。

Because you're looking at the dog.

但你知道狗存在于坐标纸上的某个位置。

But you know that the dog exists at some point on the graph paper.

所以我们观察的是质量和事件，但不能忘记在这一切之下，空间和时间正受到各种神秘莫测的影响。

So we're looking at mass and events, but can't forget that underneath it all, space and time are affected and doing all kinds of mysterious things.

那就是时空。

That is space time.

是的。

Yeah.

它确实存在，而且可能还存在一些我们尚未理解的量子解释。

It is there, and there may be some quantum interpretation of it that we haven't figured out yet.

在非常非常小的尺度上，我们称之为普朗克尺度。

On a very, very small we call it the Planck scale.

我们说的是10的负35次方米。

We're talking 10 to the minus 35 meters.

抛。

Toss.

我是说，极其微小。

I mean, tiny tiny.

本质上，时空会变成所谓的量子泡沫。

Space time, in essence, turns into what's called a quantum foam.

是的。

Yep.

实际上它被称为'我来连接这个'。

It's actually called I'll hook this up.

量子泡沫或时空泡沫。

Quantum foam or space time foam.

所以现在用平坦的或方格纸的类比来说，你谈论的就像是打发的奶油。

So now in terms of just, like, a flat or the graph paper analogy, now you're talking about something like whipped cream.

就像拿铁咖啡上的泡沫那样。

So you're talking about, like, foam on top of a latte Oh.

不仅是事件存在，还有事件不断出现和消失。

In terms of not just events existing, but events popping in and out of existence.

所以现在，好吧，你的狗可能在也可能不在那里。

So now, okay, your dog might be there or it might not be.

那是叠加态吗？

Is that superposition or no?

这完全是两回事。

That's totally different.

那就是量子叠加态。

That is superposition.

对。

Yes.

好的。

Okay.

所以这有点像薛定谔的狗。

So that's Schroeder's dog, sort of.

没错。

That is yes.

明白。

Okay.

薛定谔的情况就是你只需要

Schrodinger's where you would Just

提前打个招呼。

a little heads up.

这个思想实验里，盒子里的猫有50%的概率会因盒内的放射性毒物死亡，这确实有点令人沮丧。

The thought experiment of a cat in a box exposed to a fifty fifty chance of dying from radioactive poison inside the box is 50% a bummer.

但这是量子力学奠基人薛定谔用来强调：当叠加态放大到宏观尺度时，会显得非常荒谬。

But it was a way for Schrodinger, who was a founder of quantum mechanics, to highlight that superposition is an absurdity when it's scaled up.

不过叠加态——即某物在被观测前可同时存在于多种状态——已通过光子实验得到验证。

But superposition, that means something that can exist in multiple states until it's observed, has been validated experimentally via photons.

我们稍后会详细讨论，但首先需要插播一段赞助商内容。

And we're gonna talk more about that in a second, but first, we're gonna take a break for sponsors of the show.

感谢节目赞助商，我们始终会将部分收益捐赠给由科学家指定的公益项目。

We always donate to a cause of the ologists choosing, thanks to sponsors of the show.

说实话，我意识到还没拿到Gamble博士希望我们支持的公益项目信息，不过没关系，我们下周会继续第二部分的录制。

And I'll be really honest, I realized that I didn't get the cause that doctor Gamble wants us to go to, but it's okay because we're back next week for part two.

本期节目的捐赠将在下周的续集中进行，届时会向大家详细说明。

We'll donate on behalf of this episode, and next episode next week, we'll tell you all about it.

不过，哎呀，出错了。

But, yeah, oops.

这些剧集就是这么新鲜出炉的。

That's how fresh these episodes are.

我今天刚录制的。

I record this today.

你们今晚就能听到。

You get them tonight.

总之，感谢赞助商们。

Anyway, thanks, sponsors.

好的。

Okay.

想了解更多关于叠加态的内容，可以观看与亚当·贝克尔博士合作的量子本体论特辑。

So for more on that superposition too, you can see the quantum ontology episode with doctor Adam Becker.

现在让我们回到黑洞话题，看看内部发生的变化如何影响外部。

But back to black holes, and what is happening on the inside to affect the outside.

事件视界就像是赤道区域各种物质环绕的混合体。

So the event horizon is sort of that equatorial mishmash of things going around.

奇点在哪里？

Where is singularity?

它就在最最中心的位置。

It's at the very, very center.

现在重申一下，由于黑洞是球形的，事件视界实际上是一个球体。

Now, again, because the black hole is spherical, the event horizon is actually a sphere.

哦。

Oh.

哦，不是吗？

Oh, it's not?

整个结构都是球形的。

The whole thing is a sphere.

它是一个球体。

It's a sphere.

是的。

Yes.

现在重点来了。

Now here's the thing.

这里有个注意事项。

Here's the caveat.

我们有四种不同类型的黑洞分类。

We have four different classifications of black holes.

第一种是不旋转、不带电的黑洞，称为史瓦西黑洞。

You have a non rotating, non charged black hole, which is a Schwarzschild black hole.

很酷。

Cool.

第二种是旋转但不带电的黑洞，称为克尔黑洞。

We have a rotating black hole that's uncharged Kerr black holes.

这些就是天体物理学中常见的类型。

Those are your astrophysical ones.

对吧？

Right?

好的。

Okay.

我们有带电但不旋转的

We have charged, non rotating

嗯。

Mhmm.

然后还有旋转且带电的。

And then we have rotating charged.

好的。

Okay.

行。

K.

这就是我们的小黑洞分类表。

So that's our little black hole Punnett square.

好的。

Okay.

所以想象带电就像咖啡因的作用，而旋转则像乳糖在胃里搅动。

So think of charged being caffeinated and rotating being the churning stomach of lactose.

因此有无咖啡因的燕麦奶（不带电不旋转）、无咖啡因的全脂奶（旋转但不带电）、全脂燕麦奶（带电不旋转），最后是带电旋转的全脂奶，含足量咖啡因。

So there's an oat milk decaf, non charged, non rotating, a whole milk decaf one, rotating but uncharged, a full calf oat milk, charged, non rotating, and lastly, a rotating charged, whole milk, full caffeine.

我猜这些都可以配上时空泡沫，具体取决于你的咖啡师水平。

And I guess you can get any of those with space time foam depending on how good your barista is.

如果是一个不旋转的黑洞，奇点就是一个点。

If you have a non rotating black hole, the singularity is a point.

明白。

Okay.

所以那是一个无限小的点，我们所有的时空线都指向那里，无法逃脱。

So it's an infinitely small point where all our lines, all our paths in space time point, and you can't get out.

它们全部指向中心。

They all point down to the center.

一旦这个物体开始旋转，它就会从一个点变成一个环。

As soon as you rotate that thing, it turns from a point into a ring.

哦。

Oh.

所以天体物理中的黑洞，因为我们假设它们都在旋转。

So an astrophysical black hole, because we they assume they're all rotating.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

它会有一个环形奇点，而不是点状奇点。

It would have a ring singularity, not a point.

这个环形会位于正中心。

It would be a ring at the very center.

而且仍然非常非常小吗？

And still tiny tiny?

而且仍然非常非常微小。

And still very tiny tiny.

环的中间是什么？

What's in the middle of the ring?

我们目前还不知道。

We don't know yet.

所以现在你可以想象，你不是从一个点出发，而是从一个类似环状的小表面出发。

So now you can imagine, instead of you going from a point, you're now going to something that is kind of like a a ring, a little surface.

嗯。

Mhmm.

你可以想象成一个时空不再存在的圆盘。

So you can think of like a disc that space time ceases to exist on.

而这个圆盘的最边缘就是我们的视界。

And at the very edge of that disc is our event horizon.

就是那个环。

That's that ring.

嗯

Mhmm.

对吧？

Right?

任何位于那个奇点内部的东西，我们都称之为'别处'。

Anything inside that singularity is what we call elsewhere.

别处。

Elsewhere.

别处？

Elsewhere?

这真的是专业术语吗？

Is that actually the term?

这是正式的技术术语。

It's the actual technical term.

不是。

No.

什么？

What?

这确实是专业术语。

It is the actual technical term.

我们有...我们当然有过去。

We have we we have the past, of course.

嗯哼。

Uh-huh.

对吧？

Right?

所以我们还有未来。

So we have the future.

明白吗？

Okay?

过去与未来。

Past and future.

如果你看一个类似xyz坐标图，如果我垂直向上指，我的轴就代表时间。

And if you look at a, like, a x y z plot, if I'm pointing up vertical on the plot, my axis would be like time.

水平轴则代表空间。

The horizontal axis would be space.

酷。

Cool.

一个精确处于45度角的轨迹

A a trajectory that's exactly at 45 degrees

嗯。

Mhmm.

就相当于以光速行进。

Would be like traveling at the speed of light.

在那么小的区域内吗？

In that tiny of an area?

某种

Sort

的。

of.

在这方面，是的。

In that regard, yes.

对。

Yeah.

所以再次强调，我们得在这里进行抽象思考。

So again, we're we have to think abstractly here.

嗯。

Mhmm.

如果我移动得比光还快，我就越来越接近那个空间轴。

If I am moving faster than light, I'm moving closer and closer towards that spatial axis.

好的。

Okay.

所以光速在图表上直接贯穿空间和时间，那只是它落点的极小一部分。

So the speed of light cuts right through space and time on a graph, which is just a tiny sliver of where it lands.