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1791年6月21日的深夜。
It is the dead of night on 06/21/1791.
一辆由六匹马拉动的大型马车辘辘驶过法国东北部的小镇瓦伦。
The wheels of a large coach drawn by six horses rattled through the small town of Varennes in Northeastern France.
这是个极小的镇子，仅有约百户人家，距离马车要去的奥属尼德兰边境不远。
It is a tiny place, scarcely a 100 houses or so, not far from the border with the Austrian Netherlands, where the carriage is headed.
车厢内陈设舒适，配有皮座椅、酒架，甚至还有一个皮革覆盖的夜壶。
Inside, the coach is comfortable with leather seats, wine racks, and even a leather covered chamber pot.
一个六岁男孩从瞌睡中醒来，将头从家庭女教师的膝上抬起。
A six year old boy wakes from dozing and lifts his head from the lap of his governess.
但今晚她看起来不像他的家庭教师。
But she doesn't look like his governess tonight.
她盛装打扮成一位俄罗斯女男爵的模样。
She is elaborately clothed as a Russian baroness.
每个人的模样都与平常截然不同。
Everyone looks different from normal.
他美丽的母亲穿着朴素的黑色衣服，像个仆人，而他的父亲则打扮成贴身男仆的模样。
His beautiful mother is in plain black, like a servant, while his father is dressed as a valet.
男孩自己穿着女孩的衣服。
The boy himself is in girls' clothing.
他和姐姐被告知要像老鼠一样保持安静。
He and his older sister have been told to be as quiet as mice.
外面传来一声呼喊，命令他们停下。
There's a shout from outside, a call for them to stop.
马匹放慢速度，马车嘎吱一声停了下来。
The horses slow down, and the vehicle grinds to a halt.
男孩的父母交换着忧虑的眼神，他的家庭女教师紧紧握住了他的手。
As the boy's parents exchange worried glances, his governess squeezes his hand tightly.
现在他们停下来了。
Now they've stopped.
他们能听到外面有更多人声，人群正在聚集。
They can hear more people outside, a crowd gathering.
马车门口出现了一个提着灯笼的男人。
At the door of the coach, a man appears carrying a lantern.
他询问他们的身份。
He asks who they are.
男孩等着父亲回答。
The boy waits for his father to answer.
这本是寻常的应对方式。
That's the usual way of things.
但出乎意料的是，他的家庭教师回答说她是科芙男爵夫人，正与家人一同旅行。
But instead, his governess replies that she is the Baroness de Kof, traveling with her family.
男人无视她，将灯笼凑近男孩父亲的脸庞。
Ignoring her, the man holds the lantern close to the face of the boy's father.
他端详着对方的大鼻子和双下巴，低声对身旁的人说这些特征与新纸币阿赛因上的肖像何其相似。
He takes in his large nose and double chin, muttering to the man beside him how much these features resemble those on the Assyne, the new paper currency.
他要求查看他们的护照，众人等待着他仔细检查。
He demands their passports, and there is a wait while he examines them.
然后他命令他们下马车。
Then he orders them out of the carriage.
睡眼惺忪的孩子揉了揉眼睛，紧紧抓住家庭教师的裙摆。
The sleepy child rubs his eyes and clings to his governess' petticoats.
人群看起来令人害怕。
The crowd looks frightening.
其中一些男人手持火枪。
Some of the men are holding muskets.
最终，一位据说曾造访过凡尔赛宫的当地法官到场了。
Eventually, a local judge arrives, a man who is said to have visited the Palace Of Versailles.
他只看了一眼男孩的父亲就单膝跪地，结结巴巴地行礼问候。
He takes one look at the boy's father and drops to his knee, stammering a greeting.
当男孩的父亲做出决定时，人群屏住了呼吸。
The crowd holds its breath as the boy's father makes his decision.
终于，他开口说话了。
Then, finally, he speaks.
是的，他承认道。
Yes, he admits.
我是你们的国王。
I am your king.
这家人被带到当地一位检察官的家中，孩子们被安排上床睡觉。
The family are taken to the home of a local prosecutor, where the children are put to bed.
那个男孩，王太子或王子，试图入睡，却无法停止聆听父母在楼下为争取自由而争吵的声音。
The boy, the dauphin or prince, tries to sleep, but can't stop listening to his parents arguing for their freedom downstairs.
接着，尽管已是深夜，教堂的钟声开始敲响，屋外传来人群聚集的喧嚣声。
Then, despite the late hour, the church bell begins to peel, and there's the sound of a swelling throng of people outside the house.
黎明时分，被马蹄声惊醒的男孩蹑手蹑脚来到窗边，从窗帘缝隙向外窥视。
At dawn, alerted by the clatter of hooves, the boy creeps to the casement and peeks through a gap in the curtains.
两名来自巴黎的信使挤过人群。
Two men, couriers from Paris, push their way through the crowd.
王太子踮着脚走下楼梯，想听听新来者要说什么。
The dauphin tiptoes downstairs to hear what the new arrivals have to say.
他站在阴影处，房间里的大人们都没有注意到他。
Standing in the shadows, he goes unnoticed by the adults in the room.
这份信息是国民制宪议会颁布的法令，命令国王及其家人必须返回首都。
The message is a decree from the National Constituent Assembly, an order that the king and his family should be returned to the capital.
他母亲脾气急躁，立即将法令扔到地上。
His mother, always quick tempered, throws the decree to the ground.
但他的父亲路易十六看起来疲惫而悲伤。
But his father, Louis the sixteenth, looks very tired and sad.
他说，法国不再有国王了。
He says, there is no longer a king in France.
王室家族这次被称为"瓦伦逃亡"的失败出逃，成为法国大革命的关键转折点，是导致国王与王后不到三年内命丧黄泉的一系列事件中的重要一环。
The royal family's attempted escape, known as the Flight du Varennes, was a turning point in the French Revolution, a crucial link in a chain of events that would see the king and queen dead in less than three years.
法国大革命在政治、社会、文化和经济领域引发了前所未有的变革浪潮，其影响不仅限于法国，更波及全世界。
An unprecedented explosion of political, social, cultural, and economic change, the French Revolution affected not just France but the rest of the world.
它彻底颠覆了旧秩序，对延续数百年的君主制、贵族制度乃至教会体系进行了彻底重塑。
It tore up the rule book, reinventing centuries old approaches to monarchy, aristocracy, even the church.
但法国是如何走到触发革命的临界点的呢？
But how did France reach the tipping point that triggered the revolution?
是否如某些人所言，这是西方历史上最重要的事件？
Is it, as some claim, the most important event in Western history?
而一个以自由、平等、博爱等崇高原则为宗旨的运动，又是如何向世界引入了断头台这一杀人机器的？
And how did a movement with such noble principles as liberty, equality, and fraternity introduce to the world the killing machine known as the guillotine?
我是约翰·霍普金斯。
I'm John Hopkins.
这里是Neuser制作，关于法国大革命特别两集短史的第一部分。
From Neuser, this is part one of a special two part short history of the French Revolution.
时间来到1756年。
It is 1756.
经过三个世纪的敌意后，法国与奥地利终于结成同盟，联手对抗大英帝国，这场争夺全球霸权的战争将被称为七年战争。
After three centuries of animosity, France and Austria are finally allies, united against Great Britain in the battle for global dominance that will become known as the Seven Years' War.
为巩固和解，法国国王路易十五与哈布斯堡王朝的特蕾莎女皇决定让他们的王室后代联姻。
To cement their reconciliation, the French king Louis XV and Empress Maria Theresa of Habsburg decide to join their royal descendants in marriage.
然而直到1770年，这场万众期待的联姻才最终举行。
But it is not until 1770 that the much anticipated union takes place.
在维也纳举行代理婚礼后，新娘——哈布斯堡女皇最年幼的女儿玛丽·安托瓦内特，开始了前往法国的漫长旅程。
After a proxy wedding in Vienna, the bride, Marie Antoinette, the youngest daughter of the Habsburg Empress, begins the long journey to France.
在斯特拉斯堡附近的莱茵河小岛上，这位年轻的奥地利女大公通过象征性仪式脱下所有奥地利服饰，正式移交法国。
Near Strasbourg, on a small island on the Rhine, the young archduchess is disrobed of her Austrian clothing in a symbolic handover to France.
她向来自家乡的随从们告别，甚至不得不暂时放弃她的奥地利爱犬莫普斯。
She bids farewell to her attendants from home and even has to temporarily relinquish her Austrian dog, Mops.
5月16日，这位14岁的少女抵达了巴黎附近富丽堂皇的凡尔赛宫——法国王室的居所。
On May 16, the 14 year old arrives at the opulent Palace Of Versailles, the royal residence near Paris.
她被引至王后宫殿套房，为婚礼做准备。
She is shown to the Queen's Estate apartments, where she prepares for the wedding.
与此同时，在宫殿另一处，15岁的王太子正身着镶满黄金钻石的圣灵骑士团礼服。
Elsewhere in the palace, the 15 year old Dauphin is being dressed in the gold- and diamond covered habit of the Order of the Holy Spirit.
路易是个害羞内向的年轻人，并非天生的领导者，他是在两位兄长相继去世后才成为王位继承人的。
A shy and introverted young man, Louis is not a natural leader and only became the heir apparent after the deaths of his two older brothers.
他最大的快乐就是沉浸在自己的爱好中，打猎或当个锁匠修修补补。
He is happiest indulging in his hobbies, hunting or tinkering as a locksmith.
他两天前才第一次见到他年轻漂亮的新娘。
He met his pretty young bride for the first time just two days ago.
他们彼此仍是陌生人。
They are still strangers to each other.
下午一点，玛丽·安托瓦内特进入国王的内阁，等候在那里的王太子牵起她的手，两人穿过宫殿著名的镜厅，前往皇家礼拜堂。
At 01:00 in the afternoon, Marie Antoinette enters the king's cabinet, where the waiting Dauphin takes her hand, and the pair make their way through the palace's famous Hall Of Mirrors on the way to the Royal chapel.
新娘的颈间和盘得高高的精致发髻上，钻石熠熠生辉，尽显当日盛行的华丽风尚。
Diamonds glint at the bride's neck and in her hair, which towers high in the elaborate fashion of the day.
她巨大的裙摆由裙撑支撑——这种侧边箍环能扩展女裙的宽度。
Her enormous dress is shaped by panniers, side hoops that widen women's skirts.
但紧身胸衣是在她抵达法国前制作的，现在穿起来实在太紧了。
But the bodice, constructed before her arrival in France, is far too small.
迷信的人可能会说，不合身的礼服是个不祥之兆，而当晚果然下起了暴风雨。
The superstitious might say the ill fitting dress is a bad omen, And then there is a storm that night.
后来，在协和广场为皇家婚礼燃放的烟花导致132人丧生。
Later, fireworks marking the royal wedding in the Place De La Concorde kill 132 people.
总而言之，这段婚姻的开端并不吉利。
All in all, it is an inauspicious start to the union.
1774年，王储继承祖父之位成为法国国王，次年他在兰斯大教堂举行了盛大的加冕典礼，成为路易十六。
In 1774, the Dauphin succeeds his grandfather as king of France, and the following year is crowned Louis XVI in a lavish coronation at Rheims Cathedral.
他被涂上圣油，作为上帝祝圣的法国世俗统治者。
He is anointed with holy oil as the earthly ruler of France, consecrated by God.
但这位新国王缺乏先王们的自信。
But the new king lacks the confidence of his predecessors.
玛丽莎·林顿教授是历史学家，著有《法国大革命中的美德、友谊与真实性》一书。
Professor Marisa Linton is a historian and author of Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution.
路易十六天生就不是当国王的料。
Louis XVI was never cut out to be king.
他一直非常清楚自己是伟大君主的后裔，他的先祖路易十四是伟大的国王，是让绝对君主制得以运转的人。
And he was always very conscious that he was the descendant of superior kings, that his ancestor Louis XIV had been the great king, the man who made absolute monarchy work.
路易十六19岁登基时，他深知自己太年轻，且不确定该如何治国。
Louis XVI comes to the throne at the age of 19, and he's conscious that he's too young and he's not sure what to do.
他是那种无法跳出常规思维的人。
He's the kind of man who can't think outside the box.
所以他虽然尽责，却难以适应变革。
So he's conscientious, but he can't adapt to change.
这简直是最糟糕的统治者类型。
Worse sort of person to have.
他优柔寡断、宠信佞臣、性格腼腆、举止笨拙，极不擅长应对宫廷派系。
He vacillates, he has favorites, he's shy, he's awkward, he's not very good at dealing with factions at the court.
他总是附和最后与他交谈的人，不断改变主意。
He's always agreeing with the last person who spoke to him and always changing his mind.
这些对专制君主而言都是极其糟糕的特质。
Really bad qualities in an absolute monarch.
年轻的路易十六继承的这个国家正躁动不安。
The country that the young Louis XVI inherits is restless.
1770年代是社会不满情绪日益高涨的时期，农作物歉收、高额税收和粮食短缺加剧了人民的不满。
The 1770s were a time of growing social discontent, with crop failures, high taxes, and food shortages contributing to the dissatisfaction of the people.
而战争又进一步恶化了经济和金融危机。
And the economic and financial crises are exacerbated by wars.
法国仍在为最近七年战争的屈辱而痛苦，在这场战争中，加拿大和大部分法国在印度的领土都输给了英国。
France is still smarting from the humiliation of the recent Seven Years' War, in which Canada and most of the French territory in India was lost to Great Britain.
所以当路易十六在美国独立战争中有机会报复英国时，他立即抓住了这个机会。
So when Louis has the opportunity for revenge on Britain in the American War of Independence, he jumps at the chance.
他为这项事业投入了20亿里弗，这笔钱足以养活并安置700万法国公民一年。
He commits to that cause 2,000 million livreaux, a sum that could feed and house 7,000,000 French citizens for a year.
这足以让他的国家破产。
It's enough to bankrupt his country.
与此同时，在巴黎的咖啡馆里，伏尔泰和卢梭等法国知识分子正在辩论新思想。
Meanwhile, in the cafes of Paris, new ideas are being debated among France's intellectuals such as Voltaire and Rousseau.
因为这是启蒙运动的时代，强调个人权利与平等，同时对传统权威人物持怀疑态度。
Because this is the time of the Enlightenment, which stresses individual rights and equality alongside a mistrust of traditional figures of authority.
在首都的咖啡馆之外，社会最贫困阶层承受着最沉重的赋税压力。
Beyond the capitals' cafes, the poorest in society bear the worst brunt of taxation.
法国是一个高度乡村化的社会。
France is a very rural society.
许多农民需要向他们的领主——主要是贵族阶层——缴纳封建赋税和领主税。
Many of the peasants pay feudal dues, senorial dues, to their overlords who are predominantly noble.
因此在某些方面显得非常落后。
So it's very backward in some senses.
这也是一个等级森严的社会。
It's also a very hierarchical society.
社会被划分为享有特权的不同等级或阶层。
It's divided into orders or estates who have particular privileges.
教士是第一等级，因为他们最接近上帝。
The clergy is the first estate because they're close to God.
这就是他们的思维方式。
That's how they think.
第二等级是贵族。
The second estate is the nobles.
任何贵族身份的人都高于第三等级的平民。
And anyone who is a noble is superior to anyone who is a commoner, members of the third estate.
所谓法国的旧制度，由三个等级组成，是一个高度僵化的社会结构。
What is known as France's old regime, comprising the three estates, is a highly rigid social structure.
它伴随着一套特权体系，使仅占人口3%的贵族和神职人员受益。
It comes with a system of privileges that benefits the nobility and clergy, who constitute a mere 3% of the population.
这个社会的顶点是绝对君主制。
The apex of that society is the absolute monarchy.
理论上，绝对君主掌控所有政治。
An absolute monarch, in theory, controls all politics.
一切都围绕着他。
Everything is about him.
在法国，君主总是男性。
It's always a him in France.
他代表人民做出所有决定，普通民众乃至上层人士都无权置喙。
He makes all the decisions on behalf of his people, and ordinary people and even people higher up have no say.
当整个制度受到质疑的同时，君主们自身也逐渐失去民心。
And while questions are being raised about the system as a whole, the monarchs themselves are falling out of favor too.
王后主持着凡尔赛宫，那里充斥着繁复的礼仪与浮夸的发型。
The queen presides over Versailles, a world of elaborate ceremonies and outrageous hairstyles.
但随着时间的推移，她少女时代享有的崇拜逐渐转为非议。
But as time passes, the adulation she enjoyed as a teenager gives way to disapproval.
她最初颇受欢迎，但随后发生的种种事件使民众对她失去了好感。
She was initially popular, but various things happened which made people fall out of love with her.
她与丈夫花了七年才完成婚姻圆房，这导致王室继承人迟迟未能诞生——而王后的首要职责正是诞下合法男性子嗣来继承王位。
It took seven years for she and her husband to consummate the marriage and the consequence of that was that it was a very long time before royal heir was produced and the principal job of a queen is to produce a legitimate male child to inherit the throne.
她后来确实生育了子女，但到那时她的声誉已然受损，被视作风轻浮、贪图享乐且挥霍无度之人。
So she did produce children, but by the time that she did so, her reputation was already tarnished, and she had a reputation as someone who was flighty and liked fun and liked spending money.
她的第一个孩子玛丽·特蕾莎生于1778年，几年后又诞下王太子路易·约瑟夫·泽维尔·弗朗索瓦。
Her first child, Marie Therese, is born in 1778, followed by the dauphin, Louis Joseph Xavier Francois, a few years later.
第三个孩子降生后，第四个孩子早产，仅存活了几个月。
A third child arrives, then a fourth baby is born prematurely and lives for only a few months.
尽管她是一位充满爱心的母亲，王后仍难以重获民众的认可，人们开始散布关于她的恶意谣言。
Although she is an affectionate mother, the queen struggles to win back the approval of her people, who now start to spread scurrilous rumors about her.
不实之处在于她被谣传生活极度放荡。
What isn't true is that she was hugely sexually promiscuous.
那些都是捏造的，大部分都是虚构的。
That was fabricated, mostly fabricated.
她的声誉变得非常糟糕，尤其是1786年之后。
And her reputation became very poor, especially from 1786 onwards.
当时发生了钻石项链事件——这是个极其复杂丑闻的故事，但公众普遍认为一位名叫鲁昂的红衣主教为讨好王后，代她购买了这条她钟爱的昂贵钻石项链。
This was the time of the diamond necklace affair where it's a very complicated, scandalous story but basically the public believed that a cardinal, Cardinal Rouen, had bought a necklace for the queen on her behalf to give it to her because she loved very expensive diamonds.
这是条价值连城的钻石项链。
And this was a fabulously expensive diamond necklace.
她并未参与其中，但人们却认定她牵涉其中。
She hadn't been involved, but people thought she had been.
因此她的名誉受到了极大的损害。
And so her reputation was very much damaged.
1788年7月13日，巴黎迎来了一个不祥的炎热日子。
07/13/1788 is an ominously hot day in Paris.
天空被乌云遮蔽，最终演变成一场雷暴。
The sky darkened by clouds that finally break into a thunderstorm.
但这并非普通的倾盆大雨。
But it's no ordinary downpour.
鸡蛋大小的冰雹倾泻而下，在城外，风暴席卷葡萄园并摧毁了麦田。
Hailstones the size of chicken eggs rain down, and outside the city, the storm tears through vineyards and destroys fields of wheat.
英国驻法大使多塞特公爵向英国外交大臣发回报告。
The duke of Dorset, the British ambassador to France, sends a report to the British foreign secretary.
他写道：'造成的破坏难以言表'，并解释说树木被连根拔起，谷物和葡萄藤完全被毁。
It is impossible to give expression to the damage that has been done, he writes, explaining that trees have been torn up by the roots, and corn and vines entirely destroyed.
那场夏季风暴过后，紧接着是一个严酷的冬天。
A harsh winter follows that summer storm.
歉收导致面包价格翻倍。
The failed crops mean bread prices double.
随着食物短缺加剧，暴乱爆发，面包店遭到洗劫。
As the food shortage intensifies, riots break out, and bakeries are raided.
与此同时，被戏称为'赤字夫人'的玛丽·安托瓦内特，仅个人服装开销就相当于巴黎工人年平均工资的一千倍。
Meanwhile, Marie Antoinette, now nicknamed Madame Deficit, is spending on her wardrobe alone about a thousand times the annual average wage of a Parisian worker.
这让人觉得她对穷人的苦难全然无知，这种印象最终成为了她的标志。
It leads to a sense that she is completely oblivious to the suffering of the poor, something that would in time come to define her.
关于玛丽·安托瓦内特，所有人都自以为知道的就是她说过'让他们吃蛋糕吧'，当被告知人民没有足够的面包时。
The one thing that everybody thinks they know about Marie Antoinette is that she said, let them eat cake, and being told that the people did not have enough bread.
据我们所知，这毫无事实依据。
As far as we know, there is no truth in this.
事实上，关于某位公主想出这个荒谬主意——如果人民没有足够面包可以多吃蛋糕——的故事，其实是个古老传说。
In fact, the story that a princess comes up with this dizzying idea that the people could eat more cake if they don't have enough bread, that's actually an old story.
让-雅克·卢梭在玛丽·安托瓦内特登基前就讲述过这个故事。
Jean Jacques Rousseau repeats that story before Marie Antoinette ever came to the throne.
不过话虽如此，我认为她对穷人的生活状况或饥饿意味着什么几乎一无所知。
However, having said that, I don't think she knew very much at all about how poor people lived or what it meant to be hungry.
今年十二月，Noiser播客网络将迎来繁忙的一个月，一档全新节目即将上线。
This December on the Noiser Podcast Network, it's a busy month with the launch of a brand new show.
与大卫·苏切特爵士一同走进《查尔斯·狄更斯鬼故事》，精选狄更斯最令人毛骨悚然的短篇集。
Join Sir David Suchet for Charles Dickens Ghost Stories, a selection of Dickens' most spine tingling tales.
简·奥斯汀系列《傲慢与偏见》的终章：当一切尘埃落定，傲慢会成为真爱的阻碍吗？
In Jane Austen stories, Pride and Prejudice concludes: When all said and done, will pride get in the way of true love?
Short HistoryOp将带我们穿越威尼斯的历史运河，深入纽伦堡审判的法庭现场。
Short HistoryOp takes us onto the historic canals of Venice and beyond the courtrooms of the Nuremberg trials.
在《真实生存故事》中，我们将追踪一架紧急直升机在拉布拉多海坠毁的全程，并穿越巴塔哥尼亚的山地自行车小径。
On Real Survival Stories, we'll follow an emergency chopper as it goes down in the Labrador Sea and traverse the mountain bike trails of Patagonia.
在《福尔摩斯短篇集》中，福尔摩斯将破解《六座拿破仑半身像》里一系列与雕塑相关的神秘罪案。
In Sherlock Holmes' short stories, Holmes unpicks a mysterious string of sculpture related crimes in The Adventure of the Six Napoleons.
《真实独裁者》系列回归，带来让·贝德尔·博卡萨的传奇故事。
And Real Dictators Returns with the extraordinary story of Jean Bedell Bokassa.
提前在Neueser Plus上无广告观看这些节目及更多内容。
Get all of these shows and more early and ad free on Neueser Plus.
如果你还在寻找圣诞礼物，不妨买一本《古罗马简史》，各大书店均有售。
And if you're still on the hunt for Christmas presents, then why not grab a copy of A Short History of Ancient Rome, available in all good bookshops.
颇受欢迎的财政大臣雅克·内克尔被任命来应对经济危机。
Jacques Neker, a popular finance minister, is appointed to manage the economic crisis.
他建议国王召开三级会议，即三个等级代表的集会。
He advises the king to call a meeting of the Estates General, a gathering of representatives from all three estates.
这将是自1614年以来首次召开此类会议。
It will be the first time such a meeting has been held since 1614.
1789年5月凡尔赛会议期间，国王的长子病逝。
During the meeting at Versailles in May 1789, the king's eldest son falls ill and dies.
可以理解，国王此时心不在焉。
Understandably, the king's mind is elsewhere.
但就在他分心之际，三级会议面临的挑战却愈演愈烈。
But while he's distracted, the challenges faced by the estate's general intensify.
面包价格持续上涨，社会秩序日益恶化。
Bread prices continue to rise, and public order deteriorates.
第三等级的代表们决定亲自掌控局势。
The deputies of the Third Estate decide to take matters into their own hands.
第三等级代表日益渴望的是政治变革，一场政治革命。
What the Third Estate deputies increasingly want is political change, a political revolution.
在君主制缺乏领导的情况下，第三等级代表自行组建了国民议会。
And in the absence of leadership from the monarchy, the Third Estate deputies constitute themselves into a national assembly.
他们宣称自己实质上是一个代表国家的机构。
And they say that effectively they are a body that represents the nation.
第三等级将同样属于三级会议的第二等级贵族和第一等级神职人员排除在外。
And the Third Estate leaves out the nobles of the Second Estate and the clergy of the First Estate, who were also within the Estates General.
第三等级代表宣称：'我们自身就是国家'。
The Third Estate deputies say, We are the nation in ourselves.
1789年6月20日，新议会的成员们发现国王下令将他们常去的会议地点封锁。
On 06/20/1789, the members of the new assembly find themselves locked out of their usual meeting place on the orders of the king.
我认为这是化解局势的一次非常笨拙的尝试。
A very clumsy attempt, I think, to defuse the situation.
他们转移到附近的一个网球场。
They adjourned to a nearby tennis court.
那是他们能找到的最近的大场地。
It was the nearest big space that they could find.
距离凡尔赛宫只有几码远。
It's only sort of a few yards away from Versailles.
顺便说一句，那个网球场至今还在，你可以去参观。
The tennis court still exists, by the way, you can visit it.
他们走进这个网球场，宣誓在未给法国制定宪法前永不分离。
They go into this tennis court and they take an oath never to separate until they have given France a constitution.
这是个重大时刻。
And it's a big moment.
他们知道自己这么做冒着巨大风险，因为国王可能会下令逮捕他们。
They know they are taking a huge risk in doing this because the king could order their arrest.
革命的基石此刻已经奠定。
Now the foundation stone has been laid for the revolution.
毕竟，如果议会掌权，国王就不再是主宰。
After all, if the assembly is in charge, the king is not.
在被称为'网球厅宣誓'的誓言之后的日子里，国王试图重新掌控局势。
In the days after the swearing of what becomes known as the Tennis Court Oath, the king tries to regain control over matters.
6月23日，他命令三个等级分别重新召开会议。
On June 23, he instructs the three estates to reconvene separately.
但新议会拒绝了这一要求，坚称国家不接受命令。
But the new assembly refuses this request, asserting that the nation does not take orders.
部分贵族和权贵成员早已选择与议会站在一起。
Some members of the nobility and aristocracy have already thrown in their lot with the assembly.
而现在，越来越多的人加入了这一新的政治实体。
But now more and more join the new political body.
最终，路易被迫接受了这一重大的政治变革。
In the end, Louis is forced to accept this seismic political change.
他命令神职人员和贵族中仍支持他的盟友加入国民议会。
He tells any remaining allies among the clergy and nobility to join the others.
但仍有部分人对国王支持新秩序的态度心存疑虑。
But some still have their doubts about the king's support for the new order.
尤其是他的军队开始在凡尔赛和巴黎集结，而且看起来来者不善。
Not least because his troops have started assembling at Versailles and in Paris, and they don't look friendly.
当路易解雇了广受欢迎的雅克·内克尔时，愤怒与恐慌迅速蔓延。
And when Louis fires the popular Jacques Neker, fury and panic soon spread.
时间来到1789年7月14日上午十点前。
It is just before ten in the morning on 07/14/1789.
一位来自巴黎东郊贫民区圣安托万的酒窖工人，正穿过狭窄拥挤的街道。
A wine cellar from Saint Antoine, a poor neighborhood on the Eastern edge of Paris, makes his way through the narrow, crowded streets.
他的许多朋友和邻居都朝着同一方向匆忙赶路。
Many of his friends and neighbors are hurrying in the same direction.
人们都感觉到有大事即将发生。
There's the sense that something big is happening.
他正前往一个熟悉的地标——那座俯瞰他所在街区的巨大监狱，巴士底狱。
He's headed for a familiar landmark, the enormous prison that overshadows his neighborhood, the Bastille.
有传言说监狱总督正将大炮对准街区外。
The rumors are that the prison's governor is pointing its cannons out of the neighborhood.
这位酒窖工人甚至听说——虽然无法证实真假——国民议会的代表们被关进了巴士底狱臭名昭著的地牢。
The wine cellar has even heard, but there's no way of knowing if it's true, that the deputies of the assembly have been locked in the Bastille's infamous dungeons.
当人群涌过一家面包店时，骚动声突然响起。
As people stream past a bakery, there's the sound of a commotion.
又是一场抢劫，由一群和他一样饥饿愤怒的人实施。
It's another raid, enacted by a gang of hungry, angry people just like him.
酒窖工人认出从犯罪现场逃跑的其中一人，一把抓住了他的袖子。
The wine cellar recognizes one of the men running from the scene of the crime and grabs his sleeve.
这个朋友塞给他一块干面包，还向他证实了一个传闻。
The man, a friend, gives him a piece of dry bread and confirms a story for him too.
市民们已从荣军院的军械库夺取了步枪和大炮，但所有火药都被转移到了巴士底狱。
City folk have seized rifles and cannons from the armory of the veterans' hospital, but all of the gunpowder has been moved to the Bastille.
那人匆匆离去，酒窖工人点点头，继续随着人群前进。
The man rushes away, and the wine cellar nods and continues on with the crowd.
很快，他就来到了这座堡垒的阴影之下。
Soon, he's in the shadow of the fortress itself.
这是一座庞大笨重的矩形建筑，有着高耸的石墙、八座圆形塔楼和一条干涸的深壕沟。
It's a massive, hulking rectangle of a building with high stone walls, eight round towers, and a deep, waterless moat.
但令人畏惧的不仅是它实体上的存在。
But it's not just its physical presence that's threatening.
在圣安托万区居民的心中，它是恐惧与压迫的永恒象征。
In the minds of the families who live in Saint Antoine, it is an enduring symbol of fear and oppression.
他们听过关于那些著名囚犯的可怕传闻——伏尔泰、萨德侯爵，甚至还有铁面人。
They've heard the terrifying accounts of its famous prisoners, Voltaire, the Marquis de Sard, and even the mysterious man in the Iron Mask.
国王可以把任何他想要的人关进那里。
The king can throw whoever he wishes in there.
人群不断聚集，如潮水般涌向监狱周围，空气中弥漫着狂热的决心。
The crowd swells, swarming around the prison space, a sense of feverish purpose in the air.
尽管民众满腔怒火，起初的诉求却仍保持和平。
But though the people are angry, the demands are peaceful at first.
凌乱的人群分开一条路，让一队身着考究燕尾服及膝马裤的代表通过，他们决心与总督进行谈判。
The disheveled crowd parts to let a delegation through, smartly dressed men in coattails and knee length britches, intent on negotiating with the governor.
到午餐时分，人群已变得异常庞大。
By lunchtime, the crowd is enormous.
可能有成千上万人，包括男女劳工、商贩、手工业者，鞋匠、锁匠和家具匠都在其中。
Thousands of people, perhaps, working men and women, tradespeople, merchants, and artisans too, shoemakers, locksmiths, and cabinet makers.
七月酷暑中他们卷着衬衫袖子，手握斧头和刀具。
Dressed in shirt sleeves in the July heat, they clutch axes and knives.
有些人甚至带着火枪，还有人传递着派克酒窖的葡萄酒。
Some even have muskets, and someone passes the wine cellar of Pike.
时间缓慢流逝。
Time drags on.
由于内部毫无音讯，人群逐渐变得躁动不安。
With no word from inside, the crowd becomes increasingly restless.
或许代表团已被扣为人质。
Perhaps the delegation has been taken hostage.
接着，伴随着不祥的吱呀声和守卫红蓝制服的闪动，大炮从城墙的垛口边缘撤了下来。
Then, with an ominous creaking and a flash of the red and blue coats of the guards, the cannons are withdrawn from the castellated edges of the walls.
这只能意味着一件事。
It can mean only one thing.
他们正在装填弹药。
They're being loaded.
恐慌在人群中迅速蔓延。
Panic flies through the crowd.
几名男子爬上一家紧贴外围城墙建造的香水店屋顶。
Several men climb on the roof of a perfume shop that's built right up to an outer rampart.
从那里，他们可以抵达监狱的庭院。
From there, they can reach the prison's courtyard.
其中两人砍断了支撑要塞吊桥的铁链。
A couple of them hack down the chains that support the drawbridge to the fortress.
吊桥轰然坠落，将一名可怜人压在了下面。
It falls with a resounding crash, trapping one poor man beneath it.
人群没有丝毫迟疑。
The crowd wastes no time.
当周围所有人涌过吊桥时，那个酒窖管理员紧握着他的烟斗，随人群一同移动。
As everyone around him pours over the drawbridge, the wine cellar moves with them, clutching his pipe.
守卫巴士底狱的士兵开始射击，但人群中持枪者立即予以还击。
The soldiers guarding the Bastille begin to shoot, but those in the crowd with muskets fire back.
这已不再是谈判。
This is no longer a negotiation.
这是一场战斗，一场他们或许能赢的战斗。
It's a battle, and it might even be a battle if they can win.
在国家历史的这一关键时刻，路易十六正带着朝臣们在乡间享受狩猎之旅。
During this critical moment in the history of his country, Louis is out in the countryside with his courtiers, enjoying a hunting trip.
当天晚些时候返回凡尔赛宫时，一位助手向他汇报了所发生的一切。
Returning to Versailles later that day, an aide informs him what has happened.
他惊恐地听着，然后问道：这是一场叛乱吗？
He listens in horror, then asks, was it a rebellion?
不，陛下，他被告知。
No, sire, he is told.
这是一场革命。
It is a revolution.
这是一个重大时刻。
This is a colossal moment.
你无法高估此事的重要性，因为这是普通民众登上历史舞台，将事务掌握在自己手中，并捍卫国民议会——他们的议会——存在的权利。
You can't overestimate the importance of this because this is ordinary people entering onto the stage of history, taking matters into their own hands and asserting the right of the National Assembly, their assembly, to exist.
但作为攻占巴士底狱的附带后果，也发生了一些可怕的事情。
But there were awful things that happened as a sort of side consequence of the storming of the Bastille.
总督投降了，却被群众以相当残忍的方式杀害。
The governor surrendered and was murdered by the crowd rather horribly.
这是人们走上街头抗争的一个例证，展现了这种行为意味着什么——既有好的一面，也有坏的一面。
It was an example of people being out on the streets and fighting and what that means, the good and the bad.
当巴士底狱被攻陷时，这座监狱最黑暗的日子已近尾声。
By the time the Bastille is stormed, the prison's darkest days are on the wane.
关于议会代表被监禁的谣言最终被证实是无稽之谈。
The rumors about the imprisonment of the assembly deputies turn out to be unfounded.
仅有七名囚犯获释，但他们依然被群众簇拥游行。
Just seven prisoners are liberated, but they are paraded by the crowds nonetheless.
它象征着绝对君主制的终结，那个仅凭国王密札就能随意逮捕民众的时代已经过去。
It was a symbol to show that the days of absolute monarchy were over, the days in which people could be arrested on the daiso of the king under a lettre de cachet.
巴士底狱曾多次被用于此类目的，而那样的时代就此终结。
And the Bastille had been used for that purpose many times, that those days were ended.
因此其象征意义极其重大。
So it's hugely symbolically important.
它后来自然成为了法国的国家纪念日。
It becomes, of course, a national holiday in France.
7月15日，一名建筑承包商带领800人抵达巴士底狱，开始一砖一石地拆除这座堡垒。
On July 15, a building contractor arrives at the Bastille with 800 men and begins to demolish the fortress stone by stone.
他们将碎石雕刻成小饰品和纪念品，包括勋章和小型巴士底狱复制品。
They carve the rubble into trinkets and souvenirs, including medals and small replicas of the Bastille.
墨水瓶和鼻烟盒由巴士底狱的铁链制成。
Ink pots and snuff boxes are made from The Bastille's iron chains.
这些自由的象征作为纪念品被分发到全国各地的城镇。
These symbols of liberty are distributed as souvenirs to towns and cities across the country.
巴士底狱的一把钥匙甚至传到了美国首任总统乔治·华盛顿手中，这是他的朋友拉法耶特侯爵赠送的礼物。
A key from The Bastille even finds its way to the first president of The United States, George Washington, a gift from his friend, the Marquis de Lafayette.
作为法国贵族兼军官，拉法耶特在美国独立战争中发挥了关键作用，曾协助1781年攻占约克镇。
A French aristocrat and military officer, Lafayette played a key role in the American Revolutionary War, helping to capture Yorktown in 1781.
如今回到法国，拉法耶特致力于将他在美国为之奋斗的自由平等原则带回祖国。
Now, back in France, Lafayette is committed to bringing the same principles of liberty and equality which he fought for in America to the country of his birth.
他是个精瘦健壮的男子。
A lean, athletic man.
这位32岁的军人以智慧与魅力著称。
The 32 year old soldier is known for his intelligence and charm.
如今正是他提议建立一支公民民兵来协助维持秩序。
Now it is he who proposes the creation of a citizen's militia to help maintain order.
巴士底狱被攻陷后，国王撤回自己的军队，并重新任命雅克·内克尔为财政大臣。
After the storming of the Bastille, the king withdraws his own troops and reinstates Jacques Neker as finance minister.
他通过亲临巴黎进一步作出和解姿态。
He offers a further gesture of conciliation by making a trip to Paris.
在那里，他会见了这支新民兵——这支队伍不久将以'国民卫队'之名闻名于世。
There, he meets the new militia, soon to become known as the National Guard.
每位成员都佩戴着蓝红双色玫瑰花结（巴黎传统颜色），而作为卫队指挥官的拉法耶特又为其增添了代表王室的白色。
Its members each sport a rosette of blue and red, the ancient colors of Paris, to which Lafayette, as the commander of the guard, has added the royal white.
三色旗由此诞生。
The Tricolore is born.
然而巴士底狱的胜利以及首都叛乱者与国王表面的休战，并未给整个法国带来和平。
Yet victory at the Bastille and the apparent truce between the rebels and the king in the capital does not bring peace throughout France.
乡村地区爆发骚乱，谣言四起称贵族正密谋镇压革命。
Riots erupt across the countryside, where rumors circulate that the nobles are planning to suppress the revolution.
所谓的大恐慌开始在法国乡村蔓延。
What becomes known as the Great Fear begins to spread through rural France.
法国绝大多数人口是农民。
The great majority of people in France are peasants.
他们中的许多人奋起反抗领主，闯入城堡并烧毁封建赋税记录，认为这样做就能免除这些义务。
Many of them rise up against their overlords and invade their chateau and burn the records of the seigneurial dues because they think that by doing that, they will no longer have to pay them.
因此这是极具革命性的行为。
So it's a very revolutionary act.
1789年8月4日，国民议会通过决议废除这些赋税、其他封建特权以及所谓的官职买卖制度——即人们可以通过花钱获得重要职位。
The response by the Assembly on 08/04/1789, is to abolish these dues, other feudal privileges, and so called venality of office, whereby people can buy their way into important jobs.
宣布实行全民免费司法与税收平等。
Free justice for all is proclaimed, alongside equality of taxation.
教会也被剥夺了什一税征收权。
And the Church is deprived of its tithes.
旧秩序正在被彻底颠覆。
The old order is being torn up.
然而法国仍有一位国王。
And yet France still has a king.
革命领袖们试图建立的是君主立宪制，君主的权力将被削弱。
What the revolutionary leaders seek to establish is a constitutional monarchy, where the sovereign has reduced powers.
这一角色将受到法国第一部成文宪法的限制，他们正在起草这部宪法。
It is a role that will be limited by France's first written constitution, which they're in the process of drawing up.
但路易十六从小就被灌输君权神授的理念，即君主的权威直接来自上帝。
But Louis XVI has been brought up to believe in the divine right of kings, meaning that a monarch's authority is directly conferred by God.
这样一个人，即使心怀善意，从小就被许诺绝对君主制，能学会分享权力吗？
Can such a person, even a well intentioned one, who has been promised absolute monarchy from childhood, learn how to share his powers?
随着议会重新开始制定宪法，时间会给出答案。
Time will tell as the assembly returns to constitution making.
新议会——国民议会中的革命者们决定为法国制定一部成文宪法，确立国家和社会管理的法律准则。
The revolutionaries in the new assembly, the National Assembly, decided that they would give France a written constitution that would set out the laws by which the state and society would be managed.
这是一项艰巨的任务。
A huge undertaking.
他们直到1791年才完成这项任务。
It took them till 1791.
但他们首先决定制定一个序言，作为原则声明和指导宪法的意向声明。
But they decided, first of all, to set out a preamble, a kind of statement of principles, a statement of intent that would guide the constitution.
这份声明被称为《人权和公民权宣言》。
The statement is called the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen.
理念上是追求普遍平等与自由，但现实却大相径庭。
The idea is one of universal equality and liberty, but the reality is rather different.
实际上，他们限制了能够享有部分自由的人群范围。
And in practice, they limit the categories of people who can have access to some of these liberties.
当时法国有相当数量的犹太少数民族。
There's a sizable minority of Jews in France at this time.
他们就犹太人是否应获得公民权利进行了长期争论。
They argued a long time over whether Jews should be given civic rights as citizens.
最终犹太人获得了权利，但这经历了数月的辩论。
Eventually they are, but it takes many months of debate.
另一个真正巨大的问题是，权利的平等、自由是否适用于法国殖民地的奴隶们？
And the other thing that is a real huge problem, does equality of rights, does liberty extend to the slaves in the French colonies?
主要是在圣多明各（现海地）、瓜德罗普和马提尼克这些地方。
In Saint Domingue, which is now Haiti, in Guadeloupe, Martinique, principally.
是的。
Yeah.
这是个极其重大的问题。
This is a huge, huge issue.
后来，圣多明各的奴隶们将主动掌握自己的命运。
Later, the enslaved people of Saint Domingue will take matters into their own hands.
不久后，另一个群体也将如此。
And before long, so will another group.
女性未被纳入《人权与公民权宣言》。
Women are not included in the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen.
作为所谓的'消极公民'，法国女性要获得投票权还需漫长等待。
As so called passive citizens, it will take a long time for them to get the vote in France.
但这并不意味着她们完全没有权力，即便她们必须自己争取。
But that does not mean they are completely without power, even if they have to take it for themselves.
当男人们忙于制定伟大的宪法时，妇女们有更迫切的忧虑：如何养家糊口。
While the men are working on their great constitution, the women have more immediate worries: how to feed their families.
在市场上，妇女是主要的买卖者，妻子和母亲们聚集在一起抱怨食品价格。
In the markets, where women are the main buyers and sellers, wives and mothers gather to complain about food prices.
传统上，巴黎的市场妇女与国王和王后有着特殊的关系。
Traditionally, the market women of Paris have a special relationship with the king and queen.
每年8月25日圣路易节，女性商贩会前往凡尔赛宫向王室致敬。
Each year, on August 25, Saint Louis' Day, the female market traders make a trip to Versailles to pay tribute to the royal family.
每当王后分娩时，市场妇女们都会带着鲜花前去探望，而王后则会为她们举办宴会。
Every time the queen gives birth, the market women visit, bringing her flowers, while she, in turn, holds a banquet for them.
但在1789年，妇女们对她们的旧主子感到不满。
But during the 1789, the women are dissatisfied with their old bosses.
尽管收成较好，面包价格却再次上涨。
Despite a better harvest, the price of bread is on the rise again.
更糟的是，国王继续在凡尔赛过着奢侈生活，对他们的困境似乎无动于衷。
What's more, the king continues to live in luxury at Versailles, seemingly unmoved by their plight.
而且他也没有通过拥护革命激进的新措施来讨好民众。
And he's not exactly ingratiating himself by embracing the revolution's radical new measures either.
如今立法权属于国民议会，国王仅对法令拥有暂时否决权。
Now it is the assembly that makes the laws, the king only has the power of suspensive veto over them.
但他拒绝合作的态度为他和王后赢得了新绰号——'否决先生'和'否决夫人'。
But his reluctance to collaborate has won him and the queen new nicknames, monsieur and madame veto.
由于国王尚未签署《人权与公民权宣言》，人们开始质疑他的可信度。
The king hasn't signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, so questions are raised about his trustworthiness.
或许他和王室成员搬往巴黎会更好？在那里他们的举动能受到更密切监督。
Would it be a better idea for him and the royal family to move to Paris, where their actions can be observed more closely?
随着审查制度的解除，小册子和报纸如雨后春笋般涌现。
With the lifting of censorship, pamphlets and newspapers proliferate.
前医生让-保罗·马拉通过创办《人民之友报》开始崭露头角。
Jean Paul Marat, a former doctor, begins to make a name for himself with the publication of his newspaper, The Friend of the People.
他是个独特的人物，穿着肮脏的衣服，系着浸过醋的黄色头巾以约束他狂野的头发。
He is a distinctive figure, dressed in filthy clothes with a yellow bandana soaked in vinegar to hold back his wild hair.
通过他的报纸，他散布关于大臣们囤积粮食而人民挨饿的谣言。
Through his paper, he starts rumors about ministers hoarding grain while the people grow hungry.
十月初，当关于一场奢华皇家宴会的消息传到他桌上时，他的愤怒爆发了。
And in early October, when news reaches his desk of a lavish royal banquet, his fury boils over.
这场宴会是为了欢迎一支新军团抵达凡尔赛，国王召集他们来保护自己。
The event welcomed the arrival of a new regiment to Versailles, summoned by the king for his own protection.
但他们受邀进入宫殿并享受庆祝活动，对国王而言是极大的失礼。
But their invitation to the palace and the celebrations that they enjoyed there are an enormous faux pas on the part of the king.
据报道，在宴会上，保皇派士兵为君主及其短暂露面的妻子举杯祝酒。
At the banquet, the royalist soldiers are reported to have toasted the monarch and his wife, who made a brief appearance.
更糟的是，据说任何佩戴三色徽章的人都被迫换成白色的保皇派徽章。
Even worse, any man wearing the tricolour rosette is said to have been compelled to replace it with a white royalist one.
10月3日，当这场奢华宴会的传闻传到巴黎时，马拉和其他造谣者对其进行了添油加醋的渲染。
As stories of the lavish banquet reach Paris on October 3, they are embellished by Marat and other rumormongers.
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在某些版本中，据说保皇派士兵将三色旗扔在地上，用脚践踏甚至在上面小便。
In some versions, the Royalist soldiers are said to have thrown the tricolor to the floor, trampling it underfoot and even urinating on it.
不出所料，这些故事让焦虑饥饿的民众感到愤怒。
Unsurprisingly, these stories are not received well by the anxious, hungry populace.
两天后，成群结队的巴黎市场妇女开始冒着倾盆大雨聚集在市政厅外的首都街头。
Two days later, crowds of Parisian market women begin to gather in the capital outside the city hall in the pouring rain.
其中一位是年轻母亲，职业是鱼贩，今天她把孩子托付给了母亲照看。
One woman, a young mother who works as a fishmonger or poiseard, has today left her children with mother.
她与姐姐站在人群边缘，姐姐带来了一面鼓，正敲击着行军的节奏。
She's standing at the edge of the group with her sister, who has brought along a drum and is striking a marching beat.
周围妇女手持扫帚和厨房用具，向巴黎的市政官员们呼喊，要求面包来养活家人。
Armed with brooms and kitchen implements, the women around them call out to Paris' counselors for bread to feed their families.
但很快，武装男子加入了妇女们的行列。
But soon, the women are joined by armed men.
这位鱼贩被推搡着远离了一场混战。
The fishmonger is pressed forward away from a scuffle.
人群中其他位置传来愤怒的喊叫声。
There are angry shouts from elsewhere in the crowd.
妇女们想自行处理这一局面。
The women want to deal with the situation themselves.
她们不需要男人们的帮助。
They don't need the men's help.
但很快，事情变得明朗——市政议员们不打算采取行动。
But soon, it becomes apparent that the city's councilors aren't going to act.
于是有人高喊是时候向最高层讨说法了。
So a cry goes up that it's time to take it to the top.
那位妇女的姐妹更用力地敲击着鼓点，秋雨飘落中，妇女们向凡尔赛宫进发。
The woman's sister bangs her drum more loudly, and as the autumn rain falls, the women march on Versailles.
在数千名戴软帽系围裙的妇女及部分男性同谋者的伴随下，姐妹俩踏上了五小时出城的征程。
Alongside several thousand women in bonnets and aprons, accompanied by some male accomplices, the sisters embark on the five hour journey out of town.
大多数人仍紧握着临时武器，还有些人正拖着从市政厅军械库抢来的大炮在泥泞中前行。
Most still clutch their improvised weapons, but some are dragging cannons looted from the city hall's armory through the mud as well.
这支不祥的队伍约在下午三点抵达凡尔赛。
The ominous procession reaches Versailles at about three in the afternoon.
此刻，鱼贩子与一名自封为她们发言人的男子，带领着约20名衣衫湿透、靴子沾满泥浆的妇女代表团，冲进了议会大厅。
Now, alongside a smaller delegation of 20 or so women in sodden clothes and muddy boots, the fishmonger storms into the assembly alongside a man who's appointed himself their spokesperson.
议事厅内，清一色的男性代表们措手不及。
Inside the chamber, the all male delegates are taken by surprise.
混乱立即爆发。
Straight away, chaos breaks out.
在叫嚷与争吵声中，要求面包的呼声不断重复。
The demand for bread is repeated amid shouting and arguments.
一名年轻女孩被邀请坐在一位代表的膝上。
One young girl is invited to sit on a delegate's knee.
鱼贩子将她的斗篷摊开，晾在议会席位上。
The fishmonger spreads her cloak out to dry on the assembly seats.
主持会议的议长让·约瑟夫·穆尼埃掌控局面，下令为妇女们提供食物和饮料。
Taking charge, the assembly's president, Jean Joseph Munier, gives the order for food and drink to be offered to the women.
他解释说国王外出打猎了，但愿意陪同抗议者中的一小队人马前往宫殿陈述诉求。
He explains that the king is out hunting, but offers to accompany a smaller group of the protesters to the palace, where they can make their case.
鱼贩自告奋勇，很快他们又回到了雨中的凡尔赛街道上。
The fishmonger volunteers, and soon they're back outside in the rain swept streets of Versailles.
骚动气氛明显，但五六名市场妇女组成的代表团平静地进入了宫殿。
The unrest is palpable, but the deputation of five or six market women enters the palace peacefully.
这位年轻母亲从未见过如此奢华的景象。
The young mother has never seen such opulence.
她的脚步声在似乎无限延伸的厅堂中回荡，墙上挂满无尽的艺术品，数十盏比马车轮还大的枝形吊灯，以及超乎她想象的金碧辉煌。
Her footsteps echo through halls stretching out impossibly far, their walls adorned with endless artwork, scores of chandeliers bigger than cartwheels, and more gold than she's ever imagined existed.
当通往国王所在大厅的巨门打开时，这场景令其中一些人难以承受。
And when the enormous doors are opened to the grand room where the king now awaits, it's more than some of them can manage.
一位年仅17岁的少女当场昏厥过去。
One young woman of just 17 simply faints away.
但这位鱼贩是革命之女，她决心不显露丝毫畏惧。
But the fishmonger is a daughter of the revolution, and she is determined to show no fear.
路易十六听取了代表团的要求。
Louis listens to the delegation.
他签署了议会关于食品援助的承诺，并下令向巴黎运送面包车。
He signs the assembly's promise of food aid and gives orders for wagons of bread to be sent to Paris.
穆尼尔察觉到这是一个绝佳机会，请求国王同时签署宪法草案和《人权宣言》。
Sensing a golden opportunity, Munier asks the king to also sign the draft constitution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
但几乎致命的是，国王犹豫了。
But almost fatally, the king hesitates.
他与顾问们进行了长时间会议，期间讨论了王室逃往法国东北部梅斯驻军城的可能性。
He holds a long meeting with his advisers, during which they discuss the possibility of the royal family's escape to the garrison town of Meuse in Northeastern France.
尽管惊恐万分，路易十六拒绝成为他口中的'逃亡国王'。
Though he is terrified, Louis refuses to become what he calls a fugitive king.
但他听闻有妇女想带着王后的头颅返回巴黎的传闻后大为震动。
But he is shaken by the reports he hears that some of the women want to return to Paris with his wife's head on a pike.
最终国王同意签署宣言，但他的犹豫让他付出了代价。
In the end, the king agrees to sign the declaration, but his hesitation costs him.
外面的紧张气氛一直在加剧。
Outside, tension has been building.
一些妇女在教堂里过夜寻求庇护。
Some women seek refuge for the night in churches.
其他人则得到镇上居民的收留。
Others are offered shelter by the townspeople.
但仍有躁动不安的人群聚集在宫门外。
But a restless contingent remains just beyond the palace gates.
由拉法耶特率领、总数达数千人的国民卫队，在临近午夜时分从巴黎抵达凡尔赛。
The National Guard, several thousand men in total led by Lafayette, arrives at Versailles from Paris at almost midnight.
在建议路易考虑迁往首都（国民卫队可保障其安全）后，拉法耶特认为局势已足够平静，便决定就寝休息。
After advising Louis to consider moving to the capital where the National Guard can keep him safe, Lafayette believes it is calm enough for him to turn in and get some rest for the night.
事实证明，他这个判断是错误的。
In this, he will prove to be wrong.
凌晨四点，宫外的局势演变成了暴力冲突。
At four in the morning, the situation outside the palace tips over into violence.
不满的人群冲入庭院，杀死了两名国王卫兵，其中一人就在路易卧室窗下被斩首。
Storming into the grounds, the dissatisfied crowd kills two of the king's guards, beheading one directly below Louis' bedroom window.
市场妇女及其盟友涌上主楼梯，直逼王后的寝宫。
The market women and their allies flood up the main staircase towards the queen's bedchamber.
惊恐万分的玛丽·安托瓦内特带着两个孩子通过秘密楼梯逃往国王寝宫，暴民们则用长矛将她奢华的居所捣毁。
A terrified Marie Antoinette flees with her two children to the king's apartment via a hidden staircase, while the mob tears apart her lavish quarters with their pikes.
最后一刻，拉法耶特率国民卫队赶到现场恢复秩序，将入侵者逐出宫殿并惩处了带头闹事者。
At the final hour, Lafayette and his national guardsmen enter the scene to restore order, emptying the palace of intruders and punishing the ringleaders.
但宫外仍有大批人群需要应对。
But there is still the crowd outside to deal with.
拉法耶特说服国王和王后登上宫殿阳台露面。
Lafayette persuades the king and queen to make an appearance from the balcony of the palace.
面色苍白、惊魂未定的路易与玛丽·安托瓦内特同意了。
Pale and shaken, Louis and Marie Antoinette agree.
但当他们现身时，民众高呼要求国王随他们前往巴黎。
But when they do, their people cry out that they want their king to come with them to Paris.
面对气势汹汹的暴民，加上拉法耶特承诺在首都提供更多安全保障，国王别无选择，只能同意。
Faced with the intimidating mob, as well as the promise from Lafayette of greater security in the capital, the king does not have much choice but to agree.
中午12:30，一支引人注目的队伍启程前往巴黎。
At 12:30PM, a remarkable procession sets out on the road to Paris.
载着五六十车面包和面粉的胜利市场妇女们，一路护送王室家族前行。
With 50 or 60 wagons of bread and flour, the triumphant market women accompany the king's family on the journey.
抵达后，王室家族搬进了破败的杜伊勒里宫。
Once there, the royal family moves into the dilapidated Tuileries Palace.
数日内，国民议会也迁至巴黎。
Within days, the assembly moves to Paris too.
双方似乎达成了休战协议。
A truce seems to have been reached.
但通往首都道路上那些插在长矛上的王室卫兵头颅，阴森地提醒着事态可能恶化的程度。
But the heads of the royal guards on pikes on the road to the capital are an ominous reminder of how nasty things can turn.
民众开始意识到自己手中掌握的力量。
The people are beginning to realize the power they hold in their hands.
如今，王室一家居住在杜伊勒里宫这座镀金牢笼中，时刻处于民众的监视之下。
Now the royal family resides in the gilded cage of the Tuileries Palace under the watchful eye of their people.
这就像生活在金鱼缸里一样。
It is like living in a goldfish bowl.
国王的妹妹伊丽莎白不得不从她位于一楼的房间搬离，因为总有人从窗外窥视。
The king's sister, Elizabeth, has to move from her rooms on the Ground Floor because of people staring in.
王后被迫与一群聚集在她公寓外露台上的妇女展开辩论。
The queen is goaded into a debate by a group of women on the terrace outside her apartment.
他们的生活方式比在凡尔赛宫时更为克制。
Their lifestyle is more restrained than in Versailles.
王后的发型师虽仍被保留在侍从名单中，但发型风格已大幅简化。
The queen's hairdresser is permitted on the staff, but the styles are now considerably toned down.
随后的数月里，部分皇家财产被没收，而凡尔赛宫和杜伊勒里宫等仍归君主所有。
In the months that follow, some of the royal properties are confiscated, while others, Versailles and the Tuileries among them, remain in the monarch's possession.
国民议会迁入了宫殿附近的前室内马术学校——一个拥有高挑天花板的巨大长方形空间。
The assembly moves into the former indoor riding school near the palace, a large rectangular space with a high ceiling.
议会在此继续推进改革，国王似乎接受了这些变革。
There, it continues working on its reforms, which the king appears to accept.
改革内容包括颇具争议的天主教会财产国有化以偿还国债，以及1790年6月废除世袭贵族制度。
The changes include the controversial nationalization of Catholic church property to pay off the country's debt, and, in June 1790, the abolition of hereditary aristocracy.
无论路易十六内心作何感想，他最终签署了议会颁布的法令。
Whatever Louis thinks privately, he signs the Assembly's decrees.
1790年7月14日巴士底狱攻占一周年之际，他参加了战神广场的庆典活动，这座如今矗立着埃菲尔铁塔的大型公共公园见证了历史性时刻。
On 07/14/1790, the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, he takes part in the celebrations at the Champs De Mass, a large public park where the Eiffel Tower now stands.
在民众的欢呼声中，他宣誓保护新宪法，确立了自身作为立宪君主的角色。
There, he vows to protect the new constitution, affirming his role as a constitutional monarch to the elated crowds.
但法兰西的转型之路远未结束。
But the story of France's transformation is far from over.
流亡海外的法国保王党人——包括国王的亲兄弟与堂表亲们——开始密谋反对法国革命政府。
French royalists who have escaped abroad, including the king's own brothers and cousins, begin to plot against the revolutionary government in France.
这些被统称为'流亡贵族'的势力，正寻求外国援助以实现其复辟使命。
Collectively known as the emigres, they seek foreign aid and support in their mission.
其他欧洲君主国忧心忡忡地聆听着这些警告。
Other European monarchies listen with concern to their warnings.
毕竟，类似的革命思想并非不可能蔓延至他们自己的国家。
It's not inconceivable, after all, that similar revolutionary ideas could infect their own countries.
1790年11月，路易十六致信一位逃往瑞士的受信任政治家，授予他以国王名义与外国宫廷交涉的权力。
In November 1790, Louis sends a letter to a trusted statesman who has fled to Switzerland, giving him the authority to deal with foreign courts in the king's name.
他被授意提出恢复法国王权的措施。
He is instructed to propose measures to reestablish royal authority in France.
这封密函，连同国王王后寄给海外保皇派的其他信件，揭露了他们正在进行的危险两面派游戏。
This letter, and others like it, from the king and queen to royalists abroad, reveal the dangerous double game they're playing.
到1791年复活节时，路易与民众的关系已紧张到王室全家被禁止离开杜乐丽宫前往城郊行宫的地步。
By Easter seventeen ninety one, the relationship between Louis and his people has become so fraught that the king and his family are prevented from leaving the Tuileries for a chateau just out of town.
法国人民对王室的意图越来越不信任。
The French people are increasingly distrustful about the royal family's intentions.
事实证明，他们的怀疑完全合情合理。
As it turns out, they have every reason to be suspicious.
1791年6月20日深夜，王室成员乘坐一辆特制的六座马车离开了巴黎。
In the dead of night, on 06/20/1791, the royal family leaves Paris in a specially commissioned six seater carriage.
路易十六和玛丽·安托瓦内特带上了国王的妹妹、夫妇俩的两个孩子，以及他们装扮成俄罗斯男爵夫人的女家庭教师。
Louis and Marie Antoinette take with them Louis' sister, the couple's two children, and their governess, who is dressed as a Russian baroness.
但伪装并不完美。
But the disguise is not perfect.
三名作为保镖坐在马车顶上的仆人穿着与王室相关的艳丽明黄色制服。
Three servants riding on top of the coach as bodyguards wear a garish bright yellow, a shade associated with royalty.
由于国王的头像印在国家纸币上，他拥有全法国最易辨认的面容。
And thanks to his image on the country's banknotes, the king is the owner of the most recognizable face in the country.
马车正驶向边境附近的汇合点，王室成员将在那里与保皇派将军及其部队会合。
The carriage is heading for a meeting place close to the border, where the party will join with a royalist general and his troops.
在杜乐丽宫，国王在床上留下了一份手写文件，内容是对革命的批判。
Behind him, at the Tuileries, the king leaves a handwritten document on his bed, criticizing the revolution.
但王室家族最终未能抵达目的地。
But the royal family never reaches its destination.
这一事件后来被称为‘瓦伦出逃’。
It becomes known as the flight to Vahrehen.
路易十六在瓦伦被截获并带回。
Louis is intercepted at Vahrehen and brought back.
此后，人们不再信任他。
And after that, people don't trust him anymore.
他们认为他打算投靠奥地利人。
They think he was going over to the Austrians.
王室家族被押回巴黎，此时城中气氛阴郁不祥。
The royal family are returned to Paris, where the mood is ominous.
拉法耶特曾扬言：鼓掌欢迎国王者将受鞭刑，出言侮辱者则处以绞刑。
Lafayette has promised a beating to anyone who applauds the king, a hanging to anyone who insults him.
尽管国王与革命派的关系日益恶化，1791年宪法仍于9月3日正式颁布，确立了法国的君主立宪制。
Despite the worsening relationship between the king and the revolutionaries, the Constitution of 1791 is officially published on September 3, cementing the constitutional monarchy in France.
国王虽保留头衔，但其权力已受到限制。
While the king retains his title, his powers are now limited.
真正的权力掌握在如今立法议会的民选代表手中。
The real power rests with the elected representatives of what is now the Legislative Assembly.
但这远非一个轻松的联盟。
But it's far from an easy alliance.
君主立宪制面临巨大压力，先是瓦兰逃亡事件、流亡贵族的行为，还有新议会——立法议会中一些主要革命者极其鲁莽的决定，即对奥地利和普鲁士宣战。
The constitutional monarchy comes under huge stresses, first with the flight to Vahrain, the actions of the emigre, but also the very reckless decision of some of the leading revolutionaries in the new assembly, the legislative assembly, to declare war on Austria and Prussia.
他们确实在提高赌注。
They're really upping the stakes.
他们这样做是因为认为能借此揪出法国的内部阴谋者——即宫廷、国王和王后。
And they do this because they think that they will flush out France's internal conspirators, by which they mean the court, the king and the queen.
局势非常动荡，民众对君主制的敌意与日俱增。
It's a very volatile situation, and people become more and more hostile to the monarchy.
1792年4月20日，法国向奥地利宣战，那里是玛丽·安托瓦内特的出生地，如今由王后的亲侄子弗朗茨二世统治。
On 04/20/1792, France declares war on Austria, the birthplace of Marie Antoinette, a country now led by the queen's own nephew, Franz II.
同年六月，奥地利的盟友普鲁士向法国宣战。
In June of the same year, Austria's ally Prussia declares war on France.
回到巴黎，国王和王后如今被许多人视为内敌。
Back in Paris, the king and queen are now considered by many as the enemies within.
尽管法国与几年前已面目全非，但它仍处于一个转折点。
Though France is unrecognizable from the country it was just a few years previously, it is still at a tipping point.
而对于那些曾位居权力巅峰的人来说，局势尤为危险。
And for no one is the situation more perilous than those who had been at the very top.
那么，这个新生的君主立宪制能否在这场风雨飘摇中存活下来？
So can the new constitutional monarchy survive this precarious situation?
抑或是法国延续数世纪的君主传统该迎来断头台时刻了？
Or is it time for the blade to fall on France's centuries long royal tradition?
下一期的《简史》节目中，我们将为您带来法国革命特别篇两集中的第二集。
Next time on Short History Of, we'll bring you the second installment of this special two part short history of the French Revolution.
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