法国大革命，第2部分（共2部分）

克雷格以前从未对养蜂表现出兴趣，但现在他却在购买2000只工蜂，而不是完成他的自我评估。

Craig's never shown an interest in beekeeping before, but that's the sound of him buying 2,000 worker bees rather than doing his self assessment.

克雷格，你住在六楼的公寓里。

Craig, you live in a 6th Floor flat.

截止日期是1月31日。

The deadline is January 31.

减少分心，多付诸行动。

Less distraction, more action.

别像克雷格那样。

Don't be like Craig.

今天就访问 gov.uk/selfassessment。

Visit gov.uk/selfassessment today.

可能有付款支持可用。

Payment support may be available.

现在是1792年6月下旬。

It is late June seventeen ninety two.

这是七月十七日的炎热夏日，距离巴黎不远。

A hot summer's day, not far from Paris.

激昂的鼓点伴随着数千双脚步向首都行进。

The fierce beat of a drum accompanies thousands of feet marching towards the capital.

一位身穿家乡蓝白配色服装的年轻人摘下三角帽，擦去额头的汗水。

A young man wearing the blue and white colors of his home city takes off his tricorn and wipes sweat from his brow.

他和战友们已经行走了三个星期，行程近五百英里。

He and his comrades have been walking for three weeks, covering almost 500 miles.

他们来自南部海岸的马赛，正朝北前往巴黎。

They're from Marseille on the South Coast and are heading north for Paris.

和他同行的大多数人一样，这位年轻人从未到过首都。

Like most of those he's marching with, the young man has never visited the capital before.

但如今他有了充分的理由。

But now he has good cause.

革命爆发三年后，法国如今正与奥地利和普鲁士交战。

Three years since the revolution began, France is now at war with Austria and Prussia.

战争部长呼吁各省的志愿士兵前往巴黎，加入革命军队。

The Minister of War has called for volunteer soldiers from the provinces to come to Paris to join the revolutionary army.

尽管国王反对他们，但这位日益不得人心的君主已无力阻止来自全国各地的联邦志愿军涌向巴黎。

And though the king opposes them, there is nothing the increasingly unpopular monarch can do to stop these federe, or volunteer soldiers, from pouring to Paris from all over the country.

然而，从马赛步行到这里实在太过遥远。

Yet it's an absurdly long walk from Marseille.

而这位男子的身体在尚未接近战场之前就已经濒临崩溃。

And this man's body is breaking down before he has gone near a battle.

他的脚上磨出了水泡，夏日的烈阳无情地炙烤着。

Blisters are burning on his feet, and the summer sun is beating down relentlessly.

他把系在腰带上的水囊举到唇边，知道这毫无用处。

He tips the water gourd attached to his belt to his lips, knowing it is futile.

它已经空了好几个小时了。

It's been empty for hours.

他满身是汗，脱水且因疲惫而头晕，但他仍强迫自己跟上周围行军士兵的节奏，走进了一片林地。

He's sweaty, dehydrated, and dizzy with fatigue, but he forces himself to keep up with the rhythm of the marching men around him as they enter a patch of woodland.

树荫下凉快些，但这位年轻志愿者仍在苦苦支撑。

It's cooler in the shade of the trees, but the young volunteer is still struggling.

他强迫自己一步接一步地前行，却绊在一根树枝上，重重摔倒在地，三角帽也掉在一旁。

Forcing himself to place one foot after another, he trips over a branch and falls sprawling to the ground, his Tricorn hat landing nearby.

他试图站起来，却发现根本做不到。

He tries to get up, but finds he can't.

也许他终究到不了巴黎了。

Maybe he won't make it to Paris after all.

附近的一名鼓手停下击鼓，过来扶他起身。

A drummer nearby stops beating his instrument and comes to help him to his feet.

士兵嘶哑地表示自己精疲力尽，再也走不动了，但鼓手从外套口袋里掏出一个玻璃瓶递给他。

The soldier croaks that he's exhausted, that he can't go any further, but the drummer reaches into a coat pocket and hands him a glass bottle.

明知这是自己最后一点水，这位年轻联邦士兵犹豫了，但戏剧性的一刻迫使他行动。

Knowing it's his last trickle of water, the young Federay hesitates, but the drama insists.

喝完水后，他立刻感觉好了一些。

After drinking, he immediately starts to feel better.

现在，这位戏剧人物摘下他那顶柔软的圆锥帽——据说这种帽子类似于古罗马解放奴隶所戴的自由帽，并提议用它交换新朋友的

Now the drama takes off his soft conical hat, known as a liberty cap, said to resemble that worn by freed slaves in ancient Rome, and offers it as a swap for his new friend's

三角帽。

Tricon.

这位联邦士兵微笑了。

The Federist smiles.

他获得了一个革命的象征。

He has been given a symbol of the revolution.

鼓手把帽子扶正，戴在新朋友的头上，微笑着扶起这位年轻志愿者。

Straightening the cap on his new friend's head, the drummer grins then helps the young volunteer to his feet.

鼓手再次敲响振奋人心的节奏，士兵恢复了精神，觉得水泡的疼痛也没那么难熬了。

The drummer begins to beat the rousing rhythm again now, and the soldier, revived, decides the pain of his blisters is not so bad.

他的脚步加快，跟上了周围人的节奏。

His feet pick up the pace, matching the rhythm of the others around him.

接着，有人开始唱歌。

Then someone begins to sing.

这是一首费德勒在整个旅程中不断重复的歌。

It is a song that Federer had been repeating the whole journey.

这名志愿者加入了合唱。

The volunteer joins in.

这里每一个人都会唱这首后来被称为《马赛曲》的歌。

Every one of the men here knows the words to what will become known as the Marseilles.

这是一首战斗之歌，一首国歌。

It is a fighting song, an anthem.

当他们唱到激昂的副歌时，他昂起头，知道他们离巴黎已经不远了。

And as they reach the rousing chorus, he holds his head up high, knowing they're not far from Paris.

身边是准备为祖国未来而战死的兄弟们，他决定自己一定能挺过去。

With his brothers around him ready to fight and die for the future of their beloved country, he decides that he will make it after all.

如果没有法国大革命，今天的法国就不会是现在的法国。

France would not be France as we know it today without the French Revolution.

国歌《马赛曲》、三色旗，以及那句著名的自由、平等、博爱的口号，都是在那段动荡岁月中锻造出来的。

The national anthem, La Maciasse, the tricolor flag, and that famous slogan of liberty, equality, fraternity, were all forged during that tumultuous time.

但这场革命远非单一事件，而是一系列持续多年的事件。

But far from being a single incident, the revolution was rather a series of events that spanned many years.

这些事件不仅彻底改变了法国，也深刻影响了整个世界。

Together, they left not only France, but the rest of the world deeply changed.

要指出事情始于1789年并不难。

It is simple enough to pinpoint when things began in 1789.

但法国大革命究竟何时才算真正结束？

But when did the French Revolution really end?

国王与人民的关系是如何恶化到如此地步，最终以断头台的刀刃落在他颈项上告终？

How did the relationship between the king and his people deteriorate so badly that it culminated with the drop of the guillotine blade on his neck?

如果他没有娶玛丽·安托瓦内特，事情会不会有所不同？

Would things have been different had he not married Marie Antoinette?

1789年之后那段被称为恐怖统治的黑暗岁月，留下了怎样的持久影响？

And what was the lasting impact of those dark years following 1789 known as the Reign of Terror?

我是约翰·霍普金斯。

I'm John Hopkins.

来自诺伊瑟，这是关于法国大革命的两部分特别简史的第二部分。

From Neuser, this is the second in a special two part short history of The French Revolution.

在

In

1792年，法国正与邻国奥地利和普鲁士交战。

the 1792, France is at war with its neighbors Austria and Prussia.

自攻占巴士底狱以来，已经过去了三年，国家发生了翻天覆地的变化。

It has been three years since the storming of the Bastille, and the country has changed beyond recognition.

封建制度已被废除，贵族和教士的特权也随之消失。

Feudalism has been abolished, along with the privileges held by the nobility and clergy.

取而代之的是由革命文献《人权和公民权宣言》所确立的更加平等的社会。

In their place is a more egalitarian society, as set out by the revolutionary document, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

新的立宪君主制限制了国王的职能。

The new constitutional monarchy limits the king's functions.

真正的权力现在掌握在立法议会手中。

The real power now lies with the legislative assembly.

但并非所有议员都信任路易十六和他的妻子玛丽·安托瓦内特。

But not all its deputies trust Louis the sixteenth and his wife, Marie Antoinette.

毕竟，王后出生时是奥地利大公的女儿，而法国现在正与她的祖国交战，该国由她的侄子弗朗茨二世统治。

After all, the queen was born an Austrian archduchess, and France is now at war with her home country, which is ruled by her nephew, Franz II.

还有去年王室家族失败的逃亡计划，即著名的瓦伦内斯出逃事件。

Then there's the small matter of the royal family's failed escape plan of the previous year known as the flight to Varennes.

他们秘密策划与保王派将军及其部队会合的行动，已严重削弱了公众对君主制的信任，并加剧了法国的共和情绪。

Their secret plot to meet up with a royalist general and his troops has eroded public trust in the monarchy and increased Republican sentiment in France.

然而，君主与人民之间仍达成了一种不稳定的和平。

Still, somehow an uneasy peace has been struck between the monarch and his people.

但这种和平十分脆弱。

But it is fragile.

如今，新的志愿部队正源源不断地涌入巴黎，加入对抗普鲁士、奥地利以及王后亲属的军队。

And now, new volunteer troops are pouring into Paris to join the army in the fight against Prussia, Austria, and the queen's own relatives.

国王对这些被称为联邦军的部队心存疑虑，并深知自己处境危险，因此拒绝签署授权这支新志愿部队的法律。

Distrustful of these troops, known as the Federe, and keenly aware of his precarious position, the King refuses to sign a law authorizing this new voluntary force.

作为回应，成千上万的人于1792年6月20日走上巴黎街头，旨在在国王的住所杜伊勒里宫前种植一棵自由树。

In response, thousands take to the streets in Paris on 06/20/1792, aiming to plant a liberty tree at the king's home Tuileries Palace.

这种树木已成为革命精神的象征，模仿了大西洋对岸波士顿种植的榆树，后者曾成为革命者的集结标志。

Such trees have become a symbol of the revolutionary spirit, mimicking the elm planted across the Atlantic in Boston that became a rallying point for revolutionaries.

当人群抵达宫殿时，发现国民卫队并未抵抗，其中许多人同情他们的诉求。

Arriving at the palace, the crowd finds no resistance from the National Guard, many of whom sympathize with their cause.

聚集的民众佩戴着革命的所有标志：三色帽徽和自由帽，但穿的是长裤而非齐膝短裤。

The assembled citizens sport all the symbols of the revolution, tricolor rosettes and liberty caps, but also long trousers instead of knee breeches.

追随这一潮流的人们摒弃贵族风格，转而穿着普通工人的服装，被称为“无套裤汉”，意为“没有短裤的人”。

Those embracing this trend reject aristocratic styles in favor of the costumes of ordinary workers and become known as the sans culottes, meaning without breeches.

看到人群逼近，玛丽·安托瓦内特及时从侧门溜走。

Seeing the crowd coming, Marie Antoinette slips away in time out of a side entrance.

但路易十六穿着加厚的背心以防被刺，没有逃跑。

But Louis, wearing an extra thick waistcoat in case he is stabbed, does not flee.

他与民众会面，当一名逼近他的民众将一柄尖刀上悬挂的红色自由帽递给他时，他别无选择，只能接过。

He meets his people, and when one of those cornering him offers him the red liberty cap dangling from a blade, he has no choice but to take it.

他将帽子戴在头上，为祖国干杯。

Placing the cap on his head, he drinks a toast to his nation.

这是一次屈辱的事件，但路易斯幸存了下来。

It is a humiliating incident, but Louis survives it.

这将是最后一次与民众的冲突以和平方式收场。

It'll be the last time a confrontation with his people is concluded peacefully.

压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草是偶然放上去的。

The straw that breaks the camel's back is placed there by accident.

普鲁士和奥地利军队的指挥官不伦瑞克公爵发出威胁，称如果国王或王后受到任何伤害，巴黎将面临严重后果。

The Duke of Brunswick, the leader of the Prussian and Austrian forces, issues a threat of severe consequences to Paris if any harm comes to the king or queen.

这直接将法国国王与外国敌人联系在一起。

It makes a direct link between France's king and her foreign enemies.

愤怒之下，1792年8月，联邦军和圣科洛特再次攻入杜乐丽宫，这次他们屠杀了所有挡路的王室卫兵。

In furious response, in August 1792, the Federer and Saint Colots storm the Tuileries Palace again, and this time, they massacre any royal guards who stand in their way.

国王及其家人逃往议会寻求庇护，但路易斯被剥夺了头衔。

The king and his family flee to safety at the assembly, but Louis is stripped of his title.

君主制被暂停，几天内，路易、玛丽·安托瓦内特及其两名幸存子女被送往神庙，这座中世纪堡垒被用作监狱。

The monarchy is suspended, and within days, Louis, Marie Antoinette, and their two surviving children are sent to the temple, a medieval fortress used as a prison.

现在，由充满魅力的激进分子乔治·丹东主导的临时行政委员会通过了一系列严厉的紧急权力法案，监狱开始塞满涉嫌保王派同情者。

Now a provisional executive council dominated by the larger than life firebrand Georges Danton passes a series of draconian emergency powers, and prisons start to fill with suspected royalist sympathizers.

丹东性格外向、善于交际，是个享乐主义者，与他的政治盟友马克西米连·罗伯斯庇尔形成鲜明对比；罗伯斯庇尔是一位清心寡欲的律师，被称为‘不可腐蚀者’，只靠咖啡和水果为生。

A gregarious and sociable bon vivant, Danton is the opposite of his political ally, Maximilian Robespierre, an abstemious lawyer known as the incorruptible, who lives on a diet of coffee and fruit.

罗伯斯庇尔被认为是‘自由、平等、博爱’这一口号的推广者，自革命之初便参与其中。

Robespierre, who is credited with popularizing the slogan Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, has been involved in the revolution since the beginning.

但直到1792年，他才真正登上历史舞台。

But it's not until 1792 that he steps into the limelight.

罗伯斯庇尔由信念驱动，是一名理想主义的政治家。

Robespierre is driven by his beliefs, a conviction politician.

但在一场革命中，理想主义者可能是危险的。

But an idealist in a revolution can be a dangerous thing.

玛丽莎·林顿教授是一位历史学家，著有《法国大革命中的美德、友谊与真诚》。

Professor Marisa Linton is a historian and author of Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution.

马克西米连·罗伯斯庇尔是法国北部阿拉斯的一名律师。

Maximilien Robespierre was a lawyer in Arras in Northern France.

如果没有革命，没人会听说过他。

If the revolution hadn't happened, no one would have heard of him.

他性格温和，与人无争。

He was mild mannered, he was inoffensive.

但革命爆发后，他像许多人一样被卷入其中，逐渐成为一名积极的政治活动家。

But then the revolution happened and he got drawn into it like so many other people and he becomes very much a political activist.

如果罗伯特·斯皮尔在1792年去世，我们可能只会认为他是一个好人，一个理想主义者。

If Robert Spear had died in 1792, we would probably just think he was a good man, an idealistic man.

他确实是这样的人，但他也是一个非常坚定的革命者。

He was all those things, but he was also a very dedicated revolutionary.

他开始相信，就像许多人一样，为了革命事业，有时不得不做一些可怕的事情。

And he comes to believe, like many others, that in the cause of the revolution, you may have to do things that are terrible.

因此，他开始接受，就像许多人一样，可怕的事情必须被付诸实施。

And so he starts to accept, as many others do, that terrible things must be done.

当爱国的无套裤汉们报名参战时，人们担心革命的敌人会在他们离开时越狱。

While the patriotic sans culottes sign up to fight in the war, fear spreads that the revolution's enemies might break out of prison while they're away.

九月初，巴黎传来消息，普鲁士军队已攻占法国东北部靠近边境的凡尔登。

In early September, news reaches Paris that the Prussians have captured Verdun in Northeastern France, close to the border.

作为回应，一群嗜血的暴徒冲进首都的监狱，认为那里的政治犯正计划参与反革命阴谋。

In response, a bloodthirsty mob storms the prisons in the capital, believing that the political prisoners there are planning to join a counter revolutionary plot.

随后发生的一切无异于一场大屠杀。

What follows is nothing less than a bloodbath.

一些受害者是拒绝宣誓效忠宪法的神职人员。

Some of the victims are priests who have refused to swear allegiance to the constitution.

其他人则是流浪者和儿童，根本算不上反革命阴谋者。

Others include vagrants and children, hardly counter revolutionary conspirators.

玛丽·安托瓦内特的一位朋友拒绝透露王室夫妇与外国势力通信的细节，结果在街头被残忍殴打致死。

A friend of Marie Antoinette's refuses to reveal details about the royal couple's communication with foreign powers, and is brutally beaten to death in the streets.

她的头颅被插在长矛上游街示众，以羞辱被囚禁在神庙监狱的前王后，并强迫她亲吻他们声称曾是她情人的女人。

Her severed head is paraded on a pike outside the temple prison to taunt the former queen, who is invited to kiss the woman they allege was once her lover.

正是多亏了像这样的忠诚朋友，玛丽·安托瓦内特才得以活到今天。

It's thanks to the loyalty of friends such as these that Marie Antoinette has survived this long.

她与国外联络人的通信确实充满背叛，但迄今为止，革命者尚未能证实这一点。

Her correspondence with contacts abroad have indeed been treacherous, but so far, the revolutionaries have been unable to prove it.

因此，玛丽·安托瓦内特暂时得以继续生存。

So Marie Antoinette is permitted to live for now.

总的来说，这些九月大屠杀持续了四天，夺去了超过1200条生命。

All in all, the carnage of these September massacres continues for four days and claims more than 1,200 lives.

当屠杀的消息传遍欧洲其他地区时，人们无不感到震惊与厌恶。

When word of the killings spreads to the rest of Europe, it's met with horror and revulsion.

伦敦的《泰晤士报》以极其血腥详尽的笔触报道了巴黎的场景。

The Times newspaper in London reports with particularly grisly panache on the scenes in Paris.

报道称，被残害的受害者尸体已变得如此司空见惯，以至于人们经过时甚至毫不在意地踩踏而过。

The carcasses of the mangled victims, it says, are become so familiar that they are passed by and trod on without any particular notice.

但即使在如此血腥的背景下，政府仍需继续处理公务。

But even amid such bloodshed, the administration has work to do.

在法国大革命的这一关键阶段，一个新的机构被选举出来，为国家制定一部新的宪法。

During this critical phase of the French Revolution, a new body is elected to provide an updated constitution for the country.

它自称为国民公会，拥有700多名代表，包括丹东和罗伯斯庇尔。

Calling itself the National Convention, it numbers over 700 deputies, including Danton and Robespierre.

国民公会最早采取的两项行动是：9月21日正式废除君主制，次日建立共和国。

Two of the convention's earliest acts are the formal abolition of the monarchy on September 21, and the next day, the establishment of the republic.

国民公会的初期阶段被各对立革命派别之间的斗争所主导。

The early days of the National Convention are dominated by the struggles between opposing revolutionary factions.

吉伦特派呼吁更为温和的权力过渡，而更激进的声音则来自山岳派。

The Girondins call for a more moderate transition of power, while the more radical voices come from the Montagnards.

他们的名字意为‘山岳派’，源于他们在议会中所坐的高处长椅。

Their name, meaning the mountain men, comes from the high benches they sit on at the convention.

两个派别分歧的一个关键问题是，如何处理被称为‘路易十六’的国王。

One of the burning questions on which the two factions disagree is what to do with Louis the Last, as the king is known.

最终，各方同意进行审判。

In the end, a trial is agreed upon.

路易十六的审判于1792年12月进行。

The trial of Louis the sixteenth takes place in December 1792.

他被指控多项罪名，包括试图逃离巴黎、涉嫌与外国势力勾结反对共和国，以及反对革命改革。

He stands accused of various charges that cover his attempt to flee from Paris, his alleged collusion with foreign powers against the Republic, and his opposition to revolutionary reforms.

他被判定有罪，但处决他的决定仅以一票之差通过。

He is found guilty, but the decision to execute him is passed by a single vote.

这是历史上首次有法国王室成员被判处死刑，共和国为此使用了一种新装置来纪念这一时刻。

It is the first time in history that a French royal has been sentenced to die, and the republic marks the occasion with the use of a new contraption.

断头台是由法国革命者自己发明的。

The guillotine was invented by the French revolutionaries themselves.

它的设计本意是更人道，相较于绞刑或用斧头斩首。

It was meant to be humane, that is compared with hanging or beheading by an axe.

它比这两种方式都更快。

It was quicker than either of those things.

当然，以我们今天的眼光来看，这很可怕，但这是一个拥有死刑的社会。

Obviously, to our eyes, horrible, but this is a society that has a death penalty.

因此，对他们来说，这并不显得奇怪。

And so it doesn't seem so strange to them.

所以他们认为这是一种人道且平等的处决方式。

So they see it as a humane and egalitarian way of killing people.

他们在1792年曾几次实验性地使用它，但首次用于政治处决是在1793年1月21日，处决了国王。

They use it experimentally a couple of times in 1792, but the first time it's used for a political execution is with the king, 01/21/1793.

那天，在断头台上，国王的头发被剪短，为行刑做准备。

That day, on the scaffold, the king's hair is cut in preparation for the guillotine.

他试图发表最后的演讲，但他的声音被预期的鼓声淹没。

He attempts to make one last speech, but his words are drowned out by an anticipatory drum roll.

上午10点22分，断头台的刀刃落下。

And at 10:22, the blade of the guillotine falls.

一门大炮被发射。

A cannon is fired.

在神庙监狱听到炮声的玛丽·安托瓦内特悲痛欲绝，瘫倒在地。

Hearing it in the temple prison, Marie Antoinette collapses in grief.

今年十二月，在Noiser播客网络，我们将迎来一个繁忙的月份，并推出一档全新节目。

This December on the Noiser Podcast Network, it's a busy month with the launch of a brand new show.

敬请跟随大卫·苏切特爵士，聆听查尔斯·狄更斯的鬼故事，精选狄更斯最令人毛骨悚然的篇章。

Join Sir David Suchet for Charles Dickens Ghost Stories, a selection of Dickens' most spine tingling tales.

在简·奥斯汀的故事中，《傲慢与偏见》迎来结局：归根结底，傲慢是否会阻碍真爱？

In Jane Austen stories, Pride and Prejudice concludes: When all said and done, will pride get in the way of true love?

《简明历史》系列将带我们漫游威尼斯的历史运河，并深入纽伦堡审判的法庭之外。

Short History Of takes us onto the historic canals of Venice and beyond the courtrooms of the Nuremberg trials.

在《真实生存故事》中，我们将跟随一架紧急救援直升机坠入拉布拉多海，并穿越巴塔哥尼亚的山地自行车道。

On Real Survival Stories, we'll follow an emergency chopper as it goes down in the Labrador Sea and traverse the mountain bike trails of Patagonia.

在《福尔摩斯短篇故事》中，福尔摩斯破解了一连串与六尊拿破仑胸像相关的神秘犯罪案件。

In Sherlock Holmes' short stories, Holmes unpicks a mysterious string of sculpture related crimes in The Adventure of the Six Napoleons.

《真实独裁者》回归，讲述让·贝德尔·博卡萨的非凡故事。

And Real Dictators Returns with the extraordinary story of Jean Bedell Boccassa.

所有这些节目及其他更多内容，均可在Neusser Plus提前收听且无广告。如果你仍在寻找圣诞礼物，不妨购买一本《古罗马简史》，各大书店均有售。

Get all of these shows and more early and ad free on Neusser plus And if you're still on the hunt for Christmas presents, then why not grab a copy of A Short History of Ancient Rome, available in all good bookshops.

处决国王为共和国赢得了很少的新朋友。

The execution of the king wins the republic few new friends.

但她的敌人迅速增多。

But her enemies swiftly multiply.

英国和荷兰共和国加入反对法国的战争，随后西班牙和多个意大利邦国也相继加入。

Great Britain and the Dutch Republic join the fight against France, followed by Spain and several Italian states.

1793年2月，法国西部的布列塔尼和旺代地区爆发了起义。

In February 1793, uprisings break out in Brittany and the Vendee in Western France.

在那里，叛军开始组建一支天主教和保王军，致力于恢复他们视为烈士的国王的继承人。

There, rebels begin to form a Catholic and royal army, devoted to restoring the heirs of the king they see as a martyr.

一个月内，国民公会设立了革命法庭，以控制日益动荡的局面。

Within a month, the Convention initiates the Revolutionary Tribunal, in order to keep control of an increasingly turbulent situation.

该法庭是审判被指控从事反革命活动、叛国及其他危害国家罪行的政治犯的法院。

The Tribunal is a court for the trial of political offenders accused of counter revolutionary activities, treason, and other crimes against the state.

它因迅速且常常武断的判决而声名狼藉。

It gains a reputation for its swift often arbitrary judgments.

到初夏时，温和派吉伦特派被推翻，更激进的左翼山岳派主导了国民公会。

By the early summer, the moderates, the Girondins, are overthrown, and the more extreme left leaning Montagnards now dominate the convention.

正是后者组成了新的公共安全委员会的多数，该委员会从1793年到1794年掌握大权。

It is the latter who compose the majority of the new Committee of Public Safety, which holds sway from 1793 to 1794.

但尽管其名称听上去无害，它所统治的时期却被称为恐怖统治。

But despite its innocuous sounding name, the period it presides over becomes known as the Reign of Terror.

恐怖时期是法国历史上一段创伤性的时期。

The period of the Terror was a traumatic time in French history.

这是革命者诉诸法律以维持革命政权并抵御敌人的时期。

It's the time when revolutionaries have recourse to laws which will enable the revolutionary regime to stay in power and to fight off its enemies.

如果不了解当时正在进行战争、法国四面受敌，以及法国境内存在内部冲突，就无法理解这一点。

You can't understand that without understanding that there was a war going on, that France was surrounded on all sides by enemies, and also that there was internal conflict within France.

在法国境内，旺代的内战仍在持续，保王派势力与革命政府对抗，反对共和国。

Within France's own boundaries, civil war in the Vendee continues to rage, with royalist forces opposed to the revolutionary government fighting against the republic.

发生了一系列针对天主教神父及其他被视为反对革命目标者的可怕集体溺毙事件。

There is a series of horrific mass drownings of Catholic priests, and others considered to be against the revolution's aims.

但那些希望阻止议会的人并不会被吓倒。

But those hoping to repel the convention will not be deterred.

类似的小规模抵抗在法国各地引发起义，被称为联邦派叛乱。

Similar pockets of resistance result in uprisings throughout France, called the Federalist Revolts.

公共安全委员会发起了一场运动，以消除所谓的反革命分子和内部敌人。

The Committee of Public Safety launches a campaign to eliminate perceived counter revolutionaries and internal enemies.

然而，杀死法国人，甚至是一位法国国王，是一回事。

However, killing French men, even a French king, is one thing.

但他的遗孀玛丽·安托瓦内特呢？

But what of his widow, Marie Antoinette?

罗伯斯庇尔问议会，他们能否让一个在他看来与路易一样有罪、同样被国家指控的人安然离去？

Robespierre asks the convention if they can leave in peace someone who is, in his words, no less guilty and no less accused by the nation than Louis.

毫无疑问，他指的是那位备受憎恨的前女王，她始终在人们心中与法国长期的敌人和邻国奥地利联系在一起。

There is no doubt that he is referring to the hated former queen, who will always be associated, in the minds of the people, with France's long term enemy and neighbor, Austria.

玛丽·安托瓦内特的审判于1793年10月14日举行，她被指控道德败坏和叛国。

Marie Antoinette's trial takes place on 10/14/1793, when she stands accused of immorality and treason.

当法国和奥地利因革命是否应继续而交战时，玛丽·安托瓦内特将法军的作战计划泄露给了奥地利人。

When France and Austria were at war with one another over whether the revolution should continue, Marie Antoinette passed battle plans of the French armies to the Austrians.

所以事实上，她确实是个叛徒，她真的是。

So, in fact, she was a traitor, she actually was.

但审判她的人并不知道这一点。

But the people who put her on trial didn't know that.

他们只是猜测，但并不确知。

They guessed it but they didn't know it.

他们真正定她罪的，是基于一些完全捏造的证据，指控她总体上是个‘坏女人’。

And what they really convict her of is kind of being a bad woman generally on the basis of some quite fabricated evidence.

她实际上被指控曾性侵自己的幼子，以政治上腐蚀他。

She was actually accused of having sexually abused her small son in order to corrupt him politically.

这是一个可怕且极不公正的指控，对她而言是极其恶劣的污蔑。

And that was a terrible and a very, very unjust accusation and an awful thing to be said to her.

更糟糕的是，她的儿子路易·夏尔被家族的敌人强迫，向自己的母亲提出这一指控。

What makes it worse is that her son, Louis Scheil, has been forced by the family's enemies to make the accusation against his own mother.

玛丽·安托瓦内特为自己辩护、反驳这一可怕指控的时刻，是她一生中最戏剧性的瞬间。

The moment in which Marie Antoinette defends herself against this terrible charge is the most dramatic of her child.

她身着破旧的黑裙，年仅37岁却已满头白发如雪，发表了充满激情的陈述。

Appearing in a ragged black dress, her hair now white as snow despite her age of just 37, she makes a passionate plea.

她以所有母亲为证，坚称自己绝不可能做出被指控的那些对儿子路易·夏尔的令人作呕的行为。

Calling on all mothers as her witness, she insists that she could never do the disgusting things she has been accused of doing to her son, Louis Charles.

旁听席上的女性们爆发出热烈的欢呼。

There is a rousing cheer from the women in the public gallery.

但这一短暂的支持时刻并未拯救玛丽·安托瓦内特。

But this brief moment of support does not save Marie Antoinette.

她被宣告有罪，并被判处与丈夫一样走上断头台。

She is pronounced guilty and sentenced to follow her husband to the guillotine.

1793年10月16日凌晨4点30分。

It is 04:30 on the morning of 10/16/1793.

在塞纳河上一座岛屿的孔西埃热里监狱冰冷潮湿的牢房里，玛丽·安托瓦内特坐在桌旁，手握羽毛笔。

In a cold, damp cell of the Conciagery prison on an island in the Seine, Marie Antoinette is seated at a desk, quill in hand.

她正在给嫂子伊丽莎白写最后一封信，信中向她的孩子们传递了爱与祝福，而她已有数月未见到他们。

She is writing a final letter to her sister-in-law, Elizabeth, in which she sends her love and blessings to her children, whom she hasn't seen in months.

她宽恕了儿子路易·夏尔，原谅了他被迫做出的那些毫无根据的指控。

She extends her pardon to her son, Louis Charles, forgiving him for the unfounded allegations he'd been forced to make.

他的言辞在一定程度上导致了她的定罪，但她深知，操纵一个脆弱的孩子是多么容易。

His words, in part, are what condemned her, but she knows how easy it can be to manipulate a fragile child.

她把信留在书桌上，然后回到床铺上。

She leaves the letter on her desk and returns to her bunk.

她面对着对面墙上那扇高而小的窗户，凝望着生命中最后的几缕阳光。

Facing the small high window on the wall opposite, she looks out at her last hours of daylight.

七点时，她的女仆前来照料她。

At seven, her maid attends to her.

玛丽·安托瓦内特穿上一件朴素的黑色连衣裙，只吃了几口肉汤作为早餐。

Marie Antoinette dresses in a plain black dress and takes just a few mouthfuls of broth for breakfast.

但到了八点，一名神父和刽子手抵达了。

But at eight, a priest and the executioner arrive.

他们命令她换上一件白色连衣裙，尽管她恳求隐私，她仍被迫在警卫面前脱去衣物。

They order her to change into a white dress instead, and though she begs for privacy, she is forced to undress in full view of her guards.

现在，行刑者剪去了她长长的白发，为行刑做准备。

Now the executioner cuts her long, white hair in preparation for the blade.

瘦弱憔悴的玛丽·安托瓦内特已不再是昔日的自己。

Thin and frail, Marie Antoinette is a shadow of her former self.

如今再也看不到那位二十多年前在凡尔赛宫身着镶满钻石的婚礼礼服、光彩照人的少女了。

There is no sign now of the pretty teenager whose diamond covered wedding dress sparkled at Versailles two decades ago.

她用一个临时做的便帽遮住头部，双手被绳子痛苦地绑在背后。

She covers her head with a makeshift bonnet, and her hands are painfully bound behind her back with rope.

这是一种她知道丈夫并未被迫承受的羞辱。

It's a humiliation she knows her husband was not forced to endure.

最终时刻来临了，她被从牢房带出去面对自己的命运。

The moment comes at last, and she is taken from her cell to meet her fate.

在监狱外，玛丽·安托瓦内特前往断头台的交通工具已等候多时——一辆敞篷马车，以便人群能看见她并大声辱骂。

Outside the prison, Marie Antoinette's transport to the guillotine is waiting for her, an open cart, so the crowd can see her and shout their final insults.

她爬上车，遵从指令背对马匹坐下。

She climbs in, obeying the instruction to sit with her back to the horses.

在巴黎街头游街示众，人群密密麻麻多达十层，玛丽·安托瓦内特挺直身躯，目光坚定地直视前方。

Paraded through the streets of Paris, with crowds 10 people deep, Marie Antoinette sits up straight and keeps her gaze fixed ahead.

她不与身旁的神父交谈，尽力无视成千上万兴奋观众的嘲笑。

She doesn't speak to the priest sitting beside her and does her best to ignore the jeers of the thousands of gleeful spectators.

最终，她抵达了革命广场——巴黎最大的广场，毗邻她昔日的住所杜伊勒里宫。

Eventually, she arrives at the Place De La Revolution, the largest square in Paris, adjacent to her former home of the Tuileries.

广场上矗立着一座巨大的自由女神像，她端坐于岩石之上，头戴红帽，手握长矛。

Dominating the square is an enormous Statue Of Liberty, represented seated on a rock, a red cap on her head, a spear in her hand.

在她的阴影下，矗立着断头台。

In her shadow stands the guillotine.

马车停在刑台旁，玛丽·安托瓦内特走下车，开始踏上木制阶梯。

The cart pulls up next to the scaffold, and Marie Antoinette climbs out and begins her ascent up the wooden stairs.

她没有试图逃跑或求饶。

She doesn't try to run or bargain.

她漫长的苦难即将结束。

Her long suffering is now close to its end.

人群中的面孔被卫兵拦住，在她眼中模糊一片。

The faces in the crowd, held back by guardsmen, are a blur to her.

但当断头台的高大结构在前方显现时，一瞬间，恐惧袭来。

But as the towering structure of the guillotine looms ahead, for a moment, fear descends.

后退一步时，玛丽·安托瓦内特踩到了刽子手的脚。

Stepping back, Marie Antoinette treads on the executioner's foot.

她最后的话是一句道歉。

Her final words are an apology.

她的头被放入了月牙形的木板夹中，这种装置因其形似新月而得名。

Her head is placed in the lunette, the U shaped board that is named for its shape like a crescent moon.

另一侧木板则合拢在她的脖子上。

The other half is closed on her neck.

断头台在正午刚过时落下。

The guillotine falls just after midday.

前女王的头颅被高高举起，展示给狂热的人群。

The head of the former queen is held up to the ecstatic crowds.

前女王的遗体被扔进一座公共墓穴，但在那之前，一位名叫玛丽·格罗肖尔茨的年轻女子为她的面部制作了死亡面具。

The body of the former queen is thrown in a communal grave, but not before a young woman called Marie Grosholz makes a death mask of her face.

两年后她结婚时，将成为图莎德夫人，晚年成为伦敦蜡像馆的经营者。

When she marries in two years' time, she will become Madame Tussaud, later in life the proprietor of a waxworks museum in London.

她著名收藏中的‘恐怖室’将展出法国大革命遇难者的死亡面具，其中包括当然那位命运悲惨的法国王后。

The Chamber of Horace at her famous collection will include exhibits made from death masks of victims of the French Revolution, including, of course, the ill fated Queen of France.

玛丽·安托瓦内特的处决进一步激怒了革命法国的敌人。

The execution of Marie Antoinette further enrages revolutionary France's enemies.

恐怖统治继续升级。

The reign of terror continues to escalate.

在公共安全委员会的领导下，罗伯斯庇尔和丹东等人以革命正义的名义，逮捕、审判并处决了成千上万的人。

Under the auspices of the Committee of Public Safety, led by Rupespierre and Danton, thousands of people are arrested, tried, and executed in the name of revolutionary justice.

死亡马车在巴黎的街道上轰鸣，委员会的间谍无处不在。

Death carts rattle through the streets of Paris, and the committee's spies are everywhere.

恐慌席卷全城。

Paranoia sweeps through the city.

那年秋天，国民公会通过了《嫌疑犯法令》，定义了哪些人现在可能面临逮捕和潜在处决。

The Law of Suspects, a decree passed by the convention that autumn, defines those who can now potentially be subject to arrest and potential execution.

众多类别包括返回的贵族流亡者及其家人。

The many categories include returning aristocratic emigre and their family.

但被定为嫌疑犯的其他标准故意模糊不清。

But other criteria for being labelled a suspect are deliberately vague.

它们可以扩展到任何被认为不积极支持新政府的人，或被认为表现出反革命情绪的人。

They can extend to anyone perceived as not actively supporting the new government, or those believed to have demonstrated counter revolutionary sentiment.

恐怖统治的受害者多种多样。

The victims of the Reign of Terror are diverse.

他们从明显的候选人，如前国王的妹妹，到他祖父路易十五的前情妇不等。

They range from obvious candidates such as the former king's sister to a one time mistress of his grandfather Louis XV.

但即使是普通罪犯现在也可能被视为国家的敌人。

But even common criminals can now be seen as enemies of the state.

事实上，即使是几句对前国王的善意言辞，或使用‘先生’或‘夫人’等旧称而非平等的‘公民’一词，都可能带来灾难性的后果。

Indeed, even something as small as a kind word about the former king or use of the old terms monsieur or madame instead of the egalitarian citizen can have dire consequences.

天主教神父再次被视为旧政权的支持者，因而持续遭受迫害。

Catholic priests are again considered to be supporters of the old regime and suffer continued persecution as a result.

当局推行去基督教化政策，以消除天主教会的影响并推广革命意识形态。

The authorities initiate a policy of de Christianization to remove the influence of the Catholic Church and promote revolutionary ideology.

教堂遭到亵渎，街道上带有宗教含义的词汇如‘圣’也被更名。

Churches are desecrated, and streets bearing religious references like the word saint are renamed.

一部革命历法取代了旧的基督教历法。

A revolutionary calendar replaces the old Christian one.

现在，月份以自然和季节命名。

Now the months are named after nature and the seasons.

花月发生在春季，热月发生在夏季。

Floriel occurs in spring, Thermidor in summer.

每个月三十天，分为三个十天的周期，称为‘旬’。

Each month of thirty days is divided into three ten day weeks, called decades.

而这种十进制化并未止步于此：每天被划分为十小时，每小时又分为一百个十进制分钟，每分钟包含一百秒。

And the decimalisation doesn't stop there: the days are now formed of ten hours, which are in turn divided into one hundred decimal minutes of one hundred seconds each.

历史本身也被重置，年份从法国正式成为共和国的那一天开始计算。

History itself is reset, with years numbered from when France officially became a republic.

世界上大多数地方称为1792年9月22日的这一天，现在被确定为元年第一天。

What most of the world calls 09/22/1792 is now determined to be the first day of year one.

此时，法国的命运似乎发生了转变。

At this point, France's fortunes seemed to change.

1793年12月，支持土伦地区保王党叛军的英军被驱逐出境。

At the December 1793, the British forces supporting the Royalist rebels in Toulon, on the Mediterranean Coast, are driven away.

在这场胜利中发挥重要作用的是一位名不见经传的法国革命军炮兵军官，他就是拿破仑·波拿巴。

Playing an important role in this success is a little known artillery officer in the French Revolutionary Army by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte.

更远的地方，加勒比海的法国殖民地圣多明各局势正在发展。

Further afield, there has been a developing situation in the Caribbean French colony of Saint Domingue.

受法国革命原则的鼓舞，奴隶和自由有色人种发动了他们自己的革命。

Inspired by France's revolutionary principles, enslaved individuals and free people of color have staged their own revolution.

他们的论点说服了法国共和国于1794年2月废除其殖民地的奴隶制。

Their arguments persuade the French Republic to outlaw slavery in its colonies in February 1794.

革命者在那个时期所做的并不全是恐怖活动。

Not everything that the revolutionaries did within that time period was about terror.

他们也做了许多人道主义的事情，比如废除法国殖民地的奴隶制。

They did many humanitarian things as well, like the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.

到1794年春天，共和国已摆脱了外国占领。

By spring seventeen ninety four, the Republic is free from foreign occupation.

恐怖统治已经实现了其目标。

The Reign of Terror has achieved its goals.

那么，它那铁腕的控制现在可以放松了吗？

So can its steely grip now be loosened?

前盟友丹东和罗伯斯庇尔在这一点上意见相左。

Former allies, Danton and Robespierre, disagree on this point.

丹东主张放松清洗行动。

Danton advocates for a relaxation of the purging.

但罗伯斯庇尔认为他这位老朋友太过温和。

But Robespierre thinks his old friend is being too moderate.

对理想主义者罗伯斯庇尔而言，美德与恐怖是密不可分的。

For the idealist Robespierre, the concepts of virtue and terror are intertwined.

他说，没有美德的恐怖是灾难性的，而没有恐怖的美德则毫无力量。

Terror without virtue, he says, is disastrous, but virtue without terror is powerless.

罗伯斯庇尔所梦想的是一个美德的共和国。

What Robespierre dreams of is a republic of virtue.

他所说的美德，指的是对公共利益的承诺、公民责任，以及为国家利益而自我牺牲。

By virtue, he means commitment to the common good, civic duty, and self sacrifice for the benefit of the nation.

相比之下，享乐主义者丹东开玩笑说，美德就是他每晚和妻子同床时做的事。

In contrast, the pleasure seeker Danton jokes that virtue is what he does every night in bed with his wife.

罗伯斯庇尔坚持继续采取严厉措施以保护革命。

Robespierre insists on continuing the harsh measures to protect the revolution.

很快，这对老朋友之间的分歧演变成了致命的冲突。

Soon, the fallout between the two old friends grows deadly.

1794年2月4日，丹东被指控叛国并受审。

On 04/02/1794, Danton is accused of treason and sent to trial.

这位雄辩的演说家极力为自己辩护，但无济于事。

The powerful speaker argues his case eloquently, but to no avail.

三天后，丹东在断头台上被处决。

Three days later, Danton meets his end at the guillotine.

就在刀刃落下之前，他大声喊道，他唯一的遗憾是自己竟要走在那个他称之为老鼠的罗伯斯庇尔之前。

Just before the blade falls, he exclaims that his only regret is that he's going before the man he calls that rat Robespierre.

革命正在吞噬自己的孩子。

The revolution is devouring its own children.

恐怖统治加剧，断头台直到1794年6月的节庆日才暂停运作。

The terror intensifies, with the guillotine pausing only for festivities in June 1794.

有一天，人民称之为‘国家剃刀’的断头台被拆卸收起，以庆祝新的公民宗教——至高存在节。

For a single day, what the people call the national razor is dismantled and put away for a celebration of the new civic religion, Festival of the Supreme Being.

这是罗伯斯庇尔的构想，他担心去基督教化的影响以及无神论者日益增多。

It is the brainchild of Robespierre who has concerns about the effects of de Christianization and the growing number of atheists.

他认为人们需要一些信仰，以取代传统的天主教会。

He thinks people need something to believe in, a replacement for the traditional Catholic church.

通过建立以至高存在为中心的新公民宗教，罗伯斯庇尔及其支持者旨在营造国家团结感和对革命政府的忠诚。

By introducing a new civic religion centered around the supreme being, Robespierre and his supporters aim to create a sense of national unity and loyalty to the revolutionary government.

这种宗教可以说是天主教与启蒙思想价值观的一种奇特融合。

The religion is arguably a strange marriage, merging both Catholic and Enlightenment values.

其信徒相信造物主和灵魂不朽，同时拥护共和理念并强调美德。

Its adherents believe in a creator and the immortality of the soul, alongside republican sentiments and an emphasis on virtue.

1794年6月8日清晨5点，这本是旧历法中的五旬节。

It is 05:00 in the morning on 06/08/1794, what would have been the day of Pentecost in the old calendar.

鼓声将马克西米连·罗伯斯庇尔从浅眠中唤醒。

The sound of drums rouses Maximilian Robespierre from a light sleep.

今天，全城的人都被早早唤醒，以便人们有机会用橡树叶和月桂叶花环、三色丝带和鲜花装饰家园。

Today, the whole city is being woken early to give the people a chance to decorate their homes with wreaths of oak and laurel, tricolor ribbons, and flowers.

罗伯斯庇尔兴奋得顾不上吃早餐，仔细地穿上天蓝色外套、三色腰带和假发。

Too excited for breakfast, Robespierre dresses carefully in a sky blue coat, tricolor sash, and powdered wig.

他照了照镜子，戴上插着羽毛的帽子，作为最后的点缀，然后准备就绪。

Checking his reflection in the mirror, he adds the finishing touch of a plumed hat, and then he's ready.

人们称他为不可腐蚀者，他大步走入阳光明媚的早晨。

The man they call the incorruptible strides out into a sunlit morning.

今天将会是美好的一天。

It is going to be a good day.

上午8点，一声炮响召唤代表们前往列队位置。

At 08:00, a cannon is fired to call delegates to their marching positions.

罗伯斯庇尔走向杜乐丽宫旁的国家花园，今天的庆祝活动将从这里开始。

Robespierre makes his way to the Jardin Nationale beside the Tuileries Palace, where today's celebrations will begin.

当他抵达花园时，人群已经聚集起来。

By the time he reaches the garden, a crowd is gathering.

景观中占据主导地位的是一座巨大的纸浆雕像，代表无神论，一个长着驴耳朵的扭曲形象。

The landscape is dominated by a vast Papier mache statue representing atheism, a misshapen figure with donkey's ears.

当所有人都聚集完毕，罗伯斯庇尔环视着阳光照耀的场景。

When everyone has gathered, Robespierre surveys the sunlit scene.

妇女头发上戴着玫瑰，男子帽子上装饰着树叶。

Women with roses in their hair, men in hats decorated with leaves.

他清了清嗓子，发表了一篇颂扬至高存在的演讲，随后合唱团进行了表演。

He clears his throat and makes a speech in praise of the Supreme Being, which is followed by a performance from the choir.

然后，关键时刻到了。

Then the moment arrives.

他必须点燃那座无神论的雕像。

He must set the statue of atheism alight.

他上前接过点燃的火炬，将火焰触向雕像。

Stepping forward to receive the lighted torch, he touches the flames to the statue.

火焰瞬间燃起。

It catches instantly.

随着无神论的化身化为灰烬，另一座雕像在其中显现。

And as the representation of atheism disintegrates into ash, another statue is revealed within.

这座雕像引发了人群的欢呼，它象征着智慧。

This one, met with an eruption of cheering from the crowd, represents wisdom.

那位坐着的女性雕像由石膏制成，外覆耐火黏土，虽略有烧焦，但仍保持完整。

The seated female figure, made of plaster overlaid with fireproof clay, is a little scorched, but still in one piece.

罗伯斯庇尔松了一口气，庆幸这个魔术成功了；待烟雾散去，他又发表了一番演讲。

Robespierre breathes a sigh of relief that the magic trick has worked, and after the smoke has cleared, he makes another speech.

接着，便是城中的庆祝游行时刻。

Then it is time for the celebratory parade through the city.

在军乐队的伴奏下，游行队伍启程，罗伯斯庇尔以大会主席的身份走在最前面。

Accompanied by the military band, the procession sets off with Robespierre as the president of the convention at its head.

他们首先经过革命广场，那里今天的断头台已被移走。

First, they pass through the Place De La Revolution, where the guillotine has been removed for the day.

地上的鹅卵石甚至已被清洗干净，但罗伯斯庇尔仍忍不住低头瞥了一眼。

The cobblestones have even been scrubbed of blood, but Robespierre can't resist a glance down.

地面仍隐约可见他脚下残留的红色痕迹。

There are still faint traces of red staining the ground beneath his feet.

接下来，路线穿过塞纳河，河上众多船只都挂满了旗帜。

Next, the route takes them over the Seine, its many boats covered in flags.

但最好的还在后头。

But the best is yet to come.

到达革命广场时，队伍聚集在一座巨大的人造山脚下。

On reaching the Champs De La Reunion, the procession pools around the base of an enormous man made mountain.

这座山长120英尺，高30英尺，覆盖着绿植和鲜花。

120 feet long and 30 feet high, it is covered in greenery and flowers.

在山顶上，有一棵自由树，旁边是站在高柱上的赫拉克勒斯，象征人民。

And right at its peak is a liberty tree, beside Hercules on a tall pillar, a representation of the people.

现在，罗伯斯庇尔带领一支代表团登上这座山。

Now Robespierre leads a delegation up the mountain.

官员、士兵和市民，抱着婴儿的哺乳母亲、制宪会议成员，以及一支管弦乐队和合唱团，跟随这位已成为国家领袖的人。

Officials, soldiers, and citizens, nursing mothers holding babies, members of the convention, plus an orchestra and choir, follow the man who has become the nation's leader.

他站在最高平台上，眯着眼睛迎着阳光，俯瞰着仰望他的万千面孔。

Standing on the highest platform, he squints against the sun to survey the sea of faces gazing up at him.

他注意到他们的表情，既有敬畏，也有一些人流露出怀疑。

He notices their expressions, a mixture of reverence and, in some cases, skepticism.