伟大的食物救援行动

这里是TED广播时间。每周，突破性的TED演讲。

This is the TED Radio Hour. Each week, groundbreaking TED Talks.

我们现在的任务是敢于梦想。

Our job now is to dream big.

在TED大会上发表的演讲。

Delivered at TED conferences.

去实现我们期待看到的未来。

To bring about the future we want to see.

来自世界各地。

Around the world.

去理解我们是谁。

To understand who we are.

从这些演讲中，我们为您带来会让您惊喜的演讲者和观点。

From those talks, we bring you speakers and ideas that will surprise you.

你永远不知道会发现什么。

You just don't know what you're gonna find.

挑战你。我们确实必须

Challenge you. We truly have to

问问自己，为什么这值得关注？

ask ourselves, like, why is it noteworthy?

甚至改变你。我真的感觉自己像是变了一个人。是的。你有这种感觉吗？值得传播的思想。

And even change you. I literally feel like I'm a different person. Yes. Do you feel that way? Ideas worth spreading.

来自TED和NPR。我是Manoush Zamorodi。前几天我去杂货店购物，想按清单找到和往常一样的东西。

From Ted and NPR. I'm Manoush Zamorodi. The other day, I went grocery shopping. I wanted to find a on my list as the usual.

牛奶、新鲜农产品。我们有摆放精美的西兰花苗，还有散装的新鲜胡萝卜。

Milk, fresh produce. So we've got beautifully stacked broccoli rabe. We've got fresh loose carrots.

我喜欢尽可能快地进出商店。看起来还不错。但这次我带了个新朋友一起去。

I like to get in and out of the store as fast as possible. It looks pretty good. But this time, I brought a new friend with me.

在超市里，经常能在农产品区看到这种堆成小山的陈列方式。

In grocery stores, oftentimes in the produce section, you see this, like, piles.

这是达娜·冈德的。

This is Dana Gunder's.

这让我们感觉物资很充裕。是的，大丰收。这种陈列方式会让人想买更多。没错。

It makes us feel like everything's abundant. Yes. A bounty. And that sort of makes us wanna buy more. Yeah.

对吧？

Right?

她既是位母亲，也是超市常客。同时她还是全国食品浪费领域的顶尖专家之一。

She's a mom and a grocery shopper too. She's also one of the country's top experts on food waste.

全球范围内，我们浪费了约三分之一的食物。相当于每天损失价值1万亿美元的食物，约10亿顿餐食。

Around the world, we waste about a third of all of our food. It's $1,000,000,000,000 worth of food and about 1,000,000,000 meals every day.

达娜表示这不仅是因为餐厅份量过大或超市库存积压。问题出在我们消费者身上。

And Dana says it's not just big portions in restaurants or unsold inventory in grocery stores. It's us. We as consumers

是美国食物浪费的最大来源。如果我们个人不开始解决这个问题，我们就无法真正缓解这一状况。

are the largest source of food going to waste in The US. So if we don't start to work on this as individuals, we will not make a real dent in this problem.

那么如何更好地利用我们购买的食物呢？其实从农产品区这里就可以开始。

So how do we do a better job using the food we buy? Well, starts right here in the produce aisle.

这...这实在是太多了

This is this is a lot

的香菜。如果我要为家人做鳄梨酱，我根本用不了

of cilantro. If I'm gonna make guacamole for my family, I mean, I'm not

这么多。而且它总是会在抽屉底部枯萎坏掉。

gonna put all of this in there. And I feel like it always ends up at the bottom of the drawer wilted.

我得告诉你，香菜简直是我的克星。看看这货架上的所有东西。这类产品的包装方式通常会导致家庭浪费。我其实会把它们插在水瓶里放进冰箱，发现这样能让香菜的保鲜时间延长两三倍。这是个实用小技巧。

I have to tell you, cilantro is like my nemesis. Look at all of everything in this aisle. This is one of those products where they are packaging it in a way that typically can lead to waste in homes. I actually store them in a jar of water in my refrigerator, and I find it helps, like, double, triple the amount of time that cilantro can last. So that's one tip.

对于某些香草，我们会切碎后放进冰格。哦。再往冰格里倒满油。嗯哼。这样你就有了可以随时使用的小调料块。

And with some herbs, we will chop them up and put them into ice trays. Oh. And fill those ice trays with oil. Uh-huh. And then you have kind of like a little cooking block that you can use.

其中一部分就是想出一些食谱，你知道的，能在你有香菜的时候用上它。

And part of it is just coming up with recipes that, you know, will use cilantro in the time that you have it.

就在这时，另一位购物者伸手越过我们去拿欧芹。可以吗？

Just then, another shopper reached past us for some parsley. Good?

是啊，就拿吧。你打算做什么菜？

Yeah. Going for it. What are you gonna make?

蒜香黄油虾。

Shrimp scampi.

哦，那是个好选择。你觉得你会用完那些欧芹吗？

Oh. That's good time. Do you think you're gonna use all of that parsley?

天哪，当然会。

Oh, god. Yeah.

真的吗？你要

Really? Are you gonna

今晚能搞定吗？

make it tonight?

好的。没问题。这里有个计划。

Yeah. Okay. Have a plan here.

现在是7:30，8:00。

It's 07:30, 08:00.

而且他正在为今天购物。其中一个真正具有挑战性的事情是，有些人会为整个星期甚至两周购物，尤其是当他们身处偏远地区，去商店很困难时，这会使得情况更加棘手。

Also, he's shopping for the day. Like, one of the things that's really challenging is that some people shop for the whole week or even two weeks if they're in a rural area where it's hard to get to a store and it can make it harder.

你有没有想过，比如，

Do you have any idea, like,

一个典型的美国家庭每月在杂货上的开支中，最终被浪费掉的比例大概是多少？

of of the money that, like, the typical American family spends every month on groceries, what percentage of that ends up being wasted?

是的。我们的估计是，一个四口之家平均每月会扔掉价值超过200美元他们从未食用的食物。每月200美元？没错。

Yeah. Our estimate is that the average household of four is throwing out over $200 a month in food that they never eat. $200 a month? Yeah.

这简直太疯狂了。

So That's pretty crazy.

也就是说，这可能会占到他们食物预算的很大一部分，就这样白白浪费了。

So you're talking like, that's a big percentage of potentially their food budget that is just going

被扔进垃圾桶。我们每人每年大约浪费50美元在从未食用的食物上。哇。真希望人们能停下来，花点时间真正理解食物从产地到餐桌的艰辛历程——因为如果他们明白了，就不会这么轻易地丢弃食物了。

in garbage. Around $50 a person that we could be spending on food that we never eat. Wow. I wish people would stop and take a moment to really appreciate what it takes to get food to our plates because I think if they did, they wouldn't be so quick to throw it out.

我们大多数人没有意识到，全球食品系统的温室气体排放量是整个航空业的五倍，而我们每天都在为此做贡献。想想昨晚你发誓要加热的剩饭，或是冰箱里被遗忘的那袋生菜。所有被丢弃的食物最终都变成了地球和钱包的负担。但解决方案是存在的。今天节目中，我们将探讨伟大的食物救援行动。

Most of us don't realize that our global food system has five times the greenhouse gas footprint compared to the entire aviation industry, and we all contribute to it every day. Think of last night's dinner that you swore you'd heat up or that bag of lettuce that you forgot was in your fridge. All the food we end up tossing turns into a problem for the planet and our wallets. But there are solutions. And so today on the show, the great food rescue.

关于如何让更多食物出现在人们的餐盘里，而不是填埋场——从农场到超市，从本地餐馆到你家厨房，这就要提到达娜·冈德斯了。她现在是非营利组织Refed的负责人，该机构致力于帮助企业减少食物浪费。她是最早敲响食物浪费警钟的人之一。

Ideas about getting more food onto people's plates and less of it into landfills, from the farm to the grocery store to your local restaurant and your kitchen, which brings us back to Dana Gunders. She's now the president of an organization called Refed, a nonprofit that helps businesses waste less food. And she was one of the first people to sound the alarm about food waste.

过去十五年里，我一直痴迷于研究我们浪费的食物量。这让我成了最不受欢迎的晚餐伙伴。

For the past fifteen years, I have been obsessed with the amount of food we waste. This makes me, like, the last person anyone wants to have dinner with.

以下是达娜·冈德斯在TED舞台上的演讲。

Here's Dana Gunders on the TED stage.

不可避免地，我们总在用餐结束时坐在那里，他们拨弄着盘中不想吃的食物，用尴尬的借口看着我。而我说：听着，我们无法靠吃来解决这个问题。这是系统性问题，规模太大了。从冰箱深处发霉的科学实验品，到那些临近任意设定保质期的整车货物——全球每天有10亿份餐食被浪费。这相当于为地球上每个面临饥饿的人多准备了一顿饭。

Inevitably, we're sitting there at the end of the meal, they're pushing food around their plate they don't want to eat, and they're looking at me with some awkward excuse. And I say, look, we can't eat our way out of this. This is a systems problem, and it's just way too big. From science experiments in the back of our refrigerators to truckloads of products that are too close to some arbitrary expiration date, globally, 1,000,000,000 meals go and eat in every single day. That's more than a meal per person for everyone on this planet who faces hunger.

我知道食物浪费为何对气候有如此大影响并不直观，让我解释一下。首先是垃圾填埋场。在美国，填埋场是甲烷的第三大来源，其中近60%来自腐烂食物。即便如此，与种植、收割、运输、冷藏、烹饪和上桌所消耗的巨大能源和资源相比，这还算小的。还有个更重要的原因：土地利用。

Now, I know it's not obvious why food waste would have such a big climate impact, so let me explain. First, landfills. Landfills are the third largest source of methane in The US, and almost 60% of that methane is coming from food rotting. And as big as that is, it's dwarfed by the huge amount of energy and resources it takes to grow, harvest, transport, cool, cook food and get it to our tables. And there's an even larger reason, and that's land use.

我们展望2050年的未来，预计所需食物将比2010年多50%。问题在于：这些食物从何而来？是要砍伐更多雨林来种植，还是利用现有食物？研究人员估计，仅通过减少浪费就能填补约20%的缺口。

We are looking ahead at a future in 2050 where it's projected we'll need about 50% more food than we had in 2010. And the question is, where is that food going to come from? Are we going to cut down more rainforests to grow it, or are we going to use the food that we already have? Researchers estimate about 20% of that gap could be met by simply wasting less.

这很有趣。小时候我们总被要求'光盘'，因为世界上有人吃不饱。这几乎是种道德义务。但几十年后的今天，情况已经转变了。

It's interesting. Growing up, it was always clean your plate because there's not enough food for everyone around the world. It was almost a moral imperative. Imperative. But here we are several decades later and it's shifted.

现在它成了气候问题。

It's now a climate issue.

是啊很有意思。相比四五十年前，我们现在浪费的食物更多了。实际上估计显示，如今浪费量比1970年代多出50%。我们的态度确实变了，我想是因为生活变得更忙碌了。

Yeah, it's interesting. We are now wasting more food than we did forty, fifty years ago. Actually, estimate is that we waste about 50% more food now than we did in the 1970s. And our attitudes have really changed. I think our lives have gotten busier.

现在双职工家庭多了，准备食物和规划饮食的时间更少。便利性成了更高优先级。但细想一下：世界上还有人挨饿，我们本有足够食物给他们。那我们为何还要丢弃食物？

We have a lot more working parents now, so less time to prepare food, plan how we're eating. Convenience has become a much bigger priority. And when you stop and think about it, there are people that are hungry in the world. We have enough food for them. Like, how why and how are we throwing food out?

这简直是最愚蠢的问题，对吧？很多情况下只需回归基础。总的来说，解决食物浪费并非火箭科学。在我工作的REFED组织——一个完全致力于减少食物浪费的机构——我们已经确定了80多种解决方案。

It it is just the dumbest problem. Right? And a lot of it just comes down to going back to the basics. Overall, fixing food waste is not rocket science. At REFED, the organization where I work that is entirely dedicated to reducing the amount of food we waste, we have identified over 80 solutions that can help.

其中许多方案重在预防，确保从一开始就不会产生多余食物，这确实是我们的优先事项，因为预防在环境和财务上都能带来最大效益。之后我们会考虑捐赠食物，只有当这些途径用尽时，才会转向喂养动物、堆肥或其他回收方法。已有许多成功案例，比如'Too Good To Go'应用程序，餐厅和超市可用它在食物即将被丢弃前打折出售。

Many of them are about prevention, about making sure that extra food does not occur in the first place, which is really our priority because prevention gives you the most bang for buck, both environmentally and financially. After that, we look at donating food, and only when that's been exhausted, at feeding it to animals, composting it or other recycling methods. There are so many successful examples out there of these solutions. One is Too Good To Go. It's an app that restaurants and grocery stores can use to discount product at the last minute before they might otherwise throw it out.

商家获得额外收入，顾客得到实惠，这种模式已如野火般蔓延。目前覆盖17个国家，仅去年就拯救了超过1亿份餐食。另一个例子是全球最大餐饮服务公司Compass Group，他们尝试了许多不起眼但有效的方法，如追踪浪费、在自助餐使用小容器、提供不同分量选择，在部分最大网点甚至减少了50%的浪费。

Businesses, they get extra revenue, customers score a deal, and it has spread like wildfire. Now in 17 countries, they saved over 100,000,000 meals last year alone. From a different angle, there's Compass Group. It's the largest food service company in the world, and they are busy trying a lot of unsexy things, like tracking their waste, experimenting with smaller containers on buffets or offering different sized portions so that there's a smaller option if you, say, don't want a massive burrito. They've had a lot of success across the world, even decreasing waste up to 50% in some of their largest sites.

我认为在气候问题上，人们常觉得'渺小的我'做一件事能有多大影响？如何让人们更关注购买、烹饪、供应食物的方式，确保物尽其用？

I think one of the things, certainly when it comes to climate, is people feel like, well, know, little old me. I do one thing, really what difference does it make? How do you explain to people that they should pay more attention to how they buy food, how they cook it, how they serve it, how they make sure that they use it.

最重要是不要追求完美。比如每周有一晚克服疲倦，用现有食材代替外卖，就能避免食物填埋产生甲烷。食物与温室气体排放直接相关，改善10%或20%都会带来改变。

I think one of the most important things is to not be all or nothing. You know, if you do a little bit better at managing your food and you, one night a week, make a choice to, use what you have instead of getting takeout even if you're kind of tired, that literally can avoid that food from going to a landfill and emitting methane. Right? So it is a very direct line from that food to greenhouse gas emissions, and it doesn't need to be perfect. You can if you do 10% better, if you do 20% better, that's gonna make a difference.

以下是五个改善食物管理的建议：首先购物时要谨慎，购物清单和膳食计划很有帮助。冷冻披萨和外卖完全可以纳入计划。

Here are five tips that you can try to manage your food better in your own life. First, shopping. Shopping is really where we commit to food, and so we need to be careful not to overbuy. Old school things like shopping lists and meal planning really help. And let me be clear, frozen pizza and takeout are totally legit as part of your plan.

其次要珍惜剩菜，它们是真正的免费午餐。吃腻了可以冷冻保存——面包、牛奶、奶酪甚至半罐意面酱都能冷冻。接下来要物尽其用。

Next, as I tell my friends at the end of dinner, love your leftovers. They are the only true free lunch, and when you get sick of them, you can move on to number three, which is freeze your food. Your freezer's like a magic pause button, and so many things can be frozen that you don't think of. Bread, milk, cheese and that half jar of pasta sauce you didn't use. Next, use it up.

在我家，这就像我丈夫晚餐吃花生酱果酱三明治。对你而言，可能是用冰箱里快蔫的蔬菜随便炒个菜。无论哪种情况，补货前务必先清空冰箱存货。最后，学会看标签——'最佳食用'和'赏味期限'只是对食品最佳状态的预估。

In my house, this looks like my husband eating that peanut butter and jelly sandwich for dinner. But for you, it might be whipping up a stir fry with whatever veggies are wilting in your fridge. Whatever it is, be sure to shop your fridge before you restock it. And lastly, learn your labels. Best Buy and Enjoy Buy are really just guesstimates of when food is at its best.

这些日期并不代表食物已变质。所以在丢弃前一定要用感官判断。这些策略并非惊天动地，都是我们父母辈祖父母辈的做法，我儿子现在也在学习这些。因为面对这场气候危机，减少食物浪费确实是唾手可得的解决之道。

They're not an indication that it's gone bad. So be sure to use your senses before you toss things. These strategies are not earth shattering. They're things that many of our parents and grandparents did, and you can be sure that my son is learning them as well. Because as we tackle this massive climate crisis, reducing food waste really is the low hanging fruit.

但无论我们以多可持续的方式种植这些水果，只有当我们都尽己所能确保它们被真正吃掉时，这些资源投入和营养才算物尽其用。谢谢大家。

But no matter how sustainably we grow that fruit, it's only a good use of resources and nutrition if we all do our part to make sure that it actually gets eaten. Thank you.

刚才发言的是达娜·冈德斯，非营利组织Refed的主席，《零浪费厨房手册》作者，该书指导人们通过减少浪费来吃得好又省钱。您可以在ted.com观看她的演讲。今天节目主题是伟大的食物救援行动，我是马努什·扎莫罗迪，您正在收听NPR的TED广播时间。

That was Dana Gunders. She's the president of the nonprofit Refed and the author of the Waste Free Kitchen Handbook, a guide to eating well and saving money by wasting less food. You can see her talk at ted.com. On the show today, the great food rescue. I'm Manousha Zamorodi, and you're listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

稍后继续，这里是NPR的TED广播时间，我是马努什·扎莫罗迪。今天节目探讨食物救援——因为在美国，我们每年浪费高达40%的食物供应量。

We'll be right back. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Manoush Zamorodi. On the show today, rescuing our food. Because in The US, we waste up to 40% of our food supply every year.

企业浪费约800亿磅食物，加上家庭浪费又是800亿磅。这个国家的浪费程度简直荒谬。

Businesses are wasting about 80,000,000,000 pounds. You add to that households, then that's another 80,000,000,000 pounds. I mean, we're wasting so much in this country. It's insane.

这是贾斯敏·克罗·休斯顿。她曾在2021年节目中介绍过她的公司Goodr，该公司将食物过剩的企业与饥饿人群联系起来。自我们上次采访后，她的业务持续扩展。

This is Jasmine Crow Houston. She was on the show before in 2021 talking about her company Goodr, which connects businesses that have too much food with people who are going hungry. And since we last spoke, her business has continued to grow.

目前我们覆盖约15个州，26个不同的市场。在新泽西州这类三州地区，我们的业务相当密集。

Right now we are in about 15 states, 26 different markets. We're pretty heavy up in like New Jersey, in the tri state area.

我去亚特兰大的总部考察了Gooder的运作。在一个大型仓库里，成堆的食品托盘高高垒起。今天是面包日。

I went to see how Gooder works at their headquarters in Atlanta. In a large warehouse, pallets and pallets of food were stacked up. Today was bread day.

所以有大量面包、早餐食品、零食、贝果、英式松饼，我们的团队正在分拣处理。

So lots of breads, lots of breakfast items, snacks, bagels, English muffins, and our team is going through it.

通常这些最终都会被填埋处理。

Usually, this would all end up in a landfill.

在美国，我们去杂货店购物时会看保质期，总想要最新鲜的商品。所以当公司进新面包时，就会撤下货架上原有的商品。那些商品其实没问题，只是——看，我有整架全新商品，而货架空间有限。

In America, when we go to the grocery store, we are looking at dates, and we want the the newest things, the things that are the freshest. So when a company is bringing in new bread, they're taking off the stuff that's already on the shelf. Nothing's wrong with it. It's just like, hey. I have a whole new rack of brand new things, and there's only so much shelf space.

因此Gooder员工没有丢弃这些食品，而是将其分为三大类。未过期的产品会被配送到流动厨房、学校、收容所和教堂。

So instead of getting tossed, Gooder workers were sorting them into three broad categories. If the products weren't expired, they deliver them to food kitchens, schools, shelters, and churches.

今天所有可食用的东西都将送往全市各处的非营利组织。

Anything that's edible is gonna go out to nonprofits all across the city today.

好的。如果食物没有变质，就会被分到另一堆，运往农场供动物食用。

Okay. If the food wasn't rotten, it went into another pile to be delivered to farms for animals to eat.

任何不可食用的部分，我们都会送到养牛场。

Whatever is non edible, we are gonna get to a cattle farm.

剩下的会被送到一个大型堆肥堆，转化为优质土壤后再送往农场。

The rest would get taken to a massive composting pile where it would get turned into good dirt and taken to farms.

我们会进行分类处理，确保没有任何东西被填埋。

And we're gonna sort through it and nothing will go to landfill.

茉莉说公司反正都要支付废物处理费用，不如花钱把多余的食物捐赠出去。而且这样还能获得税收减免。目标是将食物浪费转化为三赢局面——对饥饿人群、气候和企业都有利。这一切只需轻点手机应用就能完成。

Jasmine says companies pay for waste management anyway. They might as well pay to have their excess food donated. Plus, this way, they get a tax deduction. The goal is to turn food waste into a win win win, better for hungry people, the climate, and businesses. And it's all done with the tap of an app.

这款应用本质上会清点他们拥有的食物。他们会告诉我们，比如‘我有15架面包’。我们安排取货。这更像是一种高端服务，所以我们会全程跟踪记录。

So the app essentially inventories what it is that they have. They tell us, hey, I've got 15 racks of bread. We get it picked up. Now this is more of a white glove service. So on our end, we're tracking what it is.

有多少是早餐食品？多少是零食？哪些是全麦面包？这些是我们后台的工作。货物被取走后，我们会安排配送。

How many of the items are breakfast? How many of the items are snacks? What's wheat bread? This is what we do on the back end. It gets picked up, we get it delivered.

当非营利组织收到物品时，他们会像签收UPS包裹一样签收。嗯。司机会拍照，签名会自动生成捐赠信函并上传至客户门户。这样他们就有了所有捐赠记录，还能看到哪些去了养猪场，哪些做了堆肥。有点像饼图统计。这些都是捐赠物品。

When the nonprofit receives it, they sign for it almost like they would a UPS package Mhmm. And the driver takes a picture, and that signature generates a donation letter into our client's portal. So now they have a record of everything that was donated, plus they see what went to a hog farm or what went to compost. So it's kind of like a pie chart. This was donated.

这是回收物品。

This is recycled.

那你们会告诉他们避免了多少排放量吗？

And do you tell them how many emissions they kept from being released?

会的。我们按磅数告知。每磅从垃圾填埋场拯救的食物，我们都会计算对应的二氧化碳减排量。去年通过Goodr，我们大约减少了700万磅二氧化碳排放，并为需要帮助的人提供了约500万份餐食。

Yep. We let them know for poundage. So we measure it by pound. So for every pound of food they keep out of landfill, we tell them what the CO two emissions are that they're helping to prevent. So I wanna say last year with Goodr, we had about 7,000,000 pounds of CO two that we prevented and about 5,000,000 meals we provided to people in need.

后来，贾思敏在TED舞台上与我共同分享了她的商业模式，以及企业最初为何不愿改变处理剩余食物的方式。

Later, Jasmine joined me on the TED stage to explain more about her business model and why companies are initially reluctant to change how they can get rid of their excess food.

我认为关键在于守旧派总说'我们一向如此处理'。过去总是直接丢弃，现在依然如此。创业初期就有人质疑：'万一有人吃坏肚子起诉怎么办？'于是Goodr承诺承担全部责任，我们提供包装材料。

And I think what it is is that the old guard is we've always done it this way. We've always thrown it away, and and this is how we do it. And, of course, when I was first starting, people were like, oh, well, if someone gets sick and we'll get sued. And so Goodr said, hey, we'll take on all of that onus. We provide the packaging materials.

我们提供标签。非营利组织收到的食物都来自Goodr，他们签署免责协议。我买了数百万美元的责任险——因为机场是我们的首个客户，需要在跑道上运输，当时猝不及防就买了高额保险，但这确实助力了业务发展。即便如此，仍有人会说'我们就是害怕'或'法务部门理解不了'，甚至'就算食物能吃我们也要全部堆肥'。

We provide the labels. When nonprofits receive the food, it comes from Goodr. They sign hold harmless agreements. I have a multimillion dollar liability insurance because the airport was my first customer and we were driving on tarmacs and I ended up having to get insurance that I wasn't quite ready for, but it definitely helped the business. And even with all of that, people will still say, well, we're just afraid or our lawyers just can't wrap their heads around it, or, you know, we're just we're gonna compost everything even if it's edible.

从企业角度再详细说说。你们是如何让人们接受这个理念的？是否需要通过法律变革来强制企业执行？还是因为他们想对客户宣称自己是一家可持续发展的公司？

Talk to me more from the the corporate side. How did you get people to come on board with this? Like, did something have to change when it comes to laws and forcing companies to do this? Is it because they wanna be able to say to their customers, like, we are a sustainable company. Like

我过去常做的是浏览大型酒店集团和食品集团的网站，查看他们的可持续发展报告。我就是这样争取到机场客户的。我去找他们时说：'看，根据EPA数据，你们27%的废弃物是食物。而你们所在的College Park有64%的儿童生活在贫困中，这些食物却被白白浪费。'

So what I used to do is I would go to the websites of the big hotel groups, the big food groups, and I would look at their sustainability reports. This is how I got the airport as a customer. And I went to them and I said, hey, you know, 27% of I'm looking at your waste tonnage, and 27% of this, according to the EPA, is is food. You guys are sitting in College Park. 64% of the children in this city are living in poverty, and all this food is going to waste.

所以我认为关键在于督促人们履行承诺。比如有家酒店集团（就不点名了）曾承诺到2025年将食物浪费减半，现在只剩两个月了，为什么还没开始行动？

So I think so much it was really about making people keep their promises. Uh-huh. You know, like, hey, I I won't say the hotel group, but I was like, hey, you guys said you're gonna cut food waste in half by 2025. This is in two months. Like, why have you guys not started?

具体流程是什么？人们需要...我觉得我们总是热衷于发表声明，却缺乏后续跟进。

Like, what are what's the process? People need to keep I think we we live for the announcement Yeah. That we as people don't follow-up

确实。

Yeah.

对，在执行环节。

Yeah. On the delivery.

关于发展...我的意思是需要明确，你们不是非营利组织，而是共益企业(B Corp)。这对你们为何如此重要？

Growth. What what's I mean, we should be clear. You're not a nonprofit. You are a b corp. Why is that important to you?

你为什么决定创办一家营利性公司？是因为你希望扩大规模吗？利弊在哪里？

Why did you decide to go for a for profit company? Is it because that is something that you hope to scale? Where are the pros and cons

有几个原因。首先，我认为非营利组织更难突破传统束缚，因为大家总是向食品银行捐款。这是我们唯一知道的方式。从八岁起我们就开始组织罐头食品募捐活动，现在我们的孩子在学校还在做这件事。我觉得要花很多时间才能赢得尊重。

with couple things. One, I think the nonprofit was gonna be a much harder old guard to get past because everybody always donates to the food bank. It's all we ever know. We've been doing canned food drive since we were eight. Our kids are still doing it in school now, and I felt like I was gonna be spending a lot of time trying to gain respect.

但我看到的最大问题是，企业已经在为丢弃这些食物付费了。这不是新增的开支。他们已经在向废物管理公司、Republic Services或其他任何废物处理公司付费。要知道，废物处理行业是一个万亿美元产业。我们没人会说‘就把垃圾留着吧’。

The biggest piece that I saw though was that businesses were already paying to throw this food away. So this was not newfound spend. They're already paying waste management, Republic Services, whoever their waste company is. Mind you, the waste industry is a trillion dollar industry. None of us ever say, let's just keep our trash.

我们每天都在为此付费。当我意识到这一点时，就明白这对企业来说不是新支出，而是更好的支出方式。虽然我们价格略高，但客户的投资回报远高于传统废物处理公司。因此我认为我们是三重底线企业。

We are paying for this on a daily basis. So when I realized that, I realized that this was not gonna be newfound spin for these businesses. It was gonna be a better spin. So dollar for dollar, we're a little bit more expensive, but the, the outcome, the return on the investment for our clients is far much greater than they would ever get from a traditional waste company. And so I do look at us as a triple bottom line.

我们为人服务，为地球服务，同时也为利润服务。

We're for people, we're for planet, and we are for profit.

回到仓库，我想知道贾斯敏是否认为食物浪费问题能够彻底解决，比如她的首批客户之一——哈茨菲尔德-杰克逊亚特兰大国际机场。

Back at the warehouse, I wanted to know if food waste is a problem that Jasmine thinks can go away, like for one of her first clients, the Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport.

食物浪费不可避免。对此毫无准备。记得刚创业时，我去向投资人推销，我会说：听着，我们要帮他们追踪浪费最多的物品，让这些东西远离填埋场。

Food waste is inevitable. There's no preparation for it. I remember when I was first starting this company, I would go and pitch to investors, and I would say, like, listen. Gonna help them track the things that they waste the most. We're gonna get things diverted from landfill.

人们常问我，为什么不干脆让自己失业呢？因为如果他们意识到自己在浪费什么，是的，他们就会减少浪费。关键在于，你原本按机场100人的需求做计划，结果乘客延误，现场只剩60人，多出了40份餐食。

And people would ask me, well, why don't you put yourself out of business? Because if they know what they're wasting Yeah. They're gonna stop wasting it as much. And the thing is, you plan for a 100 people at the airport. You people get delayed, and now you've got 60 people there and 40 meals that are extra.

这就是现实情况。所以才会存在这些应对方法。

That's what happens. So that's why there's ways.

有没有遇到过那种抱怨'这太烦人了，这家公司给我们添了更多麻烦'的人？我们以前

Do you ever get people who are like, this is so annoying. This company is creating more hassle for us. We used

都是直接扔掉，现在她彻底改

to just throw it away and now she's changed the

变了规则，我们得分拣。我们得

whole thing and we have to sort it. We have to

把东西放那边，还得打电话通知他们。

put it over there. We have to call them.

是啊，就像这样

Yeah. Like, what it

你知道，有时在高处，但不在低处。当我们最初在机场启动这个项目时，很多特许经营商都觉得，哦，这会是个大工程。是的。但我告诉他们，嘿，这并不需要巨大的习惯改变，也不会让你们在人力上多花很多钱。

You know, sometimes at the top, but not at the bottom. When we first started with the airport, a lot of the concessionaires were like, oh, this is gonna be a big castle. Yeah. And, you know, I told them, hey, this is not a huge habit change. It's not gonna cost you a lot more on labor.

这些人可能只需要多花五到十分钟，不是把食物扔进垃圾填埋场，而是打包好，然后有人在应用上申请取件。我们发现，当我们去机场和不同员工交谈时，这些人自己就生活在贫困线边缘，在机场每小时只赚9.1美元。他们中很多人说，我过去很讨厌不得不把这些食物扔掉，而我家里正需要这些食物给我的家人。人们以为这会很难，需要更多付出，但这个生命循环是如此关键。我是说，这正在创造一个循环经济。

It's gonna maybe take these people five to ten minutes to instead of putting in a landfill, put it in a package and just someone go into the app and request a pickup. What we found is when we went over to the airport and I started talking to different employees about it, these are people that themselves are living on the marginal poverty line making $910 an hour at the airport. And so many of them said, I used to hate having to throw this food away when I needed it at home for my family. Like, people think it's gonna be harder, it's gonna be a lot more, but the circle of life here is so critical. I mean, this is creating this circular economy.

对于一个自己生活在贫困线边缘、在餐饮行业工作的人来说，他们通常没有机会回馈社会。他们能参与其中已经很不容易，因为他们真的只是在努力生存。

And for someone who's living on the marginal poverty line themselves working in a food service industry, they often don't get a chance to give back Right. And to be part of this because they're really just trying to survive.

我是说，每个州肯定有不同的法律或不同的企业责任目标，甚至对这个问题的态度也不同。告诉我外面的情况是怎样的。

I mean, every state must have different laws or different corporate responsibility goals or even just different sentiment towards this. Tell me what the landscape is like out there.

我认为纽约和加州正在兴起。如果你从全球问题来看——当然这确实是——像法国、意大利、丹麦这样的国家，他们实际上会对不这么做的企业罚款。所以这是个大事。但在像加州和纽约这样的州，他们正在立法。目前还没有罚款，但很快就会有了。

I would say New York and California are on the rise. If you think of this from a global issue, which, of course, it is, Countries like France, Italy, Denmark, they actually fine businesses for not doing this. So it's a big deal. But in states like California and New York, they are introducing legislation. There are no fines yet, but it's coming.

我认为实际的执法有点延迟。但我确实相信，一旦执法开始，嗯，企业就会打电话来，敲我们的门，试图联系我们，因为他们不想被罚款。我们在乔治亚州，特别是亚特兰大市推动的一件事是，我们希望任何企业获得餐饮服务许可证时，必须选择一个非营利组织或机构，将可食用食物捐赠给他们，并选择一个地点进行堆肥。让他们脑子里有这个意识，并成为流程的一部分。

I think the actual enforcement is a little delayed. I do believe that once that enforcement starts Mhmm. Then businesses are gonna be calling and and knocking down our doors trying to get to us because they don't wanna be fined. One of the things that we're kind of pushing for in Georgia, specifically in the city of Atlanta, we want when any business gets a food service license, we want them to have to select a nonprofit or an organization that they would donate edible food to in a location that they would compost with. Just having that on their brain and having that be part of the process.

正常。

Normal.

你是做什么的？

What you do?

你打算怎么做？你对食物浪费有什么计划？

What are you gonna do? What is your plan for your food waste?

如果要你说出你面临的最大障碍或挑战，比如说，我

If you had to say what your biggest obstacle is or challenge in terms of, like, I

从你眼中就能看出来。你神采奕奕。你成长了。对，在动脑筋。是什么会让你觉得难以做到？

see it in your eyes. You're sparkling. You have growth Yeah. On the brain. What's gonna make it hard for you to do that?

有两个因素。一是作为企业显然存在资金获取问题，因为我们吸引更多公司加入的前提是要能接触到他们。所以我觉得这会很困难。嗯。尤其因为我是女性，尤其因为我是少数族裔。另一个困难是人们总想固守旧有模式。

There's two things. One is obviously access to capital as a company because a part of us getting more companies to join on is being able to get in front of them. So I think that will make it hard Mhmm. Specifically because I'm a woman, specifically because I'm a person of color. I think the other thing that makes it hard is people wanting to stick to the old guard.

我们不能重复同样的做法却期待不同结果。必须做出改变。我这里本该有100名员工，工作量绰绰有余，每个人都工作四五十小时——因为需要处理的厨余垃圾就是这么多。

And we cannot do the same thing and expect different results. We have to make changes. And I should have a 100 employees in here with more than enough work and everybody's working forty, fifty hours because that's how much food waste is out there.

嗯。

Mhmm.

但我们还没做到。嗯。我们尚未达到所需的水平。如果你是个普通人，支持本地商店和小企业，问问他们如何处理厨余垃圾。如果发现他们什么都没做，问问他们是否听说过Goodr。

But we're not getting it. Mhmm. We're not getting to the level that we need. If you're an everyday person and you're supporting your local stores, your local businesses, ask them what they're doing with their food waste. If you find that they're not doing anything, ask them have they heard of Goodr.

我们接到过行政助理的电话，他们说：'嘿，我负责为整个团队订餐。我们这里浪费太多了。你们需要来和我们食堂的主厨谈谈。'事情就是这样。所以无论你是谁，都有能力促成改变，让人们加入我们的行动。

We've gotten calls from administrative assistants who are like, hey, I order food at this office for all of the team. We have so much waste here. You need to come and meet with our executive chef at the cafeteria. Like, this is what happens. So no matter who you are, you have the ability to kind of make a change and and get people involved in this journey with us.

以上是Goodr创始人兼CEO贾斯敏·克罗·休斯顿的分享。你可以在ted.com观看她的完整演讲。我们讨论过如何防止家庭食物浪费和重新利用多余食物。但人类最初为种植食物消耗的所有资源呢？这正是安东尼·米恩特主厨在2010年绝对没考虑过的问题。

That was Jasmine Crow Houston, founder and CEO of Goodr. You can see her full talk at ted.com. We have talked about preventing food waste at home and repurposing excess food. But what about all the resources we humans use to grow food to begin with? That is something chef Anthony Mient was definitely not thinking about in 2010.

那一年他创立了Mission Chinese Food餐厅，如今这家以美味食物和欢乐氛围闻名的餐厅已声名远扬。

That is when he launched Mission Chinese Food, the now famous restaurant known for its delicious food and fun atmosphere.

Mission Chinese Food有点像派对式中餐馆，我们试图提供既实惠又让人垂涎欲滴的美味食物。

Mission Chinese Food was kind of like a party Chinese restaurant, and we were trying to offer, like, really affordable and craveable and tasty food.

而实现这个目标压力非常大。

And making that happen was really stressful.

订单不断涌来。哦，昨晚这道菜的某种原料用完了却没人告诉我。有人宿醉未醒，打电话请病假。

Orders are coming in. Oh, we ran out of this ingredient for this dish last night. Nobody told me. Somebody is hungover. They're calling in sick.

洗碗工不来了，谁来干这活？露台上也没人用餐。你知道的，这个月的工资怎么发？哦，冰箱还坏了。

The dishwasher's not coming. Who's gonna do that? Nobody's eating on the patio. You know, how are we gonna make payroll this month? Oh, the refrigerator's not working.

你知道吗？就像这样，你整天都在忙着灭火，只求熬过这一天。

You know? Oh, this like, you're constantly just putting out fires and trying to get through that day.

但后来安东尼和他妻子有了孩子，他们费尽心思给孩子喂可持续的有机食品，既对孩子好也对地球好。这让他开始思考自己在餐厅供应的食物，以及他如何在那里加剧气候变化。

But then Anthony and his wife had a baby, and they were taking pains to feed her sustainable organic food, food that was good for her and the planet. And this got him wondering about the food he was serving in his restaurant and how he was contributing to climate change there.

我们并不是那种从农场到餐桌的餐厅，但因为餐饮业是食品经济中最大的一部分。所以开始感觉经济中这一大块需要为气候做些什么。你知道的，我们要考虑20年后，而不是两小时或两周后。

It wasn't like we were, you know, a farm to table restaurant, but it's because the restaurant industry is the biggest part of the food economy. And so it just started to feel like this huge part of the economy needs to be working on climate. You know, let's think about twenty years ahead instead of, like, two hours or two weeks ahead.

于是在2016年，安东尼和他的妻子凯伦·莱博维茨下了一个大赌注。他们把毕生积蓄投入了一家名为The Perennial的新餐厅。目标是经营一家完全可持续、零浪费的餐厅，只用环保食材烹饪。这不是件容易的事。

So in 2016, Anthony and his wife, Karen Leibowitz, made a big bet. They put their life savings into a new restaurant called The Perennial. The idea was to run a fully sustainable, no waste restaurant and only cook with environmentally friendly ingredients. Not an easy task.

是的。当我们创办The Perennial时，基本上就是把它当作一个实验室，探索餐厅可以采取的所有不同实践。

Yeah. So when we started the perennial, we were basically just using it as a a laboratory to explore all the different practices that a restaurant could engage in.

例如，The Perennial名副其实，他们用长寿的多年生谷物制作酸面包。

For example, the perennial, true to its name, sourced long living perennial grains to make their sourdough bread.

我们把菜单都堆肥喂蚯蚓了。

You know, we composted the menus and fed them to worms.

牛肉来自一个实验性的低碳牧场。

Beef came from an experimental low carbon cattle ranch.

我们用厨余垃圾培育黑水虻幼虫，然后喂鱼，形成这种闭环系统。

We were using the food scraps to grow black soldier fly larvae and then feed that to fish to kind of create this closed loop.

他们只从采用再生农业的农场采购，减少掠夺性耕作方式。

And they only bought from farms practicing regenerative farming using less extractive practices.

施用堆肥替代化肥，种植覆盖作物，减少耕作以保持土壤覆盖。

Applying compost instead of fertilizer, planting cover crops, and reducing tillage to kind of leave the soil covered.

这家餐厅获得了好评，安东尼成了餐饮业的可持续发展代言人。但三年后，他们意识到即使数百家餐厅都严格实行可持续经营，对农民的支持仍然微乎其微。

The perennial got great reviews, and Anthony became known as the sustainability guy in the restaurant industry. But after three years, Anthony and Karen realized that even if hundreds of restaurants also became strictly sustainable, they still would barely be supporting these farmers.

我们开始和农民牧场主边喝啤酒边聊，问些实在话：'我刚付了账单，这笔钱能帮你推进下一步计划吗？'得到的回答基本都是'不能'。

We started talking to farmers and ranchers and asking them just honest questions, you know, over a beer. Hey. I just paid my invoice. Does that help you do the next thing, this or that? And the answer was like, no.

你知道，有个牧场主告诉我，我开的可不是玛莎拉蒂。明白吗？我在申请政府补助，但当你购买我的产品并付款时，你只是在购买产品。要知道，这里头可没有额外的10万美元让我去改变农业。我是说，有机运动在美国搞了五十年，也只占1%的耕地面积。

You know, one rancher told me, like, I'm not driving a Maserati around. You know? Like, I'm I'm seeking government grants, but when you buy my product and pay your invoice, you're just buying my product. You know, there's not an extra $100,000 in there for me to change farming. I mean, the whole organic movement is just 1% of acres after fifty years in The US.

说实话，了解到这些让我有点心碎。

Learning this was a little bit soul crushing, to be honest.

现在有请TED讲台上的安东尼·米恩特。

Here's Anthony Mient from the TED stage.

因为我们押上了全部积蓄，试图推动这种改变，结果却发现提高认知、溢价销售、优化选择可能永远无法实现大规模耕地再生。本质上，我们试图改变的是饮食方式而非耕作方式。改变耕作是另一回事。你不能走进超市递给收银员一美元就让农民从化肥改用堆肥，也不能向服务员点份覆盖作物种植当配菜。

Because we had gone all in with our life savings, you know, trying to make this change happen, only to learn that awareness, price premiums, better choices were probably never gonna regenerate acres at scale. Basically, we were trying to change eating instead of changing farming. Changing farming is different. You know, you can't just walk into the grocery store and hand the cashier a buck for farmers to switch from chemical fertilizer to compost. You can't just ask the waiter for a side order of cover crop planting.

要知道，社会甚至没有直接改变农业的机制。但为什么不能有？这就是我们在关闭餐厅、开启新篇章时反复思考的问题。我们突然明白，改变农业需要数十亿美元资金，而不是靠少数人购买不同的食材。

You know, society didn't even really have mechanisms to directly change farming. But why not? You know, that's basically the kind of question we were grappling with as we closed the restaurant and then started our next chapter. It just became clear, like, oh, we need billions of dollars to change agriculture, not just a few people buying different ingredients.

于是安东尼从'农场到餐桌'转向了他现在称为'餐桌到农场'的模式，联合多家餐厅在餐费中附加小额费用，这些资金累积起来就能为再生农场提供可观补助。

And so Anthony pivoted away from farm to table to what he now calls table to farm, enlisting a collective of restaurants to tack on a small fee to the food they sell, which then adds up to sizable grants to regenerative farms.

所以一家企业可能捐赠一美元或几美分，我们汇集这类资金后与农场牧场合作，实施堆肥、种植覆盖作物，基本上就是持续推进下一块田地的下一项实践。

So a business might send a dollar or a couple cents and we collect funds like that and then work with farms and ranches to apply compost, plant cover crops, and basically just do the next practice on the next acre.

我们能种植的作物种类相当丰富。

We have a pretty wide range of crops that we can grow.

这个名为'零食物足迹'的组织支持像维罗妮卡、马萨里戈斯、阿纳斯塔西奥这样的农民。

Zero Foodprint, as the organization is called, supports farmers like Veronica, Mazariegos, Anastasio.

从绿叶蔬菜、羽衣甘蓝、卷心菜、西兰花，到番茄、辣椒和土豆，应有尽有。

Everything from your leafy greens, collards, cabbage, broccoli, and even your tomatoes, peppers, and potatoes.

维罗妮卡和她的团队在加州中部40英亩农场采用的可持续技术，与传统农业相比确实需要更多额外工作。

And the techniques that Veronica and her team used to make their 40 acre farm in Central California sustainable, well, they're a lot of extra work compared to conventional farming.

因为我们真正在尝试模拟自然过程。以覆盖作物为例，通常混合种植蚕豆、豌豆等固氮作物。我们真正要做的是增加微生物群落活性，这不仅能提升食物营养密度，还能帮助控制病虫害。

Because you really are trying to mimic natural processes. So in the case of cover crops, usually it's a mix of bell beans, veg, peas. These are on nitrogen fixing. And really what we're trying to do is increase microbiota activity. And this really helps with increasing the nutritional density of our food, but also helps controls pests and disease.

真正的目标是投资于土壤改良，这是个需要时间的过程。我们本就利润微薄，因此一直在寻找能覆盖这些成本的机会。

The goal is really investing in our soil and that is a process that takes time. We're already operating on very slim margins and therefore we we are always looking for opportunities to be able to cover those costs.

维罗妮卡表示，像她从'零食物足迹'获得的这类资助，让她能够为未来做规划。

Veronica says grants like the one she got from Zero Foodprint allow her to plan for the future.

因此，我确实认为这为我们提供了更多灵活性。如果仅靠我们自己，我们无法做到。

And so, I do think it affords us a little bit more flexibility. Were it just up to us, we wouldn't be able to do.

稍后我们将继续探讨‘从餐桌到农场’运动，以及餐厅与顾客如何助力供应商实现可持续发展。今天的节目主题是‘伟大的食物救援行动’。我是Manoush Zamorodi，您正在收听NPR的TED Radio Hour。广告后马上回来，这里是NPR的TED Radio Hour。

In a minute, more about the table to farm movement and how restaurants and their customers are helping suppliers be more sustainable. On the show today, the great food rescue. I'm Manoush Zamorodi, and you're listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR. We'll be right back. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

我是Manoushe Zomorodi。本期节目主题《伟大的食物救援行动》。我们刚与知名餐厅Mission Chinese Food联合创始人、非营利组织Zero Foodprint的Anthony Mient进行了对话。该组织为再生农业种植者提供资助，这些农人致力于让土地更可持续并种植更健康的食物。Anthony称这种模式为‘从餐桌到农场’，因为资助资金直接来自餐厅及其顾客。

I'm Manoushe Zomorodi. On today's show, The Great Food Rescue. We were just talking to Anthony Mient, cofounder of the celebrated restaurant Mission Chinese Food and the nonprofit Zero Foodprint. This group gives grants to regenerative farmers, farmers who are trying to make their land more sustainable and grow healthier food. Anthony calls this model table to farm because the money for those grants comes directly from restaurants and their customers.

企业可能捐赠一美元或几美分，我们汇集这些资金后与农场合作，在下一片土地上实施新实践。这是一项让顾客和企业能直接主动改变农业的新服务。

A business might send a dollar or a couple cents, and we collect funds like that and then work with farms and ranches to do the next practice on the next acre. It's just a new service that allows customers and businesses to directly and proactively change farming.

Anthony表示大多数人很乐意为主菜多付一点钱，甚至不会注意到每天咖啡只贵了几美分。

And Anthony says most people feel good about paying a little extra for an entree, or they don't even notice that their daily coffee costs a few cents more.

最妙的是市民们照常过着日常生活，改变却在悄然发生。Zero Foodprint正开创集体再生模式，我们运用这些原则，用食品产业链下游的几美分直接推动上游农业生产转型——本质上是在优化食物网络。例如在Mission Chinese Food附近有家很棒咖啡馆Lanea Cafe，

The best thing is citizens are just kind of going about their daily lives, you know, while the change is happening. And so zero foodprint is trailblazing collective regeneration. We're using these same principles and then a few cents from the downstream food economy to make a direct shift in upstream agricultural production. Basically, we're improving the food grid. And so for an example of how this works, around the corner from Mission Chinese Food is an amazing coffee shop, Lanea Cafe.

他们选用信誉卓著的草饲乳品公司Strauss Creamery。当你购买咖啡时，价格从5美元变成5.05美元。Zero Foodprint收集这5美分后，用于资助堆肥施用、覆盖作物种植、减耕作业、科学轮牧及多年生植物种植。这5美分正在实现食物系统的脱碳。以咖啡馆为例，我们已向Strauss生产商提供超10万美元资助，实质上是在再生其供应链。

So they source from a really high integrity grass fed dairy company, Strauss Creamery. So you go in, you get your coffee, and instead of, say, $5, it's $5.05. So Zero Fruit Print collects the 5¢, and then we make grants for compost application, cover crop planting, reduced tillage, managed grazing, planting perennials. And so it's like that 5¢ is decarbonizing the food shed. In the case of the coffee shop, it's actually kind of re genifying the supply chain because we've already made over a $100,000 in grants to Strauss producers.

这种从餐桌到农田的模式正在数十家企业中实施，包括葡萄酒公司、米其林星级餐厅、餐饮公司、堆肥场，甚至科罗拉多州博尔德市的所有赛百味门店。如果所有赛百味门店都捐出1%的营收，仅这一家企业每年就能贡献约1.6亿美元。我们的目标是让集体再生成为数百个食品产区、供应链和县市的新常态。关键在于这是消费者的真实需求——这种营销之所以神奇，因为它真实不虚。

And this kind of table to farm work is underway at dozens of businesses, wine companies, Michelin starred restaurants, catering companies, composters, and even every Subway Sandwiches location in Boulder, Colorado. And if this was every Subway location period sending 1%, that'd be something like $160,000,000 per year from just one corporation. Our goal is that collective regeneration becomes the new normal in hundreds of food sheds, supply chains, counties. But the real key is that it's what customers want. It's amazing marketing because it's real.

这是本地化、直接影响气候且经济实惠的方案。但其累积效应显著——'零足迹'已向120个农场项目发放了超过300万美元资助。实际上我们才刚刚起步，但已通过这套流程验证了概念：对农民简便透明，同时足够严谨以支持政府合作。

It's local, direct climate impact that's affordable. But it also adds up quickly. Zero footprint has already awarded over 3,000,000 in grants to a 120 farm projects. But really, we're just getting started. But we've proven the concept on a process that's easy and transparent for farmers, but rigorous enough for government collaboration.

任何农民都可申请启动或推进项目的资金，'零食物印'会分析申请并筛选最具成本效益的方案。我们就像总承包商，全程督导项目落地，联合当地专家实地验证协调。资金可来自任何渠道——每张垃圾处理单扣1美元、每磅商品捐1美分、1%营收提成或超市零钱募集。独特之处在于我们能即时调配资金启动项目。

Any farmer can request funds to begin or to advance their progress, and then Zero Foodprint analyzes the requests and then selects the most cost effective projects. Then we act as almost like a general contractor, taking the project from start to finish, working with local experts and boots on the ground to validate and coordinate each one. And the funds could come from anywhere. It could be a dollar per trash bill, a penny per pound, 1%, a grocery store roundup. But the difference is that we can use the funds and then just implement the projects now.

所以这不是2040年之类的空头目标。过去政府和企业的做法常让我沮丧——他们似乎没认真对待气候危机。后来我明白他们缺乏协同机制，单打独斗确实行不通：政府无法随意增税（选民通不过），

So it's not just twenty forty goals or whatever. That's really what used to frustrate me with, you know, governments and corporations. It seemed like they weren't taking the climate crisis seriously. But I've come to realize that they didn't really have a mechanism to team up and that nobody could do it alone. Governments can't raise taxes because it won't pass a vote.

企业不敢让渡大量利润（股东会起诉），农民无力独自承担风险，消费者甚至没有有效的消费投票权。但在'零足迹'商业体系里，这些现在都能实现。

Corporations can't give away tons of profit because shareholders would sue. Farmers didn't have the resources to take on all these risks themselves, and customers didn't even have a way to vote effectively with their dollar. But now at a zero footprint business, you can.

我小时候

When I was growing

除了我那对在后院堆肥的怪咖父母，根本没人提'堆肥'这个词。按你说的，现在餐厅与农场建立闭环联系这方面，是否算是个积极进展？

up, nobody used the word compost except for my weirdo parents who had one in the backyard. Is that something that, you know, is a is a bright spot when it comes to helping connecting restaurants to farms and closing that loop as you described?

是的。我认为堆肥是最重要的再生实践。原因在于它能引起人们的共鸣。你可以这样理解：'哦，我想让这些养分和有机资源回归土壤'，就像食物系统本就是自然的一部分那样，就像地球上所有农业运作的方式。堆肥项目对气候非常有益，基本上就是这样。

Yeah. I would make the case that compost is the most important regenerative practice. And the reason is because it resonates with people. You can kind of understand, like, oh, I wanna get those nutrients and that organic resource back to soil, you know, as if the food system was actually part of nature the way, you know, the rest of all ag growing on the planet works. Compost projects are, like, really, really climate beneficial, basically.

它能避免垃圾填埋场产生甲烷——你知道的，有机物在填埋场不会释放气体。它有潜力替代化肥。实际上你就是直接把碳施加到土壤里。而且通常来说，如果你持续施用堆肥几年，就能激活土壤生物。因此综合这些原因，堆肥是最具成本效益的方式之一。

There's avoided methane from landfill, you know, from the organics not off gassing in landfill. There's the potential for it to replace fertilizer. There's literally just the actual carbon that you're applying to the soil. And then oftentimes, if you apply compost enough or in a you know, like, for a couple of years, then that kind of jumpstarts the soil biology. So for all those reasons, compost is one of the most cost effective.

以纽约市为例，这是通过政策推动的。加州几年前刚强制要求堆肥处理，华盛顿州去年也开始实施。所以存在这样一个世界：政府可能不指导农民如何耕作，但通过立法创造了数百万吨堆肥。如果经济体系能找到方法将其运往农场和牧场，这就像唾手可得的果实，是最大的可扩展机遇。

With, like, New York City, it's happening through policy. So California just required composting starting a couple years ago. Washington State just required it starting last year. And so there's this world in which, like, the government may not tell people how to farm, but the government is creating millions of tons of compost by law. And so if the economy can find a way to get it to farms and ranches, that would be like the low hanging fruit, like biggest scalable opportunity.

本期节目讨论食物浪费。对很多人来说，这可能意味着合理控制份量减少剩菜，或是注意检查保质期。但在你构建的世界里，食物浪费其实与资源息息相关。你怎么看待这个问题？

This episode is about food waste. And I think to many people, that might mean, you know, portions that are reasonable so that there's not a lot of leftovers or, making sure to check expiration dates. But in your world that you're creating, food waste is really tied to resources. How do you see it?

没错，这正是让人乐观的原因——大自然如此强大，只要我们播下种子，哪怕只是几分钱投入或少量有机物回归，大自然就能自我修复。我认为再生运动中约半数人正是出于这种乐观而行动。对我而言，引用我妻子的话说，这几乎填补了世俗主义者的某种宗教空虚——我感觉自己正在一点一滴拯救地球，一美元、一千美元、一英亩、一次实践地累积。

Yeah. And that's actually why it's so optimistic is that, like, nature is so powerful that if we plant that seed with those couple cents or the little bit of organic matter going back, you know, nature can restore itself. And I think that that there's, like, probably half the regenerative movement or something does this because of that optimism. And, you know, for me anyway, I'll kind of quote my wife, It almost, like, sort of fills a little bit of a, you know, religious void for a secular person where, like, I feel like I'm actually working to save a little bit of the planet at a time. A dollar at a time, a thousand dollars at a time, an acre at a time, you know, one practice at a time.

从某种程度来说，这正是每个社区中期内所需要的。如果社区这样做，下次面对火灾、洪水或干旱时问题就会减轻。因此我认为它可能比可再生能源更具地方效益。我乐观地认为很快会发生变革性转变。

And then in a way, that's actually what each community is gonna need in the medium term. If a community did this, they would have less of a problem at the next fire or flood or drought or whatever. And so I think that it's actually probably more locally beneficial than renewable energy. And so I'm optimistic that there will be transformative change soon.

这位是安东尼·米恩特，非营利组织'零食物足迹'联合创始人，也是餐厅'Mission Chinese Food'的经营者。你可以在ted.npr.org观看他的完整演讲。这一小时我们探讨了如何减少食物浪费，但能否同时让自己更快乐？行为科学家赵佳颖说，只有在环保决策中获得愉悦感，才能将行动转化为习惯。

That's Anthony Mient. He's the cofounder of the nonprofit Zero Foodprint, and the restaurants Mission Chinese Food. You can watch his full talk at ted.npr.org. So we have spent the hour hearing about how we can waste less food, but can we also make ourselves feel happier while doing it? Feeling good while we make greener decisions is the only way we can turn actions into habits, says behavioral scientist Jiaying Zhao.

她有一些生活小妙招可以帮忙。现在她登上TED演讲台。

And she has some life hacks that can help. Here she is on the TED stage.

大家好，我是Jay Z。不是那个酷炫的说唱歌手，而是试图通过行为改变来为地球降温的教授。前几天我给学生们布置了一项作业，要求他们想出既能减少温室气体排放又能让自己更快乐的个人行动。

Hey, everyone. I'm Jay Z. Not the cool rapper, but the professor trying to cool the planet through behavior change. The other day, I gave my students an assignment. I asked them to come up with individual actions they can take that serve two functions: reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make themselves feel happier.

学生们在提出减排行动方面做得很好，但在快乐部分却遇到了更多困难。有个学生告诉我他想少吃奶酪，但刚说完就变得非常沮丧。可惜我的学生们并非个例——大多数人想到气候行动时，首先想到的就是要为地球牺牲些什么。

They did a great job coming up with actions to reduce emissions, but they had a much harder time with the happiness part. One student told me that he wanted to cut back on cheese. But right after he said that, he got really sad. Unfortunately, my students are not alone. When most people think about climate action, they immediately default to things they have to give up for the planet.

这种思维模式根深蒂固，部分源于当前气候行动的主流叙事总强调个人牺牲：少开车、少吃肉、少购物。少、少、少。作为行为科学家，请相信我——这种表述方式不会让人感觉良好。

This mindset is so ingrained in us, partly because the current narrative from climate action is about personal sacrifice. Drive less, eat less meat, shop less. Less, less, less. Now, I'm a behavior scientist, so trust me when I say this. This framing doesn't make us feel great.

恰恰相反，它只会让人感到羞耻和内疚。这些负面情绪无助于长期行为改变，因为它们会让人退缩和疏离。如果地球的未来只能寄托在少数愿意自我牺牲的人身上，那我们注定失败。那么该怎么办呢？答案在一次教职工会议结束时浮现——当时同事伊丽莎白·邓恩问我：我们能不能让气候行动变得快乐而非痛苦？

If anything, it makes us feel shameful and guilty. And those negative emotions are not conducive to long term behavior change, because they make us retreat and disengage. If the future of our planet depends on a few people willing to make personal sacrifices, we're not going to make it. So what should we do instead? The moment came to me at the end of a faculty meeting when my colleague, Elizabeth Dunn, approached me and asked, can we make climate action feel happy instead of miserable?

我说当然可以。但随即意识到似乎从未有人将快乐与气候行动联系起来。于是我和利兹决定做这件事——利兹是幸福科学家，她深知什么能让人快乐。

I said, of course. But then it struck me that I don't think anyone ever connected happiness to climate action. So Liz and I sat down to do exactly that. Liz is a happiness scientist. She knows what makes people happy.

我是行为科学家，懂得如何促进行为改变。同时我还是个人碳排放计算器，喜欢精确测算特定活动的排放量。所以我首先列出了一系列能显著减少温室气体排放的行动。

I'm a behavioral scientist. I know what makes people change their behavior. I'm also a human carbon calculator. I like figuring out exactly how much emissions certain activities have. So first, I came up with a list of actions that can substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

接着，莉兹找出了那些能带来最大幸福感的行动。这就是我们提出‘快乐气候行动’理念的由来。这些行动处于最佳平衡点，不仅能减少碳排放，还能让你同时感到更快乐。我知道你们中有些人可能会认为，没有大规模系统变革，个人行动可能显得微不足道。我理解这种想法。

And then Liz identified the actions with the largest happiness benefits. And this is how we came up with what we call the happy climate approach. It's actions in the sweet spot that not only reduce emissions but also make you feel happier at the same time. Now, I know that some of you might think that individual actions may seem trivial without large scale system change. I get that.

但让我以行为改变专家的身份来谈谈这个问题。我们的个人行动确实重要，因为它们能像涟漪效应般扩散，激发集体行动，向企业传递市场信号，并可能引发更广泛的结构性制度变革。所以没错，我们确实需要系统变革，但同样需要个人行为改变。别让任何人告诉你相反的观点。好了。

But let me tell you how I think about this as a behavior change expert. Our individual actions do matter, because they can spread like a ripple effect to instigate collective action, they send a market signal to businesses, and they can trigger broader structural institutional change. So yes, we do need system change, but we also need individual behavior change. Don't let anyone tell you otherwise. Alright.

现在我想带你们快速浏览一些我最喜欢的快乐气候行动。准备好了吗？很好。让我们从我的宠物兔子开始。

Now I want to take you on a whirlwind tour through some of my favorite happy climate actions. Are you ready? Yes. Great. Let's start with my pet bunny.

几年前，我和伴侣收养了格林尼治。她非常可爱，还是个素食主义者。多亏了她，我们家里现在种满了各种植物、蔬菜和水果，也因此我自己吃的蔬菜比以前多得多。多吃植物性食物能减少高达80%的农业排放。

A few years ago, my partner and I adopted Greenwich. She's adorable. She's also a vegan. We have so many plants, vegetables and fruits in our house, thanks to Greenwich, and because of that, I'm eating a lot more vegetables myself than I used to. Eating more plants can reduce agricultural emissions by up to 80%.

这部分你们可能之前就知道。但你们是否也了解植物性饮食能让你感觉更快乐？研究人员认为这是因为植物（水果蔬菜）富含维生素和植物化学物质，能给大脑和身体同时带来抗氧化和抗炎益处。所以这里的快乐气候行动就是：多吃植物。但这并不意味着永远不吃肉，因为我可以告诉你，完全剥夺对幸福感是灾难性的。

I guess that part you may have known before. But do you also know that a plant based diet can make you feel happier? So researchers think that this is because plants, so fruits, vegetables, are high in vitamins and phytochemicals that provide both antioxidant and anti inflammatory benefits to the brain and the body. So the happy climate action here is eat more plants. But this does not mean never eat meat, because I can tell you that deprivation is a disaster for happiness.

相反，我们应该在饮食中寻求肉类与植物的最佳平衡，这样才能最大化幸福感。当你们思考这种饮食平衡时，要明白并非所有肉类都相同。一公斤牛肉排放约100公斤温室气体，相当于开车行驶250英里。但其他肉类如鱼类、猪肉和禽类的排放量要低得多。

Instead, we should aim for the right balance of meat and plants in our diet that will make us maximally happy. Now as you're thinking about this diet and this balance, understand that not all meat is created equal. One kilogram of beef emits about a 100 kilograms of greenhouse gases. That's roughly the same as driving two fifty miles. But other types of meat, like fish, pork, and poultry, have a lot lower emissions.

但如果你确实想吃牛肉，这里有个快乐气候小技巧：把它当作特别款待。有研究表明，暂时放弃我们喜欢的东西，能重新激发我们再次享用它时的愉悦感，从而提升幸福感。除了食物，我们也可以把其他事情变成特别享受，比如购物。大家都知道快时尚对气候影响巨大。

But if you do want to eat beef, here's the happy climate hack. Make it a treat. One study shows that temporarily giving up something we enjoy can actually renew our capacity to savor that thing when we have it again, and that can increase our happiness. And beyond food, we can turn other things into a treat as well, like shopping. Now, you know that fast fashion has a huge climate impact.

与其频繁购物，不如把购物当作一种享受。这里有个快乐气候小窍门：夹克、牛仔裤和鞋子的温室气体排放量很高。所以购买高品质、耐穿的产品实际上对地球有益。而内衣的碳排放则相对较低。

So instead of shopping often, make shopping a treat. And here's the happy climate hack. Jackets, jeans, shoes have a lot of greenhouse gas emissions. So treating ourselves to high quality versions of these products that won't fall apart after a few wears is actually good for the planet. Underwear, on the other hand, have pretty low emissions.

所以，你知道的，需要时就放心购买吧。不客气。现在我们来谈谈浪费问题。你知道吗？如果空间整洁、零浪费且井井有条，你会感到更快乐。让我们看看每个家庭最凌乱的地方——冰箱。

So, you know, please buy those whenever you need them. You're welcome. Now let's talk about waste. Do you know that if your space is clean, zero waste and organized, you may feel happier? Let's take a look at perhaps the messiest part of everybody's home, the fridge.

有些环保专家建议把易腐食品放在抽屉里，调味品放在门架上。虽然不想这么说，但我不同意。我认为冰箱设计没考虑人类行为习惯——我们总会忘记抽屉里的东西，眼不见心不记嘛。这会导致大量食物浪费和碳排放。

Some environmental experts recommend that we put perishables into the drawers and put the condiments at the door. I hate to say this, but I disagree. I don't think the fridge is designed with human behavior in mind. We often forget about the things in the drawers, right, out of sight, out of mind. And that can lead to a lot of food waste and emissions.

那么快乐的环保行动是什么？用风水法则整理冰箱：把易腐食品放门架，调味品收进抽屉，这样能在食物变质前发现它们。我还采用'五倍法则'——先进先出，把旧物品移到冰箱前排避免遗忘。这样你就能拥有零浪费的干净冰箱，心情也会更愉悦。现在，除了浪费问题，我们还得谈谈出行。

So what's a happy climate action here? Feng Shui your fridge by moving the perishables to the door and the condiments into the drawers so I can catch things before they rot. I also fivefold my fridge, that is first in, first out, meaning moving older items to the front of the fridge so I don't forget about them. This way, you can have a zero waste clean fridge, and you may feel happier. Now, beyond waste, we have to talk about travel.

这里有个快乐气候小窍门：与其说'少开车'，不如说'多载人'

And here's the happy climate hack. Instead of saying drive less, we should say drive more

是的。

people. Yes.

研究表明，与亲友相处时间越长，幸福感越强。这意味着我们不该独自开车，而应该载上朋友——拼车能把枯燥的方向盘时光变成欢乐的社交时刻。我想你明白重点了，我鼓励你思考生活中那些既能减排又能提升幸福感的行动，这个甜蜜点里可能藏着许多这样的机会。请发挥创意吧，因为归根结底是这样。

Some studies suggest that the more time we spend with our friends and family, the happier we feel. So what this means is that instead of driving alone in our car, we should drive our friends, because carpooling can turn those dreadful minutes behind the wheel into joyful moments of socializing. I think you get the gist here, and I encourage you to take a moment and think about the actions you can take in your own life that not only reduce emissions but also can make yourself feel happier. There's probably a lot of those in this sweet spot. So please get creative, because the bottom line is this.

我们需要改变关于气候行动的叙事。我们需要让气候行动变得令人愉悦，因为如果我们做对了，我们的未来确实会充满幸福。谢谢。

We need to change the narrative on climate action. We need to make climate action feel good, because if we get this right, our future will indeed be happy. Thank you.

这是行为科学家赵佳颖的演讲。您可以在ted.com观看她的完整演讲。非常感谢您收听本期节目，制作团队包括凯蒂·蒙特利昂、詹姆斯·德拉胡西、瑞秋·福克纳·怀特、哈什塔·纳哈塔和菲奥娜·吉隆，由萨纳兹·梅什坎普尔和我共同编辑。

That was behavioral scientist Jiaying Zhao. You can watch her full talk at ted.com. Thank you so much for listening to our episode. It was produced by Katie Monteleone, James Delahusi, Rachel Faulkner White, Harshita Nahata, and Fiona Giron. It was edited by Sanaz Meshkampur and me.

NPR的制作团队还包括马修·克卢捷，执行制作人是艾琳·野口，音频工程师是吉米·基利和佐伊·范根霍芬，主题音乐由拉姆丁·阿里布洛伊创作，TED的合作伙伴包括克里斯·安德森、罗克珊·海拉什、亚历杭德拉·萨拉查和丹妮拉·巴拉拉佐。

Our production staff at NPR also includes Matthew Cloutier. Our executive producer is Irene Noguchi. Our audio engineers were Jimmy Keeley and Zoe Vangenhoven. Our theme music was written by Ramtin Aribloui. Our partners at TED are Chris Anderson, Roxanne Hylash, Alejandra Salazar, and Daniella Balarazzo.

我是马努什·扎莫罗迪，您正在收听的是NPR出品的TED广播时间。

I'm Manoush Zamorodi, and you have been listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

本消息由NPR赞助商'如何成为更好的人'为您呈现——这是TED推出的一档播客节目。TED演讲者将与主持人克里斯·达菲进行深度对话，通过科学发人深省的见解等内容，帮助您成就更好的自己。欢迎在任意播客平台收听《如何成为更好的人》。

This message comes from NPR sponsor, how to be a better human, a podcast from TED. TED speakers join host Chris Duffy for in-depth interviews on how you can be the best you with science, thought provoking insights, and more. Listen to how to be a better human wherever you get your podcasts.