比特币技术第5期 - 与Shinobi探讨比特币共识机制 - WBD357

我无法再强调这一点了。当你试图评估一项升级提案的共识时，这不是民主。绝对不是。这不是投票。也不是多数胜出。

I I cannot stress this enough. When you're trying to gauge consensus for an upgrade proposal, it is not a democracy. Absolutely not. It is not voting. It is not majority wins.

事情不是这样办的。

That is not how things are done.

大家好，这里是迈阿密。会议已经结束。我嗓子都哑了，但这是不可思议的一周。多么盛大的活动啊。特别感谢大卫·贝利和《比特币杂志》团队举办了如此精彩的活动。

Hello there from Miami. The conference is over. I'm losing my voice, but it's been an incredible week. What an event. Big shout out to David Bailey and the team at Bitcoin Magazine for just putting on such an incredible event.

我们不仅请到了杰克·多尔西等超强阵容的演讲者，还听到了罗斯·乌布利希的分享，我的好兄弟杰克·马勒斯宣布萨尔瓦多将比特币纳入国家储备并使其成为法定货币。能活着见证这一刻真是太好了。祝贺所有为此奋斗多年的人们。比特币的发展确实令人惊叹。对了，大家最近怎么样？

Not only did we have an unreal set of speakers from Jack Dorsey to hearing from Ross Ulbrich, my boy Jack Mallers announced that El Salvador is adding Bitcoin to their reserves and making it legal tender. What a time to be alive. Congratulations to everyone who's been working on this for years. The growth of Bitcoin really is incredible. Anyway, how are you all?

欢迎收听《比特币做了什么》播客，本期由Gemini赞助播出——这是我购买比特币的唯一平台。我是主持人彼得·麦科马克。今天我将与Shinobi进行每月一次的访谈，这次我们要探讨共识机制。不过在开始之前，我

Welcome to the What Bitcoin Did podcast, which is brought to you by Gemini, the only place I am using for buying Bitcoin. I'm your host, Peter McCormack. And today, I have my monthly interview with Shinobi, and this time, we are looking at consensus. But before that, I

确实收到了来自

do have a message from

节目赞助商的消息。今天我们要隆重欢迎新赞助商Revolut加入播客。众所周知，劳埃德银行和TSB——我使用了25年的银行——最近关闭了我所有账户。他们不喜欢比特币。而Revolut主动联系我说：皮特，我们想与你合作。

my show sponsors. And today, we are kicking off with my brand new sponsor, Revolut, coming to the podcast. Now as many of you know, Lloyd's at TSB, my bank, for the last twenty five years closed down all my accounts recently. They don't like Bitcoin. Revolut came along and said, Pete, we wanna work with you.

开始吧。我已经下载了应用，把所有银行业务都转到了Revolut。看，开户简直不能再简单了。更重要的是他们支持比特币，让我能轻松转账到交易所。

Let's do this. So I downloaded the app. I've moved all my banking services over to Revolut, and look, it could not have been easier to create an account. And more importantly, they like Bitcoin. They are making it easy for me to transfer to exchanges.

现在Revolut为新用户提供20美元或20英镑奖励，只需完成三笔卡片交易。几分钟就能搞定，你可以立即创建卡片并添加到Apple Pay快速提现。我建议直接换成比特币。这是我们新建立的合作关系，我正在与Revolut团队共同打造比特币友好型银行，虽然面临诸多挑战，但我们会全力以赴。

And now Revolut are offering a $20 or £20 bonus to all new customers that sign up and complete three card transactions. It only takes a few minutes to do, and you can create a card and add it to Apple Pay immediately to get that cash in your pocket ASAP. And I would recommend you convert that straight to Bitcoin. Now this is a new relationship, and I'm working with the Revolut team to help them build a bank which is Bitcoiner friendly. There's a lot to navigate, but we're going to be working hard at this.

想了解更多请访问revolut.com/wbd（rev0lut.com/wbd）。接下来介绍BlockFi——比特币与金融服务的未来，为比特币用户提供多种产品。通过BlockFi利息账户，你的比特币能产生收益，我作为他们近两年的客户，一直让比特币为我工作。

If you wanna find out more, then please head over to revolut.com/wbd to sign up. That is rev0lut.com/wbd. Next up, we have BlockFi. BlockFi is the future of Bitcoin and financial services, offering a number of products for Bitcoiners. With a BlockFi interest account, you can earn yield on your Bitcoin, and I've been a customer of theirs for nearly two years letting my Bitcoin work for me.

通过比特币抵押贷款，你可以不卖币就获得借款。现在还能注册即将推出的BlockFi信用卡，所有消费返现1.5%。若感兴趣，建议先调研后访问bl0ckfi.com。接着介绍Ledger——全球最受欢迎的硬件钱包，自2017年初起我就使用他们的Nano S至今。

And with a Bitcoin backed loan, you can borrow against your Bitcoin without selling. And you can also now register for a BlockFi credit card, which is launching imminently, offering 1.5% rewards back on all card purchases. If you're interested in checking BlockFi out, I recommend you do your own research and then head over to BlockFi dot com, which is bl0ckfi.com. Next up, we have Ledger, the world's most popular hardware wallet. Now a hardware wallet allows you to take custody of your Bitcoin, And I have been a Ledger user since early two thousand seventeen, and I'm still using that same Nano S I bought back then.

Ledger通过Ledger Live软件让你轻松安全管理比特币，还能连接安卓手机随时操作。详情见ledger.com。然后是赞助交易所Gemini，我专用于比特币交易（虽然近期迈阿密利好频传仍未买入），用其APP抄底并设置每月两次定投，目前未见更优秀的比特币购买界面。

Ledger makes it easy for you to safely manage your Bitcoin using their Ledger Live software, which interfaces with your device. You can even connect your Nano s to your Android phone to manage your Bitcoin on the go. You can find out more at ledger.com, which is ledger.com. And next up, we have Gemini, my exchange sponsor, who I am using exclusively for buying and selling Bitcoin, but I'm still not buying, especially with all the amazing news that happened this week in Miami. Now I am using the Gemini app for buying the dips, but I also set up my DCA with twice monthly buys of Bitcoin, and I'm yet to see a better or easier interface for buying Bitcoin.

简洁的交易视图提供全套工具，通过清晰美观的界面助你理解并投资比特币。了解更多请访问gemini.com。好，进入正题——Shinobi带来迟到的月度更新（本应在五月发布，因优质内容太多排期延后）。

With a streamlined trading view, you have access to all the tools you need to understand Bitcoin and start investing all through one clear, attractive interface. If you wanna find out more, please head over to gemini.com, which is gemini.com. Okay. So onto the show, and Shinobi is back for his monthly update, and it's a little late. This should have gone out in May, but there were so many great shows that we just didn't have time to get this one out.

今天Shinobi将探讨比特币最热点且重要的协议与共识变更。如大家所知，Taproot即将锁定。这个酝酿已久的升级（Shinobi说实际讨论了约八年）终于临近。虽然进展看似缓慢——这也常遭山寨币玩家诟病——但正因比特币极难改变且需漫长过程。

Anyway, today, Shinobi is running through a really topical and important aspect of Bitcoin, changes to the protocol and consensus. As loads of you have already seen, Taproot is getting locked in. The change is coming soon, and this upgrade has been talked about for such a long time. I think Shinobi said around eight years ago, actually, in total, so we're finally getting close. Now this might seem really slow, and it is an area where shitcoiners are constantly criticizing Bitcoin for, the fact that it's incredibly hard to change and takes a long time.

所以我和Shinobi要探讨为何这实际上是比特币的基础构件，是一个特性而非缺陷。而且你知道，既然请Shinobi来节目谈共识机制，就不得不提到矿业委员会和比特币亿万富翁的影响力。不出所料，他直言不讳。希望你喜欢本期节目，有任何反馈随时联系我。

So Shinobi and I get into why, in fact, this is really a fundamental building block of Bitcoin and a feature, not a bug. And, you know, I couldn't have Shinobi on the show to talk about consensus without getting into the mining council and the influence of Bitcoin billionaires. And as you would expect, he does not hold back. Now I hope you enjoy this show. If you got any feedback, you wanna reach out to me.

你知道的，可以通过hello@whatbitcoindid.com联系我。好了，现在交给Shinobi。

You know you can. It's hello at what bitcoin did dot com. Anyway, over to Shinobi.

早上好Shinobi，宿醉感觉如何？

Good morning, Shinobi. How is the hangover?

今天这个还算可以。能感觉到但还不至于动弹不得，具体看情况吧。

It's it's it's a decent one today. You know, it's noticeable, but not quite incapacitating. I mean, we'll see how it goes.

或许我们可以一起培养个宿醉？能聊聊你在迈阿密的事吗？

Perhaps we will perhaps we'll build a hangover together in can we talk about you being in Miami?

想象一下

Just think

这个场景。没错，你会戴着秘密伪装躲在迈阿密，但我一定会找到你。我们要一起喝杯啤酒。

about that. Yeah. You're gonna be in Miami secretly hiding with your with your secret disguise, but I'm gonna find you. We're gonna have a beer.

你可以喝很多啤酒。

You can have many beers.

我们有很多啤酒。很多啤酒。不过没你平时喝的多，因为我还得工作。而你却在度假晒太阳。我真的得工作。

We have many beers. Many beers. Well, not as many as you normally have because I've gotta work. You are just there holidaying it and sunning yourself. I've actually gotta work.

总之，听着。这一周太疯狂了。人们会期待我问你一些事情，但我真的想专注于今天的节目。

Anyway, listen. It's been a wild week. People are gonna expect me to ask you about some of this stuff, but I I really wanna focus on today's show.

我退出，彼得。我拒绝。不。做

I quit, Peter. I refuse No. To do

我想专注于今天的节目，因为正如你所说，我们今天讨论的是共识变更。对于那些想了解比特币技术的人来说，这是个非常重要的主题。我们会在节目最后讨论其他一些历史性内容，因为你能讲得比我好。我的意思是，虽然我想自己来，但我们会放在最后讨论。不过今天我们主要讲共识变更。这是你的选择。

I wanna I wanna focus on today's show, because as you rightly said, the stuff we're talking about is today is consensus changes. This is, like, a very important subject for people who are wanting to understand about Bitcoin tech, and we will cover some of the stuff the other stuff towards the end of the show, because there is some historical stuff that I just want you to run through because you'll do a better job than me. I mean, I I just want it for me, but we'll cover them that at the end. But we're doing consensus changes today. This was your choice.

这是你的决定，我认为这是我们之前节目自然的发展，你知道那些节目很受欢迎。但为什么你觉得——为什么讨论共识变更对你很重要？我有三个问题：什么是共识变更？所有比特币用户都需要了解这个吗？

This was your decision, and I think it's a good natural progression from the other shows we've been doing, which, as you know, have been very popular. But why do you think well, why was it important for you to cover consensus changes? I've got three questions. What are consensus changes? And does everybody like, do all Bitcoiners really need to know this?

显然，很大一部分原因是我们现在还不能讨论的那个话题，但考虑到我们正在激活一个新功能，我认为深入探讨这个非常重要。其次，这其实就是添加规则。传统上有两种方式——我们稍后会深入探讨——来改变规则：要么扩展规则，允许之前不允许的事情（这属于硬分叉）；要么限制规则，停止允许之前允许的事情（这属于软分叉）。

Well, obviously, a big part of the reason why is the thing we can't talk about till the end of the show going on right now, but I just thought, you know, given the fact that we are currently activating a new feature, this would be a really important thing to get into. And then two, really, it's it's just adding rules. I mean, and traditionally, there are two ways. We'll we'll get deep into the meat of this later in the show to kind of change the rules. You can either expand them and allow something that was not allowed before, which would be a hard fork, or you can restrict them and kind of stop allowing something that was allowed before, and that's a soft fork.

所以你可以朝两个不同的方向走，要么让规则更严格，要么更宽松。但规则的核心思想是，比如我可以锁定我的币，只有我的密钥才能移动它们。假设我们想要一个新功能，允许你在交易中输入任何偶数时就能花费这些币。虽然我实在想不出为什么要做这种蠢事，这样大家的币都会被偷走，但我们必须通过共识变更来实现。

So you can kind of go in two different directions and kind of make the rules more restrictive or less restrictive. But the the general idea with rules is, you know, like, I can lock my coins so that only my key will will move them. Well, let's say, I don't know, we want some new feature that will let you spend those coins as long as you put any even number in the transaction. You know, I I don't know why on earth we'd wanna do something silly like that. Everyone's coins would get stolen if they used it, but we would have to go through a consensus change for that.

也就是说，我们必须通过软分叉或硬分叉引入这条新规则，并让所有人都运行它。否则，你根本不需要输入任何数字就能花费这些币，因为没人会强制执行这条规则。

Like, we we would have to either soft or hard fork that new rule in and get everybody running it. Otherwise, you know, you don't just spend that with an even number. Like, you could just spend that with no number because no one's enforcing the rule.

好吧，我觉得有些听众可能已经听得一头雾水了——Shinobi，你到底在说什么？所以我们需要拆解一下这个问题。

Well, okay. I think there's gonna be some people listening who are already like, I have no idea, Shinobi, what what the hell are you talking about. So I think we have to break this down

你的类比怎么样？

How is your analogy?

超级简单，一步一步来。我认为起点是要解释什么是共识规则，为什么比特币需要它们，以及节点如何执行这些规则。也许我们可以从节点回顾开始，讲讲什么是节点及其功能。

Super simple step by step. And I think the starting point too is to ex explain what consensus rules are, why they exist in Bitcoin, and and and how they are like, how nodes enforce those rules. So maybe a starting point is is just to do a a node recap, what a node is and what it does.

节点就是你运行的那台小机器，它实际接收区块链中的区块并检查所有内容，确保它们遵守规则。比如验证每笔交易的签名是否有效，确保没人盗用他们没有密钥的币，验证新区块的工作量证明是否符合难度目标值——所有这些细节都是为了确保没人破坏系统规则。而这一切能运作的唯一原因，本质上就是每个人都在独立的机器上运行着彼此兼容的规则。比特币网络的整个理念，其实就是所有人自主运行节点来执行这些与他人兼容的规则所产生的结果。

Well, the the node is the little machine you run that is actually getting blocks in the blockchain and checking all the contents to make sure they're following rules. So to make sure that every signature for every transaction is valid, that nobody's stealing coins they don't have the keys to, you know, making sure that the proof of work on the block that comes in is actually valid against the difficulty target. All the little things that make sure no one's breaking the rules of the system. And the only reason all of this works is essentially that everybody's running rules that are compatible together on a separate machine. So the the whole idea of the Bitcoin network is literally just a result that all these people all on their own are running a node enforcing these rules that is compatible with everyone else's.

这就是比特币网络存在的唯一基础——所有人运行着相同的规则。而矿工在这个体系中的角色就是...

And that is the sole single thing that makes the Bitcoin network is just the same rules everybody running them. And where miners come into this picture is just the

让我们先坚持这一点。再次强调，我会尽量保持简单。对于那些刚接触比特币的人来说，我们实际上讨论的是让系统去中心化的设计。对吧？

main Let's stick with that for a second. Again, I'm gonna as you know, I'd always keep it super simple. So for people who who might have only just gone into Bitcoin, what we're really talking about is the design of the system that allows it to be decentralized. Right?

是的。就像每个人都在独立执行这些规则，并100%自主地检查传入的区块。没有权威机构，全靠你自己。

Yeah. Like, everybody is enforcing these rules and checking the the blocks that come in against them a 100% independently. Like, there's there's no authority You're doing it yourself.

对。我要分开讲，因为听众可能有两类：一类很可能是不运行节点的用户，他们在无意中使用别人的节点；另一类是运行节点的用户。运行节点的人会理解这些，但那些在交易所买币或用硬件钱包却不运行节点的人，可能没意识到他们能收发比特币的唯一原因，是因为交易所替他们运行了节点。

Yeah. And I'm gonna just separate it, because there's going to be two types of users that are listening. Those who are most likely, those who are listening who aren't operating a node, and therefore are using somebody else's without realizing it, and those that are operating a node. So those operating a node will understand a bunch of this, but there there will be people who are buying coins on exchanges or holding on a hardware wallet and not running a node. But they probably don't realize that the only way they can send and receive Bitcoin is because the exchange they're using is running a node.

所以本质上，他们是在使用别人的节点，硬件钱包同理。如果他们不运行节点，就依赖别人的节点——正是这个节点网络保持了比特币的去中心化。

So that by virtue, you they're using their node, and similar with a hardware wallet. So if they're again, if they're not running a node, they're relying on somebody else's, but the it's the network of nodes which keeps Bitcoin decentralized.

嗯。最重要的是每个人都有能力运行节点。如果你不能在自己的电脑上启动并运行节点，就无法真正参与网络，也无法独立验证任何事。

Mhmm. And most importantly, the ability for everybody to run one. Like, if you can't actually spin that node up and run that on your own computer, then you can't partake in that network. You can't verify anything yourself.

呃，容我说完。我的意思是，只要你使用别人的节点，就无法真正参与其中。

Well well, bear with me. I mean, you can't partake in it as long as you use somebody else's node.

但问题不在于作为网络上的对等节点。

But what was Not that as a peer on the network.

要知道，你并非网络中的对等节点，你只是在使用别人的节点。嗯。所以我只想强调最基础的概念：向人们解释这就是网络和节点，无论你是自己运行一个节点，还是使用提供节点服务的平台，所有人都在发送和接收信息，因为节点存在。而要保持网络的去中心化和正常运转，所有节点必须达成共识。

You know what You're not a peer on the network. You're using somebody else's peer. Mhmm. So I I just wanna keep to that absolute basics of trying to explain to people that it is the network and nodes, whether you are running one yourself, or whether you are using a service which operates a node itself, everybody is sending and receiving because the nodes exist. And to keep the network decentralized and functioning, they all have to be in agreement with each other.

嗯。然后矿工的作用就是收集人们提交的交易，打包成区块，并附上工作量证明。他们把区块广播到网络，所有节点接收后都会验证。关键在于，如果区块无效——比如包含错误交易或违反规则——那么这个矿工就赚不到钱，因为没有节点、商户或交易所会接受该区块挖出的币，因为其中存在无效内容。

Mhmm. And then, you know, where where miners come into this is they're just kind of grabbing transactions people throw at them, putting them in a block, and stamping that with proof of work. And, you know, they spit that out to the network. It arrives at everybody's nodes and they validate it. But the idea is, you know, if that's not a valid block, if something in that block is a incorrect transaction or broke some rule, then that miner earns no money because nobody running that node, no business, no exchange, anything will actually accept the coins that that miner mined because something is invalid in that block.

这导致整个区块无效，包括矿工刚挖到的收益。这两点结合起来就是：比特币网络之所以能凝聚，唯一原因在于所有人都遵循相同规则。矿工遵守规则是因为不遵守就赚不到钱——这就是维系比特币网络的唯一纽带，全靠人们以兼容的方式行事才能正常运转。

So it makes that block invalid, which makes everything in that block invalid, including what the miner just earned mining. And that's literally these two things together. The only reason you have that cohesive Bitcoin network is everyone runs the same rules, and miners follow those rules because if they don't, then they don't earn any money. That that is literally the only thing that holds the Bitcoin network together, is just people doing these things in a compatible way and that just working out.

用最基础的方式来说（请指正我是否准确），比特币网络本质上就是区块链，即层层堆叠的区块链。如你所说，矿工负责创建区块、打包交易。而一旦区块被挖出，就由节点来接收、验证并共同确认其有效性。

So in its most basic form, tell me if I'm correct, but so people can understand is that the Bitcoin network, really, in in its most basic form, is the blockchain, the chain of blocks building on top of each other. It is the nine it is the miner that goes to create the block, as you said, pulling all the transactions in. And once a block is found, it is the nodes that accept it, validate it, and all agree that that is a valid block.

嗯。举个现成的例子——比如BCH（比特币现金），他们修改了规则，扩大区块容量，导致与比特币网络不兼容而分裂。选择挖BCH的矿工现在挖的是另一条区块链，只有运行不同规则的节点才会接受。当BCH区块首次出现在比特币节点面前时，节点直接拒绝了。

Mhmm. And, you know, to kinda real quick, like, give an example of, like, just how this holds itself together like this, like, Bcash, Bitcoin Cash, is a perfect example of they changed rules. They they expanded the block size and made themselves not compatible with the rest of the Bitcoin network, and so that split. And all the miners who chose to go mine on that are mining on their different blockchain now that is only accepted by different nodes, and that is just entirely because they pick different rules. And so when that Bitcoin Cash block first showed up to Bitcoin nodes, they went, no.

它们会说：'这是无效的，不符合我们的规则。'但那些升级到BCH节点的人看到这个区块时会说：'没问题，这符合我们的规则。'

Like, this is invalid. This is not following our rules. But all the people who upgraded to a Bitcoin cash node, they saw that block come in, and they went, no. Okay. This is a okay.

就这样，两者因规则分歧分裂成不同的币。只要人们选择不同规则，就可能发生链分裂。我们节目后续要讨论的各种共识规则升级方案，每一种都存在链分裂的可能性——虽然不一定会像BCH那样持久分裂。

Like, this fits our rules perfectly, and those two things split off into their own coin because people chose, like, okay. Like, we want different rules, so we're gonna run those different rules and things split in half. And that can always happen. Like, under like, all the different ways to upgrade consensus rules, the stuff we're gonna get into in the show, every single one of them comes with the possibility that you have the chain split into two separate things like that. And now that doesn't always mean that it will happen persistently like with Bitcoin Cash.

比如，区块链会分裂成两条，并且永远保持分裂状态。但无论你如何尝试改变共识规则，始终存在链分裂的风险。我的意思是，某些方式可能风险较小，其他方式风险较大，但这个风险始终存在。

Like, the chain will split in two, and it will stay split in two forever. But no matter what you're doing to try to change consensus rules, there is always the risk that that that chain can split in half. And, I mean, the risk might be less with some ways, might be more with others, but that risk is always going to be there.

好的。节点本身持有区块链，这是我的理解。这是它们唯一存在的地方。成千上万甚至可能数十万个节点，每个都持有一份区块链的副本。

Okay. So the nodes themselves hold the blockchain. That's how I understand it. That's the only place they exist. The thousands, maybe tens of thousands of nodes that that exist out there all hold a copy of the blockchain.

当矿工挖出一个区块时，他们会为所有节点创建这个区块，让节点将其添加到各自的区块链中。节点收到区块后首先会检查它是否符合规则。如果违反任何规则，该区块将被拒绝。但如果完全遵守规则，它将成为区块链上的新区块，矿工们就会开始挖掘下一个区块。

And when the miner mines a block, they create the block for the nodes for all the nodes to add add it to their blockchain. And the first thing the nodes do when they receive a block is they check whether it follows the rules. If it breaks any of the rules, that block will be rejected. But if it follows the rules exactly, that will be the new block that's built upon the blockchain, and the miners will start mining the next block.

嗯。

Mhmm.

正确。好的。我们稍后会讨论硬分叉，因为有不同类型。但如果一个矿工...这里就涉及到博弈论了。

Correct. Okay. Great. And we'll we'll come to hard forks because there's different types. But if a miner and and this is where the game theory plays in.

对吧？目前矿工大约能获得...我想想...200...对，加上4...我刚才说的是大约24万美元的区块奖励，此外还能获得矿工费。所以对于听众来说...

Right? A miner will will currently earn, what is it, about 200 yeah. And 4 That's what I said. About $240,000 in block reward, and they will then earn the mining fees on top. So for people listening

这是比特币啊。是6.25个比特币。谁在乎它值多少美元？

It's it's this is Bitcoin. It's 6.25 Bitcoin. Who cares how many dollars for it?

是的。但他们支付电费时可能用的是美元，而非比特币。关键是要明白，这正是博弈论至关重要的地方。挖出一个区块非常困难，因为所有矿工都在竞争。但如果矿工犯错或试图欺骗系统，该区块将被拒绝。

Yeah. But they pay they pay their electricity bills probably in dollars, not Bitcoin. But just for those understanding is that this is where the the game theory is really important. It's very hard to mine a block because all the miners are competing. But if a miner makes a mistake or tries to cheat the system, that block will be rejected.

因此，他们将错失6.25枚比特币（目前价值约24万美元），同时也拿不到挖矿奖励——据我所知这部分额外奖励大约占20%。这个理解对吗？

Therefore, they miss out on the 6.25 Bitcoin, which is worth about $240,000 now, and they also miss out on the mining rewards, which I understand to be about 20% on top. Is that about correct?

这个数值会根据手续费市场波动，不过，

The it kinda ebbs and flows based on the fee market, but,

你知道，这不过是

you know, it's just

个冷知识。实际上在2017年曾有过一段时期，矿工通过手续费获得的收入超过了区块奖励。

random random fact. There actually has been in 2017 a time period where miners earned more in fees than they did in the Coinbase reward in 2017.

好的。所以我们分开看：矿工既获得区块奖励，又获得交易手续费（即你我转账比特币时支付的费用）。总之，一旦区块被接受并加入区块链，据我理解90个区块后矿工就能收到收益。正是这种机制保证了网络诚信——节点强制执行共识规则，矿工必须遵守这些规则。

Okay. So we separate them. They get a they get the block reward, and then they get the, they get the transactional fees, which is the fees you and I pay when we send each other Bitcoin. But but anyway, so what happens is once that block is accepted, it's added to the blockchain, and then 90 blocks later, as I understand it, that miner receives their payout. But that this is what keeps the network honest, is that the nodes enforce the consensus rules, and the miners have to keep to those rules.

如果他们违规，区块就不会被添加，他们也将失去奖励。

And if they break it, the block isn't added, and they lose their reward.

嗯。虽然我认为成熟期是144个区块，或者准确说应该是100个，100个吧。是的。

Mhmm. Although, I do think that the maturation period is a 144 blocks or you know, a 100 a 100, I think, actually. Yeah.

我觉得是90。如果我知道而你不知道，那就太有意思了。

I think it's 90. If I know this and you don't, that's gonna be amazing.

我坚持认为是100。

I'm sticking with a 100.

我跟你赌一晚的啤酒。我这就查查看。

I'm gonna bet you a night on the beers on this. I'm checking.

看来我今晚能喝免费啤酒了。

So I just got free beer.

好吧。我再确认下，但你可能说对了。行吧，我欠你一次夜宵。

Right. I'm gonna double check that, but I think you might be right. Okay. I owe you a night out.

没错。

Yes.

我很确定。我一直以为是90个区块。

I'm pretty sure. I always thought it was 90 blocks.

1美元0，先生。你打算花多少法币给我买啤酒？

$1.00 0, sir. How much fiat you're gonna be spending on beers for me?

好的。那么矿工发现区块后是如何将其广播到网络的，节点又是如何分发该区块的？这个过程具体发生了什么？

Okay. So how is that block broadcast to the network by the miner once they found it, and how do the nodes distribute that? What actually happens in that process?

他们实际上就是把它发送给连接到的每个节点。就像，网络上的每个节点总是连接到其他节点，并来回传递人们转发的交易之类的东西。矿工一发现区块，就会从实际的硬件操作者传到矿池及其节点，然后该节点就会将其传播到网络的其余部分。一旦每个人都验证了工作量证明和内容有效，他们就会把它传给下一个节点，再下一个节点。通常，一个区块会以这种方式在几秒钟内传遍整个网络。

They literally just send it to every node connected to them. Like, every node on the network is always connected to other nodes and kind of passing back, like, transactions people are relaying, things like that. The second a miner finds a block that goes from the actual hardware operator to the mining pool and its node, and then that node just spits it out to the rest of the network. And then as soon as everybody validates that the proof of work is valid and the contents are valid, they just spit that out to the next node and to the next node and to the next node. And you usually, a block will propagate through the whole network in a a couple of seconds that way.

好的。那么为什么我们要有十分钟的区块时间？

Okay. So why is it that we have ten minute block times?

嗯，我可以俏皮地耍个聪明，说这与光速限制和地球直径有关，然后拿出白板开始涂写一些有趣的数学符号。但实际上，你必须有足够的时间，不仅让区块到达其他所有人，还要让他们在下一个区块到来之前验证它。你知道，这样想可能有点傻，但这也是我们设置区块大小限制和十分钟区块时间间隔的重要原因之一。因为你可以构造非常复杂、需要计算机很长时间验证的交易。你可以把时间推到普通台式机验证一个区块需要几分钟的程度。想象一下，如果我们有一分钟的区块时间，一些恶意的混蛋可能会制造一堆需要两三分钟验证的复杂交易。由于大约每分钟都有一个新区块到来，大多数人永远无法赶上区块链的顶端。

Well, I could be a cheeky smartass and say it has to do with the speed of light limit and the diameter of Earth and then pull out a whiteboard and start scribbling funny math symbols, But it's pretty much just you have to have enough time in order for that to not only get to everybody else, but for them to validate it before the next block comes in. And, you know, it it might seem kind of silly to think about it this way, but this is one of the big reasons we have the block size limit as well as, like, the the ten minute block time interval because you can construct transactions that are very complicated and take a long time for your computer to verify. And you can kind of push up to the point of a couple minutes that it'll take a normal desktop computer to verify a block. And so imagine if we had like one minute block times, some malicious dickhead could come along and start making a bunch of those complicated transactions that take, like, two or three minutes to verify. And because a block comes in every minute roughly, like most people will never catch up to the tip of the blockchain.

就像他们永远无法真正验证它。所以那十分钟的存在是因为你需要足够长的时间间隔来保证人们能够接收、验证并跟上进度。如果区块间隔太快，那么实际上任何人都无法验证链或与其他节点保持同步。就像当埃隆提出让狗狗币的区块更快、更大的想法时，他的建议实际上会破坏狗狗币网络。

Like they'll never actually be able to verify it. And so that ten minutes is there because you you need that long enough period between things to guarantee that people can get it, can verify it, and keep up with things. And if something's too fast in terms of block intervals, then it's literally going to be impossible for anybody to verify the chain or keep in sync with other nodes. Like like when like Elon kind of brought up the idea of, like, make blocks faster, make them bigger on Dogecoin. His suggestion for that literally would have broken the the Dogecoin network.

如果区块像这样每六秒就涌入一个可能高达10兆字节的数据块，大多数电脑根本无法跟上这种速度。人们将无法运行节点并实际验证任何内容。因此，这个时间间隔对于人们能否做到这一点至关重要。

It would have been like blocks coming in like every six seconds that were 10 megabytes big potentially. Most computers couldn't keep up with that. Like, people would not be able to run a node and actually verify anything. So, like, that that interval is super important to people being able to do that.

对于刚接触比特币的新人来说，如果技术背景不强，可能很难理解这个概念：比特币网络试图构建的是一个去中心化的价值转移网络。我们可以分层讨论——之前聊过闪电网络——但比特币基础区块链构建的是一个结算层，它具备高度安全性，同时提供最终结算。为了维持这种去中心化特性，当年爆发了区块大小战争，目的就是尽可能保持区块小型化。因为一旦超过1MB区块，数据传播量必然增加，这将导致能自行运行全节点的人数减少。

And this is a hard concept for new people getting into Bitcoin, perhaps if they're not the most technical to understand here, is that what the Bitcoin network is trying to do is create a decentralized network of value transfer. And we can get into layers. We've discussed Lightning previously, but what we're building here with the Bitcoin baseline blockchain is a settlement layer, one where you have high levels of security, but but you do also have final settlement. And to maintain that decentralization, that this is why the block wars were fought, to keep the block size as small as possible. Because once you go beyond one megabyte blocks, we know that that's going to increase the amount of data that has to propagate, and that is going to reduce the number of people who themselves can spin up a node.

嗯。如果人们无法做到这一点，那这和PayPal之类的服务又有多大区别呢？

Mhmm. And if people can't do that, then how is this much different than something like PayPal?

正是如此。正是通过让我们都能用旧笔记本运行节点，才能共同验证整个区块链，才能确信收到的比特币真实有效且已完成最终结算。这就是杰克·马勒斯这三周一直向我强调的结算层本质。但区块传播时间的存在——虽然常被人诟病速度慢——是为了让网络有充分时间处理每个区块。这才造就了一个去中心化、完全无需信任（抱歉口误）、高度安全的结算层。

Exactly. It's by allowing us all to run a node on an old laptop that we can all validate the entire blockchain and that we can all trust that when we receive Bitcoin, that it is real, and we receive full and final settlement. This is the settlement layer, as Jack Mallers has been telling me for the last three weeks. But also with that block time propagation, because people talk about it being slow, that exists so that the network has time to fully process each block. And this is what allows us to have a decentralized, fully trusted, highly secure sorry, fully trustless, highly secure settlement layer.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所有标榜交易更快更便宜的神奇区块链，本质上都是在用去中心化和安全性做交换。

And every other magical blockchain which is offered faster or cheaper transactions is making a trade off against essentially decentralization and security.

没错。我的意思是，但凡调整区块大小或间隔时间，就必然会影响去中心化特性。嗯。

Yeah. I mean, there there is no way to play with something like the block size or block intervals without messing with decentralization. Mhmm.

好的。太棒了。那么我们来谈谈这些共识规则，让大家了解它们是什么以及为什么存在。具体来说，就是矿工挖出了一个区块。

Yeah. Cool. Okay. So let's talk about some of these consensus rules, just so people have an understanding of what they are and why they exist. So, specifically, a miner has mined a block.

它需要构建这些区块。我们能举几个他们必须遵循的简单规则例子吗？

It has to construct those block those blocks. What are can we give a couple examples of very simple rules they must follow?

显然，作为矿工，你必须达到哈希区块的难度目标。所以首先，这个目标必须是正确有效的。区块哈希必须有足够的前导零来满足目标，否则节点会直接忽略。另外，签名验证也很重要。如果矿工在区块中放入了一笔没有有效签名的交易，花费的币没有合法签名，那整个区块就是无效的。

Well, obviously, as a miner, there's going to be the difficulty target that you have to hit hashing a block. So first thing, that has to be correct and valid. There has to be enough leading zeros on the block hash to meet that target or goodbye, nodes are going to ignore that. Also, obviously, signature checking. If a miner puts a transaction in a block that doesn't have a valid signature for all the coins being spent, that's invalid.

我们重点说说这个，因为这很关键。区块本质上就是一组交易记录，它会被添加到账本中。所有不同的交易都被包含在这个区块里。

Let's talk about that one because that's important. Right? So the block itself is a it's essentially a set of transactions. It's adding to the ledger. All different transactions have been included in that block.

但如果签名不正确，就意味着有人试图欺骗系统。对吧？这可能会制造出虚假的比特币。

But if a signature is incorrect, that is somebody attempting to cheat the system. Right? Create fake Bitcoin potentially.

嗯。100%的节点都会完全拒绝它。这除了区块头本身的难度要求外，是验证区块时最核心的规则之一。不过这个话题其实还涉及更深层的内容。

Mhmm. And a 100% of nodes will completely ignore it. Like, that that is one of the most core rules that is applied to validating a block aside from the difficulty itself on the actual block header. But then So some it gets kinda deeper.

我想说的是，如果矿工试图通过放入虚假比特币来欺骗系统——比如给自己控制的地址发放奖励——这根本行不通。节点会拒绝它，矿工不仅无法让区块被接受，还会失去他们的Coinbase奖励和交易手续费。

Well, I was gonna say if a miner tries to cheat the system by putting some fake Bitcoin in there that they're Wouldn't work. Rewarding themselves to an address they own, the the nodes will reject it, and then they will lose not only will that not get accepted, but the they will also miss out on their reward of their Coinbase reward and their transactions.

这种情况过去确实也发生过。我反应很快——最初的区块奖励是50比特币。第一次减半降到25比特币时，一群矿工曾试图运行修改后的代码，想把奖励永久维持在50比特币，结果他们的区块被全网彻底无视。他们最终屈服了，显然没能永久改变区块奖励。

This actually has happened in the past too. I'm really quick. The original block reward was 50 Bitcoin. And during the first halving when that dropped to 25, a bunch of miners actually tried running modified code that just kept the reward as 50 Bitcoin forever, and their blocks were completely ignored by everyone else. They caved, and obviously, they did not change the block reward to 50 Bitcoin forever.

不过我这样理解对吗：如果他们调低区块奖励，区块就能通过验证？比如现在是6.25，如果设为5就能通过，但要是设为7就不行？

Am I right in thinking though, if they set the block reward to lower, the the the block will validate? So for example, it's 6.25 now. But if they set it to five, it will validate. But if they try and set it to seven, it won't.

没错。矿工可以自由处理他们的铸币奖励。比如可以领取部分奖励，或者完全不领——你本来就没有义务必须领取这笔奖励。

Yeah. Miners can do whatever they want with their coinbase reward. Like, can claim some of it, not claim all of it. Like, you don't have to claim that reward. You just

只是不能...不能凭空创造更多。

You just can't. You can't create more.

但回到规则层面，技术细节其实要复杂得多。本质上交易就是个脚本程序，普通交易的程序逻辑很简单，就写着：'这是公钥...'

But then, you know, back to to rules, though. It also gets a lot more complicated and deeper at a technical level. Like, really, at the end of the day, a transaction is just a script, like a little program. And like most normal transactions, like the little program just says, like, hey. Here's a public key.

验证签名确保它来自这个公钥。但脚本能实现更复杂的功能：比如设置时间锁，让币在特定区块高度或时间点之前无法花费；也能创建哈希锁这种闪电网络HTLC使用的基础构件。这些复杂程序也有规则限制，比如脚本大小上限，节点验证时的计算量阈值——超过就会判定'计算需求过高'。

Like, check a signature and make sure it came from this public key. But you can do a lot more complicated stuff with that. Like, you you can time lock things so that you cannot spend a coin before a certain block height or before a certain time has been passed. You can make the the hash lock, like, primitive that the Lightning Network uses for the HTLCs. And so all of these more complicated kind of programs you can make, there are also rules on how big those can be, like size limits, how many computations a node will run to validate something before it just goes, this is requiring me to compute too much.

除了'没有有效签名就不能花费'这种基本规则，还有更多技术性限制。这些限制归根结底是为了确保全网节点都能承担验证成本——不仅是区块大小限制，单笔交易体积、UTXO中的脚本大小等都受到约束。

So aside from all the obvious things, you know, like, don't spend without a valid signature. Like, you you kind of have a lot more technical things like that that kind of restrict things. And those types of things come back to, like, everybody has to be able to afford to validate this. So, like, it it's not just the block size that's kind of doing that. You also have limitations on how big an individual transaction can be or the script, like, in an actual UTXO and things like that.

嗯，我认为这是一个很好的高层次概述。

And yeah. I I think I think that's a a good high level view of things.

但让我们谈谈有人如何通过创建无效区块并运行验证该区块的节点来欺骗系统。我们实际上在讨论链分叉及其后果。可能会出现一种情况，矿工创建了一个无效区块，为自己生成大量比特币，并且该区块可能被某个节点验证。但如果其他所有节点都拒绝它，该区块仅存在于那个节点上，他们可以继续创建新区块并添加到该节点。但本质上，他们在那时已经创造了一种新币，因为链已经分叉了。

But let's let's talk about how somebody may try and cheat the system by operating by creating an invalid block, but also running a node which validates that block. And we're really talking about chain splits here and what happens there. But there could be a scenario where a miner creates an invalid block whereby they create a bunch of Bitcoin for themselves, and they that could be validated by a node. But if all other nodes reject it, that block only exists on that node, and they can keep creating new blocks and keep adding it to that node. But essentially, they've created a new coin at that point because the chain is split.

嗯，除非有人愿意购买那种币，否则他们赚不到钱。

Mhmm. And they will make no money unless people want to buy that coin.

没错。所以他们可以独自尝试，但创造一种可能有价值的新币的唯一方法，实际上是进行某种协调分叉，比如Bcash。是的，Bcash相对于比特币不断贬值，但在那时，可以说存在某种社会共识，人们想要一种功能不同的新币。于是他们制定了一套新规则，创建了新节点。

Exactly. So they can try it on their own, but the only way to create a new coin which might have value is actually to have some kind of coordinated split like Bcash. Yes, Bcash keeps losing value relevant to Bitcoin, but at that point, there was, let's say, some form of social consensus where people wanted a different coin, which did something different. So they created a new set of rules. They created new nodes.

一群人运行那些节点，一群矿工挖矿。这实质上将网络一分为二，创造了这种新币。那时，一些交易所愿意允许其交易，然后市场通过交易决定了该币的价值——相比比特币持续下跌。但你只能通过让其他节点运行不同规则来创建一个无效区块。

A bunch of people run those nodes. A bunch of miners mined them. And that essentially just split the network in two and created this new coin. And at that point, some of the exchanges were willing to allow that to trade, and then the market, through trading, decided the value of that coin, which is continually dropping compared to Bitcoin. But you can only create you can only create an well, I'm saying an invalid block.

你只能通过让其他节点运行不同规则来创建一个具有不同规则的区块。

You can only create a a block with different rules by having other nodes which run them.

嗯，是的。比如，如果没有某个节点愿意接受那个区块并且有人购买它，那么按照不同规则挖矿的矿工基本上就是在烧钱。

Mhmm. Yeah. Like, if if there is not some node out there that will accept that block and somebody to buy it, then a miner, like, mining under different rules, and they're just lighting money on fire, essentially.

另一个重要部分是交易所，因为交易所决定了市场价格。如果有人分叉区块链并创建新币种，那么一旦该币种开始交易，其真实价值就会显现。

So another important part to this is also the exchanges, because the exchanges are what give the market price. So if somebody was to split the train chain and create a new coin, then once that coin is traded, that that will tell the real value.

嗯。如果没有这个，确实很难真正在任何地方取得成功。如果市场无法定价，矿工就无法获得报酬，也就无法继续挖矿。

Mhmm. And and without that, like, there there is no real way to kind of do that and actually succeed anywhere. Like, if the market can't price that, then the miners can't get paid, and they can't keep mining.

讨论这个话题时，一个重要观点是人们应该去查阅历史，阅读关于区块大小战争的内容。BigMex写了一篇非常详实的历史记录，我会将其放入节目备注中。这涉及到当时讨论的SegWit 2x分叉。那是在2017年，有一群人想要增加区块大小，这需要新的共识规则，可能导致链上分裂。

Well, an an important point to discuss with this is that people should go and do their history and go and read about the block size wars. There's a very good history of that written by BigMex, which will I'll include in the show notes. But this was regarding the SegWit two x fork that was discussed. So this was back in 2017, where there was a group of people who wanted to increase the block size, which required new consensus rules. This would have led to a split in the chain.

有人希望它发生，有人不希望。很明显某些矿工会挖一条链，另一些则挖另一条。但最有趣的是——虽然我记不清是哪家交易所——有家交易所允许人们交易这些币种的期货。你可以根据这个新币种交易期货价格，这意味着他们基本上可以设定自己愿意支付的价格。

Some people wanted it to happen. Some people didn't. So there was it was quite obvious that certain miners would mine one chain, and some would mine the other. But what was really interesting with that is when I can't remember the exchange, but one of the exchange allowed people to trade futures on those coins. So you could trade futures prices off this new new coin, which means they could basically set what they're willing to pay for it.

与比特币价格相比，那个价格大幅下跌，这某种程度上是人们投票表示他们不太信任这个新币种。你觉得这样说公平吗？

And that price dropped heavily compared to the price of Bitcoin, which was a way of people almost voting that they didn't believe in this coin as much. Would you say that's fair?

是的。我记得有几家交易所这么做了，但我很确定Bitfinex是第一个。

Yeah. I think I think a couple exchanges did that, but I'm pretty sure Bitfinex was the first one too.

这种情况某种程度上导致了分叉的失败，因为人们给这个币种的定价低于原始比特币。

So and that kind of led part and part to that was part contributed to the the failure of the fork because people were pricing this coin as less valuable than the original Bitcoin.

嗯。而且，是的，我是说，你知道，像那样的期货市场，我认为，如果事情发展到那一步，可能是最好的工具。就像，如果人们真的想分裂，那就无法避免。这可以说是最简单、最干净的方式来衡量支持程度，同时避免操纵的可能性。毕竟，你不能假装把比特币押上赌桌。

Mhmm. And, yeah, I mean, you know, futures markets like that, I think, are probably the best tool if things come to that point. Like, if people really do want to split, there's no getting around it. Like, that is the simplest, cleanest way to kind of gauge the level of support there without opening things up to manipulation. Like, you can't fake putting Bitcoin on the line.

好的。关于挖矿，我们还有其他需要讨论的吗？要不要谈谈孤块，它们是什么以及意味着什么？

Okay. With regards to mining, is there anything else we need to discuss? Should we discuss orphan blocks, what they are and what that means?

嗯，是的，我觉得我们现在可以讨论这个。你看，矿工挖出一个区块后，会把它广播给整个网络，网络会验证这个区块。然后所有收到这个区块的矿工都会停止当前的工作，开始在这个新区块上继续挖矿。但总有可能因为矿工找到区块是完全随机的，两个矿工同时找到一个区块。

Well, yeah, I think we could do that now. So, you know, obviously, a miner mines a block. They spit it out to the whole rest of the network, and they the network verifies it. And then all the miners out there who've gotten that stop mining what they're mining and start mining a new block on top of that. Well, there's always the potential because when a miner finds a block, it's completely random that two miners find a block at the same time.

当这种情况发生时，他们都会把区块发送到网络，网络的一部分会先收到一个区块，另一部分则会先收到另一个。直到下一个区块出现之前，实际上并没有一个明确的链顶端。也就是说，在某个矿工在这两个区块之一上找到下一个区块之前，关于当前余额是没有共识的。然后这就决定了这两个冲突区块中哪一个会被保留下来。而另一个则不会进入区块链，那个矿工也得不到任何报酬，基本上就像那个区块从未存在过一样。

And when that happens, they're both going to send it out to the network, and some part of the network is going to get one block first, the other part of the network is going to get the other one first. And until the next block comes in, there isn't really a tip of the chain. Like, there isn't consensus on, like, what the current balance is until some miner finds the next block on top of one of those two, and then that decides which one of those conflicting blocks sticks around. And then the other one doesn't make it into the blockchain. That miner earns no money for that, and it's almost like that block would it never existed, essentially.

而且，你知道，这种事情有时就是会自然发生。区块该来的时候就会来，有时候就会出现这种情况。但总的来说就是这么简单，尽管这可能会成为软分叉实施方式中的一个潜在问题。

And, you know, this this kind of just happens as a a matter of course sometimes. You know, it's blocks come in when they come in. Sometimes that happens. But, you know, it it's really just that simple in general, although that that probably will come up as a potential issue with a few ways that you can do soft works.

对。所以如果出现孤块，创建那个被孤立的区块的矿工就再也拿不到他们的区块奖励了。

Right. So if there is an orphan block, the miner that created the block with it that became orphaned off no longer receives their block reward.

嗯。是的。它基本上就从区块链上消失了，就像从未发生过一样。

Mhmm. Yeah. It it just it it disappears essentially from the blockchain like it never happened.

这就是为什么我们要等待100个区块才能花费Coinbase奖励吗？

And is this why we have this 100 block wait for them to be able to spend their Coinbase rewards?

没错。因为总有可能出现孤块，比如发生重组之类的。这主要是为了防止矿工耍花招，试图欺骗人们，然后那个区块消失了，那些钱其实不存在。

Exactly. Because there there is always the potential something gets orphaned, you know, a reorg happens, blah blah blah. And so that's specifically so miners can't play games and and try to, you know, con people, and then, oh, that block disappeared. That wasn't real money.

所以我们或许该谈谈确认数，让大家明白其含义。如果你使用某些软件或交易所，当你转出比特币时，他们会等待收到特定数量的确认后才允许你使用。实际上这些确认数就是网络上层叠的区块数量。

So we should probably talk about confirmations here so people understand what that means. So if you're using certain software or certain exchanges, when you send Bitcoin out, and they will make they will wait till they've received a certain number of confirmations till they allow you to spend it. But that really those confirmations are the number of blocks that have been built on top of the network.

嗯。

Mhmm.

对，就是这样运作的。他们这样做的主要原因是——虽然我知道有人用3个确认，甚至疯狂到只用1个确认——但普遍共识是6个确认。因为6个区块深度的重组极不可能发生，而单区块重组虽然概率低但仍有可能。

That's yeah. That that's how that works. Now the reason they do that is and the reason most go I I think the kind of general consensus is six, although I know some use three. There are some people who like, crazy people who use one. But the reason they do that is because a reorganization of the blocks six blocks deep is very unlikely, whereas, you know, like a one block reorganization, it it it still unlikely can happen.

嗯，完全正确。这其实是挖矿的核心逻辑，一切都基于概率。严格来说，链尖那个最新产生的区块，99%的情况下就是有效区块。

Mhmm. Exactly. You know, this is kind of a core part of mining. It's all based on probability. So really speaking, like, the tip of the chain, the most recent block that just came in right now, in all likelihood, 99% of the time, that is the block.

看着那个区块，你就知道每个人的比特币余额。但如果出现孤块，那个刚给你转账的人就能把钱转回自己账户，而你永远收不到款——因为你以为第一个区块就足够了。所以大额交易尤其需要等待额外确认，因为每个叠加的区块都会使回滚操作呈指数级地更困难、成本更高。

Look at that block, you'll know what everyone's Bitcoin balance is. But then an orphan happens. And then, oh, the guy who just sent you money, you know, sends it back to himself, and you never get paid because you just assumed that first block was good enough. And so especially with large amounts of money, especially, like that that's the convention for waiting for those extra blocks built on top. Because every block that comes on top of the one before it, it makes it exponentially harder and more expensive to kind of go back and undo things.

所以一旦你在顶部有了那几个额外的区块，是的，你就不用担心什么了，除非整个比特币网络有什么可担心的。

So once you have those couple of extra blocks on top, yeah, you you don't have anything to worry about unless the entire Bitcoin network has something to worry about.

是的。一个很好的例子就是BitRefill公司。我不记得他们用的是零确认还是一次确认，但他们可能实际上用的是零确认。但大多数人从BitRefill买东西时，金额是5美元、10美元、20美元。通常数额很小，他们计算过这种情况发生的概率非常非常低。

Yeah. And a good example of that is the company BitRefill. I can't remember if they use zero or one confirmation, but they might actually use zero confirmations. But most people, when they're buying something from BitRefill, it's $5.10, $20. It's usually a pretty low number, and they've done the calculation that the number of times this will happen is very, very unlikely.

因此，他们可以承担极少数情况下接受零区块确认的成本。但如果你要发送比如1万、10万，你会想等待6个甚至更多区块的确认。

Therefore, they can swallow the cost for the very rare times where they've accepted zero block confirmations. But if you were sending, you know, a 10,000, a 100,000, you're going to want to wait, you know, six, maybe even even higher number of blocks for confirmation.

嗯。是的。就像我的生意，我们绝不接受任何零确认的交易。除非至少有一次确认，否则我们不会发货。当然，这是你自己的选择。

Mhmm. Yeah. Like, my my business, we do not accept zero comp for anything. Like, until there is at least one confirmation on something, nothing is getting shipped anywhere. Now obviously, it's your own choice.

你知道，如果BitRefill做了计算，那对他们来说是可接受的边际。这是他们的选择。但确实，对20美元接受零确认和几千美元是完全不同的概念。

You know, if BitRefill did the math, then that's an acceptable margin for them. It's their choice to make. But, yeah, definitely, it is wildly different to say, be fine with zero comp for, like, $20. But, yeah, don't play games like that when you're talking thousands of dollars or something.

接下来，我会和Shinobi更多讨论比特币共识。但在那之前，我收到了我们精彩节目赞助商的消息。好的，让我们从Casa开始，这是存储比特币最安全的方式。

Next up, I talk to Shinobi more about Bitcoin consensus. But before that, I got a message from my amazing show sponsors. Okay. Let's kick off with Casa, the safest way to store your Bitcoin. Okay.

忘记密码、SIM卡劫持、钓鱼攻击，你的比特币有太多方式可能丢失或被盗。但有了Casa，你再也不用担心你的比特币，因为Casa的多重签名钱包让你保管比特币的同时，只有通过多个钱包签名才能转移资金，这些钱包分布在不同的地方，保护你免受各种错误和漏洞的影响。如果你想了解更多或有任何问题，可以通过邮件或私信联系我，我会回复你。现在是升级比特币安全措施、获得完全安心感的最佳时机。

Forgotten passwords, SIM swaps, phishing attacks. There are too many ways that your Bitcoin can be lost and stolen. But with Casa, you never need to worry about your Bitcoin again because a Casa multisig wallet allows you to custody your Bitcoin but only move Bitcoin by signing transactions from multiple wallets, ones which you distribute into different locations, protecting you from a range of mistakes, errors, and vulnerabilities. If you wanna find out more about this, you got any questions, you can hit me up on my email or DM, and I will get back to you. There is no better time to upgrade your Bitcoin security and get total peace of mind.

你可以在keys.casa（也就是keys.casa）上了解更多信息。接下来我们介绍sportsbet.io，我们确实做到了。我们原本想赠送一辆2021款兰博特比特币汽车，但获奖情侣决定以比特币形式领取奖品。没错，他们获得了价值25万美元的比特币。

You can find out more at keys.casa, which is keys.casa. Next up, we have sportsbet.io, and so we did it. Well, we tried to give away a Lambert Bitcoin 2021, but the couple who won the car decided to take their prize in Bitcoin. Yes. They got a cool $250,000 worth of Bitcoin.

知道最酷的是什么吗？原来他们两周后就要结婚了。这成了这对新人超棒的婚前礼物。我对获奖者感到非常开心，这故事太酷了，那天太美妙了，我衷心祝福他们。

And do you know what? The coolest thing about this, it turns out they were actually getting married in two weeks. So this became an awesome early wedding present for the couple. I'm so happy about who won it. It was such a cool story, such an amazing day, and I I wish them the best.

他们居然邀请我参加婚礼，这太棒了。总之非常感谢Sportsbet举办这次活动。如果你对Sports Bet感兴趣，他们涵盖了所有你可能关注的市场——足球、网球、美国体育、赛车运动，甚至电子竞技都有。

They actually said I could come to their wedding, which was very cool. Anyway, big thanks to Sportsbet for doing this. And now if you are interested in checking out Sports Bet, they do have every market you could possibly be interested in. They cover football, tennis, American sports, motorsports. They even cover esports.

新用户总能享受各种促销活动。若想了解更多，请访问sportsbet.i0/promotions（即sp0rtsbet.i0/promotions）。本周我们将以Exodus钱包作为结尾，这是我正在使用的比特币移动/桌面钱包。众所周知用户体验对我至关重要，当我试用Exodus应用时，他们做得非常出色。

And for new customers, they always have a range of promotions available. If wanna you find out more, please head over to sportsbet.i0/promotions, which is sp0rtsbet.i0/promotions. And this week, we're going to be finishing off with Exodus wallet, who I am using as my mobile and desktop wallet for Bitcoin. Now as you know, UX is super important to me. So when Exodus reached Now, I spent some time playing with the app, and they crushed it.

他们的使用体验堪称完美，我很乐意向亲友推荐Exodus钱包。Exodus桌面钱包能让你在一个精美应用中安全管理比特币。移动钱包则支持通过二维码或地址安全收发，并会自动校验所有地址。如果想亲自体验，请访问exodus.com或在应用商店搜索Exodus。

They crushed the experience, and I am happy to recommend the Exodus wallet to my friends and family. Now the Exodus desktop wallet gives you a way to secure and manage your Bitcoin in one beautiful application. And with their mobile wallet, you can send and receive safely using QR codes or addresses, knowing that Exodus automatically checks all addresses for errors. If you wanna find out yourself and check it out, please head over to exodus.com or search for Exodus in the Google or Apple App Store.

好的，我们既有共识规则，也有围绕系统升级形成的社会共识。能否聊聊升级流程之类的细节？

Okay. So we have the rules of consensus, but we also have this kind of social consensus, that builds around upgrades to the system. Can we talk about how upgrades happen, the process, yada yada?

这个话题很有意思，我觉得会让很多人感到反直觉。这里我会稍微提到Taproot来说明观点——Taproot其实是两件事：一是升级标准隔离见证的Schnorr签名，二是Merkelized抽象语法树（MAST）。最酷的是可以隐藏所有支付条件只显示当前使用的，但这两项技术从2013年起就一直在开发者间讨论了。

Well, so this is this is an interesting topic that I think is gonna be very counterintuitive, to a lot of people. And I will slightly mention taproot here just to kind of make a point. Taproot is actually two things. It is the snore signatures that is upgrading standard SegWit stuff, and then it's MAST, Merkelized Abstract Syntax Tree. So that's the cool thing where you can bury all the different spending conditions and only show the one that you're using, But both of those things have been discussed amongst developers since literally 2013.

比如，你上bitcoin talk点org网站，会看到像Peter Todd、Adam Back这样的人，甚至比特币的宿敌Mike Hearn，都在讨论诸如Schnorr签名这类能大幅优化性能的技术，还有让有趣功能成为可能的默克尔化抽象语法树。所以现在人们可能会四处张望然后欢呼——Taproot，酷炫的新技术。但实际上这两个概念都是开发者们八年前甚至更早就开始讨论的旧想法了。我必须再三强调这一点。

Like, you go on bitcoin talk dot org, you know, you'll find people like Peter Todd, like Adam Back, even Mike Hearn, the evil enemy of Bitcoin that he was, discussing things like Schnorr signatures and how much that could optimize things, the Merkelized abstract syntax tree that lets fun stuff happen. So people might look around right now and go, yay, Taproot. Cool new thing. But both of those are literally two ideas put together that are eight years old or more as far as ideas developers have talked about. And I I cannot stress this enough.

当你试图衡量一个升级提案的共识时，这不是民主制度。绝对不是。这不是投票，不是多数决胜负。事情不是这样运作的。

When you're trying to gauge consensus for an upgrade proposal, it is not a democracy. Absolutely not. It is not voting. It is not majority wins. That is not how things are done.

整个过程中衡量这些事物的方式叫做'粗略共识'。这个概念其实源自互联网工程任务组（IETF）——这个负责制定互联网协议标准的重要组织。核心理念就是：我提出一个想法，现在任何人都可以提出批评。任何人。然后我们开始辩论这个想法。

And the whole the whole way, and process for kind of gauging these things is rough consensus. And this is actually something that comes from the Internet engineering task force, one of the big bodies that actually standardizes all the protocols and stuff for the Internet. And pretty much the idea is, I propose an idea, and now anybody can bring criticism to that idea. Anybody. Now we debate this idea.

我们会审视所有批评，唯一的限制就是：只要不是纯粹捣乱，任何批评都有效。如果你是在理性论证，有正当的批评理由，而不是在恶意挑刺或浪费时间，就必须予以回应。在这种流程中，你不能收到批评却不回应，不解决批评指出的问题。所以总体原则是：当一个想法被提出后，经过充分批评和讨论，所有合理批评都得到了解答、解决方案或解释说明为什么这不算问题——只要这些批评被理性回应了，这个想法就达成了共识。

We we go through all of the criticism, and pretty much the only kind of restriction here is any criticism is valid as long as it's not just total trolling. Like, if you are actually making a reasoned argument, you have a reason to criticize something, you're not just concern trolling or wasting time, that has to be addressed. Like, you are not allowed to receive criticism in this kind of process and not address it, not answer the the problems that that criticism brings up. And so the general idea is something is considered to have consensus or rough consensus if the idea was proposed, it was criticized and discussed thoroughly, and all of the reasonable criticism was addressed with answers or solutions or a reason why that's not the problem somebody thought it was. And as long as all of that criticism was addressed rationally, that idea has consensus.

然而，如果还存在未被回应的实质性批评，那么这个想法就没有达成共识。

However, if there's if there's still though, like, outstanding criticism that has not been addressed, like, legitimate criticism, then that idea does not have consensus.

我们举个实例吧。以隔离见证（SegWit）为例。这个比特币网络升级提案既能支持闪电网络支付，又能增加区块权重。谈谈这个流程：有人提出了这个想法。

So let's talk about an example. Let's use SegWit as the example. SegWit was a proposed upgrade to the Bitcoin network, which would help support and enable Lightning payments, but also would increase the block weight of of the blocks. Talk about that as a process. Somebody proposed the idea.

它作为提案被讨论，最终达成了共识。你提到只要没有未解决的批评就算通过，但什么才算有效的未决批评呢？

It was discussed as an idea, and consensus was eventually achieved. You mentioned that as long as there isn't any outstanding criticism, but what is valid outstanding criticism?

批评。这是如何

Criticism. How is

被评判的，还是因为我们生活在去中心化的方式中，这实际上只是归结为一种普遍的感觉？比如，这是怎么运作的？

this judged, or is it because we live in a decentralized way, it really just comes down to a general kind of feeling? Like, how does that work?

这只是理性。我的意思是，隔离见证（SegWit）的主要原因之一不仅仅是为了闪电网络，还包括任何具有相同需求的东西。因为你存在这个问题——交易延展性。在隔离见证之前，我可以制作一笔比特币交易，签署它，但也可以玩弄它。

It's it's just rationality. I mean, like, you know, part of a big part of the reason for SegWit was the not just the Lightning Network, but also anything like it that had the same kind of requirements. Because you you you have this issue, malleability. And before SegWit, like, I could make a Bitcoin transaction. I could sign it, but I could play games with it.

比如，假设我签署了这笔交易，然后你从中获取一个输出，并基于此签署另一笔交易。我可以玩弄签名，但它仍然有效，并且会改变交易ID。由于比特币中的每笔交易都必须指向上一笔交易的链条，我改变了交易ID，导致你基于该交易制作的交易现在无效，因为交易ID因我的操作而不同。隔离见证的核心思想是以不同方式处理交易，使其不成为交易ID的一部分。这样，如果我玩弄它，不会改变交易的本质，也不会使基于它构建的任何东西失效。

So, like, let's say I sign this transaction, and then you you take an output in that that I'm giving to you, and you sign another transaction based off of that. I could, like, play with the signature, but it would still be valid, and it would change that transaction ID. And because your transaction and every transaction in Bitcoin has to point to the last one in kind of the chain of transactions where the coins that it's spending came from, I changed that transaction ID so that transaction that you made spending off of that one is invalid now because the transaction ID is different because I played this game with it. The the whole core idea behind SegWit was to handle the transaction differently so that it's not part of that transaction ID. So that if I go play games with that, it does not change the idea of the transaction that I'm playing with, and it does not invalidate anything built on top of that.

现在，你知道，围绕这一点有很多乐趣和胡言乱语。比如，签名仍然存在，只是数据组合方式不同。他们对隔离见证的所谓批评之一是，移除签名会让任何人都能在没有签名的情况下花费他人的币。这其中有一点点道理，但大部分完全是胡说八道。

And now, you know, there there is a lot of just fun and nonsense around that. Like, you know, there's still a signature there. It's just put together differently in terms of data. And, like, one of their, quote, criticisms of SegWit was that removing the signature would let anybody spend anybody's coins without signatures. And there there is a little kernel of truth there, but it's mostly complete horse shit.

其中的一点点道理是，当你在软分叉中添加这样的新功能时，其运作方式本质上是通过比特币脚本中未定义的操作码或程序片段。它们目前没有任何作用。当我们添加新功能时，我们会定义这些并部署它。但尚未升级的人没有这个新定义，所以他们不知道发生了什么。他们只是盲目信任任何使用它的东西。

And the kernel of truth is that when you add a new feature like that in a soft fork, the way that that works is there are essentially kind of op codes or or, you know, program pieces in Bitcoin script that are not defined. They don't do anything right now. And when we add a new feature, we kind of define those and then deploy it. But the people who haven't upgraded yet, they don't have that new definition, so they don't know what's going on there. They just trust anything that uses it no matter what.

所以，如果大多数节点、大多数矿工，几乎没有人真正升级到隔离见证，然后有人创建了一个隔离见证UTXO，是的，任何人都可以在没有密钥的情况下窃取那枚币。但这适用于任何软分叉，包括过去进行得很顺利的软分叉。所以，你看隔离见证，它显然有些争议。但归根结底，所有反对它的论点都是这样的。这不是理性的论点。

And so now if most nodes, if most miners, if almost nobody actually upgraded to SegWit and then somebody created a SegWit UTXO, yeah, anybody could steal that coin without the keys. But that goes for literally any soft fork, including past soft forks that went just fine. So, you know, you you look at SegWit, and it was it was obviously kind of contentious. But at the end of the day, all the arguments against it were things like that. Like, that's not a rational argument.

你在这里有点歪曲事实，试图反对隔离见证。然后就是所谓的粗略共识。但你就像直接无视了，因为这根本不是一个诚实理性的论点。

Like, you're kind of distorting the truth here to try to argue against segwit. And so rough consensus. But it's like, you just ignore that because it's it's not an honest rational argument.

但我想说的是，没有一个客观的方法来衡量是否达成了共识。想法被提出后，会经过测试和挑战。即使有人反对，甚至是强烈反对，只要足够多的人认为批评已被回应且值得去做，人们就会开始着手开发，不管是否存在个别不喜欢的人。嗯，所以他们可以尽情投入工作。

But but what I'm saying is there's no objective way of measuring whether consensus has been achieved. I guess the idea gets pitched, and it gets tested, it gets challenged. And even if there is people who oppose it, quite vocal opposition, if enough people feel that the the criticism has been answered and it's worth doing, people will just start working on developing it, whether or not there is that outlier who might not like it. Mhmm. So they can work on it as much as they want.

他们可以提交代码。但让我们谈谈代码的接受度。我们如何真正达到被接受的那一步？

They can commit the code. But let's talk about acceptance of the code. How do we actually get to that point where it is accepted?

嗯，人们得开始运行它。不过，是的，我觉得我们有点接近如何协调所有这些事情的点了。

Well, people have to start running it. But, yeah, I I think we're kinda getting towards the point of how do we coordinate all this stuff.

是的。这一切是如何协调的？

Yep. How is this all coordinated?

就像我在节目开始时说的，有软分叉和硬分叉。软分叉会比现有规则更严格，而硬分叉则会放宽规则。我认为我们应该从软分叉开始，比特币的大多数升级都是这么做的。有些人可能会争论——

Well, you know, like like I said at the start of the show, you have a soft fork and a hard fork. You know, a soft fork will restrict the rules more than they are now, and a hard fork will expand them. I I think we should start with soft forks. That's the super majority of the upgrades Bitcoins have done. Some people Let's would argue

打断一下。抱歉。为了明确起见，有软分叉和硬分叉。区分这两者能让人们理解它们为何不同。

preempt that. Sorry. So just to make it clear, there are soft forks and hard forks. Just differentiate the two so people understand why why they are different.

关键在于你是要限制规则还是放宽规则。比如，是禁止过去允许的事情，还是允许过去禁止的事情。

Well, it's it's the whether you're restricting the rules or expanding them more. Like, whether you're not allowing something that used to be allowed or whether you're going to allow something that was previously not allowed.

但重要区别在于硬分叉...抱歉，软分叉是向后兼容的，嗯。而硬分叉不是。

But but the important difference being is that a hard fork in yeah. Sorry. A soft fork is backwards compatible Mhmm. And a hard fork isn't.

正确。好的。

Correct. Okay.

我这样理解对吗——比特币从未发生过硬分叉？我记不清了。

And am I right in thinking we've never had a hard fork in Bitcoin? I can't remember.

这其实是个热议话题。我认为有两起事件被部分开发者称为硬分叉，但我个人不认为那些被标记为硬分叉的情况属实。这话题水很深。好吧。

That is actually a hotly debated thing. There are, I think, two instances where some developers call things a hard fork. I personally do not think that the things labeled hard forks were. I mean, that that's a whole can of worms. Okay.

这个我们改天再讨论。但可以肯定的是，我们很久没有硬分叉了。让我简单解释下为什么硬分叉如此具有挑战性。

We we do that another time. But but but certainly, we haven't had a hard fork for a long time. And let's explain just very quickly why a hard fork is so challenging.

所有人都必须立即升级，否则实际上会产生两种新币。没有向后兼容性，也没有缓冲期。硬分叉就是硬分叉——当分叉点到达时，完成升级的人进入新链，未升级的人留在原链。

Everybody has to upgrade at once or you de facto get two new coins. Like, there is no backwards compatibility. There is no grace period. If you'd hard fork, this is the hard fork. When that point is reached, anybody who's upgraded forks off, anybody who doesn't stays where they are.

这条链百分之百会分裂成两条。至于是否会持续分裂状态，尚有争议，但分裂是必然的。

It is 100% guaranteed that that chain will split into two. And now whether it stays that way or not, that's up for debate, but it will split.

确实会分裂——即便所有矿工都升级了，但如果部分节点不升级呢？

It will and it will split because will it split even if all miners upgrade, but say some nodes don't?

没错。每个未升级的节点都将停止接收新区块。那条区块链将停止增长，那些节点会永远卡在那里，等待一个永远不会到来的区块。

Yeah. Every node that doesn't upgrade will stop receiving blocks. That blockchain will stop growing, and those nodes will just sit there forever waiting for a block that will never come.

所以某种程度上，那时矿工全员升级更为关键。节点自身决定权在握——若他们甘愿守着一条死链，那是他们的选择。但矿工若不升级...我在想，协调所有矿工升级可能比协调节点更容易，毕竟许多节点运营者未必会每日关注动态，而矿工则...

So in some ways, it's more important at that point that all miners upgrade. It's up to the nodes themselves because if they want to have a dead chain, that's that's up to them. But if if if a miner doesn't upgrade, there's because what I'm kinda thinking is that it's probably easier to coordinate all miners to upgrade than it is nodes because there are lots of people out there who who are probably running nodes who might not keep an eye on everything on day to day, whereas No. The miners You have

必须让所有人同时升级。仅矿工升级解决不了问题，这关乎商业生态。任何未升级的企业，其整个业务都会崩溃，就像多米诺骨牌般坍塌。

to have everybody upgrade at once. Like, the just doing miners doesn't solve anything because you're you're talking businesses, the economy. Like, anybody who doesn't upgrade, their whole business breaks. Like, everything falls apart.

我的意思是，即便你能取得所有矿工的升级共识，也能让大多数节点同意升级，总会有少数滞后者——可能还没腾出时间更新软件。

What I'm what I'm saying is then, whilst you might get consensus from all miners to upgrade, and you might have consensus of, you know, the majority of nodes to upgrade, there's gonna be a few outliers who just haven't got around to it yet, maybe haven't upgraded their software.

呃，如果他们根本不在使用，那其实无关紧要懂吗？就像运行一个节点却闲置不用，那它存在与否没区别。

Well, I mean, that's irrelevant if they're not using it. You know what I mean? Like, if if you're running a node and you're not using it for anything, then it it might as well not exist.

举个例子，我现在要离开五周。如果升级发生了，但我的节点没有升级，就会有一个静态的死节点无法生成新区块。我回来后可以随时升级并同步。但在我看来，真正的危险在于——实际上有两重风险：一是矿工分裂并开始挖不同的链。

Well, for example, now I'm away for five weeks. If the upgrade happened, but I didn't upgrade my node, I would have a static dead node with no new blocks being generated. I can always upgrade it when I get back and catch up. But I it feels to me the real danger is well, there's two dangers. There's dangers if miners split and they start mining separate chains.

这是个问题。或者矿工想升级，但大多数节点不愿意。

That's a problem. Or if miners want to upgrade, but the majority of nodes don't.

这归根结底要看市场反应。如果所有矿工都升级到硬分叉，而企业和用户都不跟进，没人会想买那个新分叉币。矿工就赚不到钱。如果他们是经济理性的，就会关闭硬分叉，转回去挖人们真正想买的币。

Well, I mean, that comes down to what are they gonna do in the market. If all the miners upgrade to a hard fork and none of the businesses, none of the users do, nobody wants to buy that new fork coin probably. So those miners aren't gonna make any money. And if they're rational economically, they're gonna turn off the hard fork, and they're gonna go back to mining what people actually wanna buy.

这正是UASF事件的情况。我常建议人们去研究区块大小战争，特别是UASF。当时许多矿工表态支持s2x升级——将区块扩容到2MB。但这是经济驱动的。而用户群体——由一位神秘的比特币地下领袖带领——

Well, so this is what happened with UASF. So, again, I've said to people they should go and look into the block size wars. Specifically, they should go and look into UASF, because at that point, the miners, a lot of miners, were signaling to do the upgrade, the s two x upgrade, to upgrade to two megabyte blocks. But that was economically driven. The users themselves, led by a a shadowy underground Bitcoin guy and

他们只是自发组织，并没有真正的领导者。

Led by no one except themselves.

用户自发组织。但UASF运动对节点的启示是：如果用户不支持，矿工就会受损。这成为维持1MB区块大小的主要支撑力量。不过我想说的是...

Led by themselves. But, you know, the UASF upgrade to the movement for the nodes was that if the users don't support this, then this is bad for miners. So so that was a big support for maintaining the one megabyte block size. But I'm what I'm

我们应该转向软分叉，因为BIP148等提案的核心就在于此。正如你之前所说，软分叉是向后兼容的。硬分叉必然导致网络分裂，而软分叉没有这种必然性——虽然仍有可能，但不像硬分叉那样注定分裂。比特币历史上多数升级采用这种方式，正是基于这个原因。

saying is Let's shift to to soft forks because that's really what a lot of one forty eight and everything was about. But, you know, like like you said earlier, they're backwards compatible. So this guaranteed things are gonna split in half dynamic with a hard fork, that that is not a guarantee for a soft fork. Now it's still possible, but it's not guaranteed the way that a hard fork is. And the reason that most upgrades in Bitcoin's history have been done this way is specifically because of that.

比如，由于埃隆的影响，当前市值已低于万亿。要知道，这个货币网络若被腰斩，就等于在撼动一个庞大的市场。这必将引发经济连锁反应，让企业蒙受损失，很可能导致市场贬值。对于如此宝贵的网络体系，这绝对是灾难性的操作。

Like, if you take currently almost Less than because of Elon. Less than a trillion dollar market cap you know, monetary network, and you split that in half, like, you're you're screwing with a massive market. Like, that will have economic consequences that will cost businesses money. It will probably result in a devaluation in the market. That is not something you want to do with a big valuable network.

我们采用软分叉方案。历史上这类升级主要有几种方式，最早也最简单的是'旗帜日'机制。中本聪消失前部署的所有软分叉——或者说我认为是全部——都采用这种模式。具体就是在某个区块高度或指定时间点插入一行代码，从此开始强制执行新规则。

So we do softworks. And there's actually a couple of different ways that these have been done historically. Kind of the the earliest and the simplest way is just a flag day. And this is almost all of the soft forks that or actually, I think all of the soft forks that Satoshi deployed before he disappeared were done with flag days like this. It's literally just you put a line of code in there at this block height or at this day and time, just start enforcing this new rule.

这种方式非常简单直接。但问题在于你无法确切掌握升级情况。仅凭升级开关的开启，并不能反映矿工、交易所、企业及用户的实际升级比例。而这正是链分叉风险滋生的温床。

And it's very simple. It's very easy. But the problem is you don't really know who has upgraded or not in that that situation. Like, just having that turn on for anybody that upgraded, that doesn't tell you how many miners upgraded, how many exchanges and businesses upgraded, how many users upgraded. And so this is kind of where that risk of a chain split happens.

就像我之前提到的'任意花费隔离见证币'的情况，任何未被大多数经济体和矿工强制执行的新功能都存在这种风险。假设突然宣布明天启动旗帜日升级，而大批矿企并未跟进，那么别有用心者就能趁机窃取所谓的'隔离见证币'。

You know, like I said earlier with the kind of anybody can spend your coin segwit stuff, that is true for any new feature that isn't being enforced by most of the economy and most of the miners. So, you know, you do something like a flag day, you know, just, you know, tomorrow, it's turned on. And then a bunch of miners didn't upgrade. A bunch of businesses didn't upgrade. Well, some a hole can come along and steal somebody's segwitcoins, so to say.

未升级的矿工节点会照常接受这些违规交易——因为他们缺乏验证能力。他们会继续在包含盗币交易的区块上挖矿，导致升级派与非升级派之间出现链分叉。

And then those miners who haven't upgraded, they'll just accept that because they didn't upgrade. They're not validating it. They'll mine that block that just stole somebody's segwitcoins against the rules. And all the miners that haven't upgraded, they'll keep building on that block. And so you will have a chain split here between people who actually upgraded and started enforcing SegWit and those who didn't.

这正是BIP9提案诞生的背景。它本质上是种部署机制：在区块特定位置设置比特位（0或1）来标识协议版本。其核心理念是：只有当足够多矿工激活这个比特位时，新功能才会启用。这不是对功能本身的投票，而是用来统计矿工升级声明的工具。

And so, you know, that is kind of why BIP nine was created. It's pretty much a deployment mechanism where in a section of the block, there's kind of little bits, like ones and zeros that are supposed to tell you, like, the version of a block, like, version of the Bitcoin protocol is this enforcing, this made with? And the entire idea behind BIP nine was we could deploy a client that's gonna turn a new feature on, but only if miners flip that bit and if enough of the miners have. So kind of the idea here was, you know, this is not voting on whether to turn anything on whatsoever. But it's just a way to kind of gauge how many miners at least claim they've upgraded.

当多数矿工发出升级信号后，所有完成升级的节点将同步激活新规则。整套机制的设计初衷，就是通过监测升级进度来避免链分叉——防止因大量节点未升级，导致有人故意发起违规交易引发区块链分裂。

And once a majority of miners have signaled that and claimed that they upgraded, then the feature will turn on, and everybody's nodes who've upgraded will start enforcing it. And kind of the whole idea was just to to be able to gauge and figure out when most people have upgraded so that you don't have that chain split happen because a lot of people didn't, and some guy made the transaction that broke the rules because he knows it's gonna split the blockchain path.

那么我们来谈谈矿工信号。他们如何表示将激活升级？我们需要看到多大比例的矿工信号才能说‘好，可以切换了’？

So so let's talk about miner signaling. How do they signal that they are going to activate the upgrade? And what kind of percentage are we looking for of miner signaling for us to say, okay. It's ready to switch on.

其实他们就是在区块里翻转一个数据位。据我所知，大多数矿池软件都有定制功能，按个按钮就能完成。具体比例其实是个开放性问题。历史上直到隔离见证前都是要求95%通过率，他们希望绝大多数矿工都升级并发出信号后才启用新功能。

Well, they literally just flip a piece of data in the block. Actually, most mining pool software that I'm aware of literally has custom features, so they can just do that at the snap of a button. Pretty much the percentage is kind of an open question. Historically, it was deployed every time up to SegWit with a 95% requirement. You know, they wanted a super majority of all miners upgraded and signaling before turning something on.

但最近核心开发团队为Taproot设计的'快速试验'机制只要求90%。说实话这个数字可以灵活调整，只要超过半数矿工同意就行。关键是要确保绝对多数，这样如果有人违反新规则，诚实的矿工可以孤立他们的区块，避免升级用户被欺骗或跟随不想要的链。

But the most recent core deployment with Speedy Trial for Taproot only required 90%. And so, like, honestly, that that is something you you can kind of play with. Like, there there is no hard requirement there except that it'd be more than half of the miners. Like, you have to have at least a clear majority so that if none of them are lying, they would orphan a block for anybody breaking the new rule so that even people who have upgraded, like, aren't going to get cheated or follow some blockchain they don't want to be.

我在Twitter上注意到Taproot进展追踪，即使达到95%信号后人们才开始欢呼庆祝说'可以启动了'。一旦达到这个节点，具体激活时间是如何协商确定的呢？

And and so I noticed on Twitter with Taproot where people tracking miner activation, there was still after 95% of miner signaled, that was when people started to to kind of, like, leap around and celebrate and say, okay. I think we're ready to go. If once we've reached that point, how do is it then, like, agreed that at this specific time, people will activate the upgrade?

因为如果在下一个难度周期锁定90%以上的矿工信号，所有升级到最新比特币核心或UASF客户端的节点就会确保Taproot激活。强制执行将从11月开始。之所以从现在到11月留这么长间隔期，就像我说的，矿池软件可以立即发出信号，但实际升级客户端需要时间。

Because Yeah. If if this locks in in the next difficulty period with 90 plus percent miners signaling, that will lock in. Everybody who is upgraded to the newest Bitcoin Core or the UASF client out there, Taproot will be guaranteed to activate. And that will start being enforced in November. And kind of the reason, for that long delay here from now till November is, you know, like I said, mining pools, their software is set up so they can signal for upgrades, just like that and not actually have to upgrade to the new client.

我认为Taproot生效前设置长窗口期的逻辑是：先让矿工完成信号锁定，再留出充足时间让他们升级到支持Taproot的客户端——如果还没升级的话。

So I think kind of the logic here for the the long window before Taproot actually turns on is to just let miners signal and lock it in, but then have this long period before it's enforced so that miners can actually upgrade to the new client that enforces Taproot, if they haven't already.

好的，明白了。这确实很合理。有个特别棒的地方正好反驳了比特币批评者——这些人要么是山寨币狂热分子，要么是比特币新人——他们总说比特币是过时的'老古董技术'，你懂吧？

Okay. Cool. So that kinda that kinda makes sense. So one of the things that seems to be very cool about this, which does run-in opposition to some of the critics of Bitcoin, which I always see as people who who are either massive shitcoiners or or new to Bitcoin, is that they they call it they they claim that Bitcoin is old tech, boomer tech. You know?

它正被其他技术超越，那些技术发展更快。但这也是我热爱比特币的原因之一。我持有——应该说，我的大部分财富都在比特币里。我不希望它容易改变。实际上，我希望它难以改变。

It's being outcompeted by other technology, which moves faster. But But this is one of the things I love about Bitcoin. I'm holding all my well, let's say, majority of my wealth in Bitcoin. I don't want it to be easy to change. Like, I want it to be hard to change.

我只希望那些绝对必要且绝对有利于网络的改变发生。而我认为这种难以改变的特性本身就是一种优势。

I only want changes to come that are absolutely necessary and absolutely benefit the network. And this I see this being hard to change as a feature.

嗯。要知道，对听众来说，有种观点认为比特币最终会固化，变得无法再改变。我认为这终将成为现实的主要原因——至少我的想法是——想想粗略共识机制，想想我们在尝试激活某项改动前如何真正衡量共识。想想随着比特币规模扩大，这会变得多困难。如果事情不按这个方向发展，如果比特币不固化，那将非常危险。

Mhmm. You know, and for anybody listening, you know, this there there's this idea that eventually Bitcoin will ossify, and it it won't be changeable anymore. And I think a lot of the the reason, at least my thinking behind, why I think that will eventually come to be is pretty much, like, think about the rough consensus and, like, how we actually gauge consensus for the thing itself before we try to activate it. Think about how hard that's going to get the bigger Bitcoin gets. And I think if if that doesn't play out that way, if Bitcoin doesn't ossify, then that's very dangerous.

就像，如果比特币规模不断扩大，却不会随之变得更难改变，这种处境其实相当危险。你懂我意思吗？

Like, if Bitcoin just keeps getting bigger and bigger and bigger and it does not get harder to change the bigger it gets, that's kind of a dangerous situation to be in. You know what I mean?

是的，这有一定道理。我们即将迎来Taproot升级。对于这类软分叉，到它激活时是否已经过充分测试，不太可能出现灾难性漏洞？还是说在Taproot激活后会有一段时期，像你这样的人会决定暂时不转移币？

Yeah. That that kinda makes sense. I mean, we we have this taproot change coming. Is there with these soft forks, I mean, by the time it is activated, has it been so well tested that some kind of catastrophic bug is unlikely? Or will there be a period, say, after the activation of taproot, where someone like yourself will be like, I'm just not gonna just move some coins for a bit.

我只是想先观察它的运行情况。

I just wanna see see how this works.

嗯，我的意思是，漏洞风险始终存在，永远存在。但

Well, I mean, there is always the potential for bugs, always. But

当然。

Of course.

你知道的，开发者社区正在不断壮大。这段代码已经经历了一年多的审查。就像我说的，底层概念从2013年左右就开始在开发者之间反复讨论了。

You know, the developer community is getting bigger. This code has been going through review for over a year now. And like I said, the underlying concepts have been, you know, being bounced around by devs since like 2013.

对。好吧。好吧。不过还是

Right. Okay. Okay. But still

我是说，当新功能激活时，根本没必要急着立即去使用它。除非你需要那个新功能来做某些事情，否则完全不必着急。你懂我的意思吗？这不是世界末日。就像隔离见证激活时，我过了好几个月才开始把UTXO转移到隔离见证地址。

I mean, there's just no there's there is no rush whatsoever when a new feature is is activated to just go rush and use it immediately. Like, unless you want to do something that you need that new feature for, like, don't feel any rush to do that. You know what I mean? It's not the end of the world. Like, when SegWit activated, I didn't start moving UTXOs to SegWit addresses for months afterwards.

对，确实没必要太着急。

Like, it Right. It's it's not a big rush.

好的。那就让它先沉淀一下，接受测试，感受一下效果，诸如此类。那么关于Taproot，我们会得到新的Taproot地址吗？

Okay. So let let it bed in, let it be tested, get a feel for it, yada yada. So with Taproot, are we getting new Taproot addresses?

是的，简单说一下。我觉得如果在这部分不提Bitbait就太不负责任了。不过没错，我们会有一个新的地址格式。希望这是最后一次需要这样做了。

Yeah. Real quick. And then I I feel like I I would be completely irresponsible if I didn't bring up Bitbait in this section. But, yeah, we we are getting a new address format. Hopefully, this should be the last time this happens.

但Segwit采用Bech32地址的初衷就是为了降低手动复制地址时出错的风险。不过Peter Woola在实现过程中出了个小纰漏。最初这个问题被发现时，他懊恼得直捶脑袋，我觉得他道歉时过分夸大了问题的严重性。Taproot将采用改进版的Bech32来修复这个问题，之后我们就再也不需要新增地址格式了。

But the whole reason for the Beck 32 addresses that Segwit uses was kind of to make it harder to, like, screw up manually copying an address somewhere. And there there was a little goof up by Peter Woola in implementing that. And, when when this first came out, he he was, like, kicking himself over the head and, oh, I can't believe I I feel like he, like, way over blew how big the issue is in terms of, like, apologizing it. But, Taproot is gonna come with a a modified version of Beck 32 to fix that. And after that, we should never need to add a new address format ever again.

Taproot之后的所有升级都可以继续沿用这个格式。

Like, everything after Taproot can just keep using that.

好的，这很合理。我们准备好讨论Taproot了吗？

Okay. That's fair. Are we ready to talk about Taproot?

伙计们，我们得先搞定BIP8啊。

We gotta do BIPP eight, man. Guys Alright.

先解释下BIP是什么吧，毕竟有人会问'BIP8是什么意思'。

Do BIPP eight. Explain well, you should explain what a BIP is, firstly, just because people go, what what do you mean BIP eight?

比特币改进提案(BIP)，这些文件用于提议对比特币的修改，或是记录那些未被充分理解或文档化的内容。BIP9和BIP8是两种软分叉激活方案，采用不同实现方式。BIP9的问题在于矿工信号机制可能导致激活失败——

A Bitcoin improvement proposal. The these are pretty much the documents that people write up in order to propose a change to Bitcoin. Also, of just document things that might not be well understood or documented. But BIP nine and BIP eight are the two proposals for activating soft forks and different ways to do that. Now the thing with BIP nine, and the minor signaling is it can fail.

BIP9的设计逻辑是：如果在激活窗口期内矿工信号未达到预设阈值，该功能就会完全激活失败。这就给矿工留下了阻挠空间，即使全网其他节点已达成共识。而BIP8的核心理念是：前期采用类似BIP9的矿工信号机制，但在窗口期结束时，即便矿工信号不足也会强制激活。这样矿工就无法通过拒签来阻止已升级用户强制执行新特性。

Like the whole design for BIP nine is if the whatever threshold you set for miners to activate a new feature, if that isn't met in the activation window, then that feature will just completely fail to activate. So it kind of leaves the door open for miners to disrupt something or stop something from activating, even if the entire rest of the network, you know, has consensus and wants this thing. So the idea behind BIP eight, at least originally, was you pretty much do something just like BIP nine where miners can signal and it will activate based on miner signaling. But instead of kind of failing to activate at the end of that window, if miners haven't signaled enough to activate the feature at the end of the window, it'll just activate anyway. So miners cannot play games or stop users who upgraded from enforcing that feature.

他们能做的无非就是提前启动它。如果他们没有提前启动，到了激活期结束时它也会自动启动。某种程度上是的。我觉得我应该把大部分想法留到迈阿密的那场活动上再说。你知道，我想让这次讨论少些个人观点，多讲事实。

Like, all they can do is turn it on early. And if they don't turn it on early, it's gonna turn on at the end of that activation period anyway. And kind of yeah. I I feel like I should save most of my thoughts on this for that that show in Miami. You know, it's I want to keep this less about my opinion and just the facts here.

但这就是两者之间的核心区别。比如BIP九，如果矿工不发出信号，那么任何试图激活的功能都会失败。而BIP八则不同，无论矿工怎么做，到期都会强制激活。

But that's the core difference between the two of them. Like BIP nine, if miners do not signal, then whatever feature is being activated, it will just fail to activate. But with BIP eight, it will turn on at the end no matter what miners do.

好的。明白了。关于Taproot。考虑到Taproot的复杂性——它主要是后台的一系列技术升级，为开发者解锁了许多功能——我觉得我们不需要深入细节。我之前和Andrew Polstra讨论过这个话题。

Okay. Alright. So Taproot. I think knowing how complex Taproot is, and and it's mainly a lot of stuff in the background that unlocks a number of features for the techies, I don't think we know need to go into a huge amount of detail. I did cover this with Andrew Polstra.

我会把链接放在节目说明里。感兴趣的人可以去看看。就简单说说Taproot为什么重要吧。

I'll add it in the show notes. People can go check it out. Just do the shortened version of short version of why Taproot's important.

首先，Schnorr签名让我们能更高效地实现多签——原本需要多少个密钥就有多少个签名，现在只需一个。这在隐私保护和成本效益上都是巨大进步。其次是它的隐匿特性，即Merkle化的抽象语法树。这太棒了，比如我想锁定代币但确保我死后你能动用。现在我得创建包含完整脚本的大额UTXO。

Well, first off, Schnorr signatures allow us to do multisig way more efficiently so that instead of having however many signatures there are keys in a multisig, you just have one. That is a huge privacy win and a huge cost effectiveness win. And then there's the masked aspect of it, the Merkleized abstract syntax tree. That is awesome because let's say I want to lock my coins up but make sure that you can spend them if I die. Right now, I just have to make a massive UTXO that has that whole script in the UTXO.

比如，我可以用我的密钥动用，或者六个月未动时Peter可以用他的密钥动用（说明我可能死了）。这两种情况都会在链上可见，无论哪种方式动用都要支付手续费。Taproot能让我施展加密魔法隐藏后者——只有当你真的在六个月后动用时，才会暴露这个备用脚本。链上看到的只是我的密钥能支配这些币。

Like, I can spend it with my key or Peter can spend it with his key if I haven't moved this in six months because I'm probably dead. And both of those things will be visible on chain. Both of those things will will be there no matter which way it gets spent, and I have to pay fees for it. Taproot lets me do crypto magic and bury that, you know, you can spend it if I haven't moved it in six months out of that script. So all you see on chain is just my key can spend those coins.

然后我给你能动用它的信息（比如承诺该条件的taproot小树），除非你真的动用我的币，否则没人知道你有这个权限。这完全对世界隐藏，直到你实际移动这些币为止。

And then I give you the information that would let you spend it like the little taproot tree that commits to that, and nobody will ever know that you can also spend my coins unless you actually spend them. Like, that is just completely hidden from the world unless you use it to actually move those coins.

好的，这是个简单明了的解释。不过这次升级规模很大。你认为这会是最后一次重大升级吗？还是说之后人们已经在考虑启动其他工作了？

Okay. That's a good simple explanation. Okay. So this is a massive upgrade, though. It do you think this is gonna be the last big upgrade, or is there something that people are thinking about starting work on afterwards?

因为我知道这个项目已经筹备多年了。是最后一次大升级，还是我们接下来还要做什么？

Because I know this is something that's been in the works for years. Last big upgrade, or what do we go do next?

我希望不是，因为如果是的话，比特币会比我们许多人期望的更加受限、灵活性更低。比如闪电网络，如果没有人们期待的下一个功能——任意前向输出（any prevout），它就无法真正实现扩容。就像我之前说的，当你花费一笔UTXO时，实际上需要通过交易ID指向创建该UTXO的上笔交易。而任意前向输出允许你只需指向一个脚本，比如这个公钥和金额。

I hope not because if it is, then Bitcoin is going to be a lot more crippled and less flexible than a lot of us hope. Pretty sure I mean, it's just well, for one, lightning, it does not scale properly without the next feature that people want, any pre bout. So you know how I said earlier, when you spend a UTXO in a transaction, you actually have to point to the previous transaction that created that UTXO by transaction ID? Any prevout would allow you to instead of pointing at a specific transaction, you just point at a script. So like this public key and an amount.

这样你就能花费任何交易，无论其交易ID是什么，只要符合这个密钥和金额条件。这能大幅简化闪电网络的操作流程。目前每次更新通道时生成的所有预签名交易都需要保存，但有了任意前向输出，你只需保留最新版本——因为它的精妙之处在于：你可以用花费过具有特定脚本和金额的币的签名，对任何具有相同脚本和金额的交易进行其他操作。比如当一笔使用任意前向输出的旧交易上链时...

And you can spend any transaction regardless of what the transaction ID is, as long as it is that key and that amount. And so this lets you kind of streamline the Lightning Network heavily. Like right now, every pre signed transaction you make for every update to your channel you do, you have to keep all of that. With any prevout, you would only have to keep the most recent one because the the little magic of it is, you know, you can take a signature that spent a coin that has that script and that amount, and you can make any other transaction, you know, that has that same script, that same amount, do anything else with that. So, like, yeah, like, I have a transaction hitting chain that's using any prevout.

它可能没有给闪电网络参与者正确的金额分配。这时我不会惩罚他们，而是会从那笔交易中提取签名，附加到我的最新交易上。这样我就能用最新交易来花费已经过时的链上输出——但只能对后续交易这样操作。

It's old. Like, it's not giving the Lightning participants the right amount of money. Instead of penalizing them, what I would do is I would take the signature from that transaction, and then I would take my most recent transaction and attach that signature to it. And I could actually spend the out of date one that just hit chain with my most recent one. But you can only do that for a transaction that came after.

每笔交易都有个递增的序列号。当我使用最新交易时，由于不存在更高序列号的交易，就能确保资金安全。这样我只需保存这一笔交易数据，而不必保留每次通道更新的所有记录。没有这个功能，闪电网络的可扩展性和灵活性会大打折扣。这应该是开发者们正在攻关的下一个重要功能。

Like there's a little sequence number in the transaction that gets incremented up by one every time you update. So when I use the most recent one, there is no higher transaction, so I know I'm gonna get my money. So, like, all I have to do is keep that one single transaction or piece of data instead of a piece of data for every single time my Lightning channel is updated. So without that, like, Lightning is way less scalable and flexible. But that is the next big feature I think most devs are concentrating on.

我真心希望Taproot不是最后一次升级。因为如果没有这个功能，闪电网络虽然仍有价值，但效用会大打折扣。

And I really, really hope Taproot is not the last upgrade because if we don't get that, then Lightning will still be very useful, but it will be a lot less useful than it would be with that.

呃，我...我不...听起来我们肯定会得到更多升级，如果那非常重要的话。我一直在萨尔瓦多使用闪电网络，用过好几次，特别喜欢它能快速又便宜地支付。我甚至用它买咖啡，挺有意思的。不错。

Well, I I don't I I it sounds like we will definitely get more upgrades then, if that's super important. And I've been using the Lightning Network over in El Salvador. I used it a number of times and, loved the fact that I could make quick and cheap payments. And I was actually buying coffee with it, which was quite funny. Cool.

好的，我想我们已经讨论得差不多了。还有什么我们没谈到但你仍想补充的吗？因为我们已经涵盖了不少内容。

Alright. So I think we've covered it. Is there anything we've not covered here that you still want to cover? Because we've covered quite a bit.

对，我觉得我们可以稍微谈谈恶意分叉的风险。你知道，软分叉的一大好处是向后兼容，但这也可能变成坏事。比如假设70%的矿工决定要审查你，彼得。

Yeah. I I guess we could talk a little bit about the dangers of forks in terms of malicious ones. You know, like, a big benefit of soft forks is that they're backwards compatible. But that can also become a very bad thing. Like, let's say 70% of the miners, decide they're gonna censor you, Peter.

他们永远不会再挖任何包含彼得比特币交易的区块，而且会孤立任何这么做的区块。你对此无能为力。那些矿工决定实施一个只有他们执行的软分叉，让彼得的币永远无法被挖出。其他用户或企业是否执行都无所谓，因为他们控制着所有区块。即使没有其他用户或经济实体执行这条规则——因为所有矿工都这么做了——规则就生效了。

Like, they're never gonna mine one of Peter's Bitcoin transactions ever again, and they're going to orphan any block that does. Well, there's nothing you can do about that. Like, those miners have decided that they are going to do a soft fork that only they are enforcing, that Peter's coins can never be mined again. And it does not matter at all that no user, no business, like, else is enforcing that because they make all the blocks. So even though, like, nobody's running this new feature that Peter can't transact, like, no other user or economic entity is enforcing that because all the miners are, well, that's it's enforced.

你的节点不执行这条规则不重要。矿工正在用更严格的规则强制约束你，你对此束手无策。所以软分叉在向后兼容、不破坏网络的情况下升级方面非常有用。但矿工可以强制执行用户不想要的恶意分叉，在很多情况下我们确实无计可施。

It doesn't matter that your node isn't enforcing that. The miners are forcing that stricter rule on you, and there's nothing you can do about it. So, like, soft forks are very useful in terms of the backwards compatibility, upgrading things without being disruptive to the network. But miners can enforce malicious forks that users would not want, and there's not really much we can do about it in a lot of the situations.

没错。这确实需要警惕。好的，结束前我们能聊聊矿业委员会吗？

Right. Okay. Something definitely to be aware of. Okay. Before we finish, can we please talk about the mining council?

因为我真想听听你的见解，了解相关历史背景，因为对此似乎存在分歧。我个人认为埃隆·马斯克现在完全是个小丑。原因有二：首先，他能接触到任何人。我敢肯定如果他公开表态说...

Because I do just want to pick your brain, bring up any relevant historical context, because there seems to be split views on this. I naturally well, I just think Elon Musk's a fucking clown right now. The reason I think he's a clown is he two reasons. Firstly, he has access to anyone. I'm sure if he put out there and said, look.

我想寻求一些建议。我需要关于比特币方面的帮助。希望有人能站出来帮助他。我觉得如果他坐下来和像Adam Back这样的人聊聊，他就能快速学到很多比特币知识。但他选择在公开场合边犯错边学习，这也是我自己做过的事，这种经历相当残酷。

I I would like some advice. I want some help on Bitcoin. Anybody would come forward and help him. And I feel like if he sat down with somebody like Adam Back, etcetera, he would be able to learn a lot very quickly about Bitcoin. But he's choosing to lose in learn in public, something I've done myself, which is a brutal experience as well.

你和我一样清楚，我早期花了多少时间提出那些愚蠢错误的观点，并因此被狠狠抨击。但回想起来，我对此心存感激，因为

You know as much as I do how much early time I spent putting ideas out there that was stupid and wrong and got heavily shit on for it. And I'm grateful for it in in retrospect because

不过确实是在公开学习。埃隆·马斯克啊。我觉得，他背后有很多见不得人的勾当。

were actually learning in public, though. Elon Yeah. I think, has got a lot of shady shit going on.

嗯，也有这方面因素。但这段经历对我很有益，虽然过程中惹恼了不少人。不过这没关系。你知道，这就是你接触比特币必经的过程——你觉得某些地方不合逻辑，

Well, there is that as well. But but it was a healthy experience for me, but it pissed a lot of people off in the process. But that's fine. It's just you know, it's one of those experiences you go through where you discover Bitcoin. You think something doesn't make sense.

公开提出观点，遭到批评，然后去研究并完善想法。我就是这么过来的。但我一直努力保持坦诚。

You put it out publicly. You get criticized. You go and research, and you refine your ideas. That's that's how I I've done it. But I've tried to be honest about doing that.

我觉得他一方面在公开学习，但另一方面我也不完全信任他。我认为

I feel like he is part learning in public, but also I don't a 100% obviously trust him. I I I think

这都是碳积分的事。百分之百是为了碳积分。我敢保证他想搞比特币挖矿碳积分市场。特斯拉主要就靠这个赚钱。要不是碳积分，这家公司根本赚不到钱。

It's all carbon credits. This is all about carbon credits. I 100% guarantee you he wants a Bitcoin mining carbon credit market. Like, that's where Tesla makes all its money. If it weren't for carbon credits, that company would be making no money.

我猜你是对的。那就这样吧。如果这就是他的把戏，那就随他去吧。我我我觉得这不太健康。真正让我恼火的是他似乎每次都要发两条推文。

And I suspect you're right. So be it. If that's his game, so be it. I I I don't think it's particularly healthy. What really pisses me off is we seem to get two tweets at a time from him.

先是比特币推文，然后是狗狗币推文。那些狗狗币推文就是，你知道的，他基本上就是在唱多狗狗币。不管他是不是认真的，反正他正把一群盲从者带向悬崖，这些人会被收割的，因为

It will be a Bitcoin tweet, and then it will be a Doge tweet. And the Doge tweets are very you know, he's just basically bullish on Doge. Whether he means it or not is a different story, but he is leading lemmings off the cliff who will get raked as we know because

我告诉你，如果特斯拉近期私有化，那埃隆就是通过用这个垃圾币割了一群傻子的韭菜，好让他能把公司私有化。

I'll tell you this. If if Tesla goes private in the near future, then Elon just pump and dump the shitcoin on a bunch of morons so that he could take his company private.

有可能。有可能。不管他他有什么打算，随他去吧。但我看到反应不一。所以我我就是在狠狠嘲讽他，因为我我觉得他某些行为方式就是个混蛋，还有他施加的影响力。

Potentially. Potentially. Whatever he he is up to, so be it. But I've seen a mixture of responses. So I'm I'm just trolling the fuck out of him because I I just think he's a bit of a dick for some of the ways he's behaved and the influence he's exerting.

我看到有几个人说，听着。化石燃料是个问题，我我觉得这有待商榷。我知道有些人不同意。我是说，我认为这是个问题，但我也认为自由市场很重要。但其他人说，听着。

I have seen a couple of people say, look. Fossil fuse fuels are an issue, and I I think that's debatable. I know some people don't think they are. I mean, I think they are, but I also think the free market's important. But other people saying, look.

这只是一群人聚在一起同意公布他们的能源结构，很多公司本来就会这么做。

It's just a group of people who've got together to agree to publish their energy mix, which a lot of companies do anyway.

我觉得完全是胡扯。如果真是这样，当被问及碳积分时——我忘了名字——这个组织的某个成员就不会说'我无法代表委员会对此置评'。他应该说'没有'。这个回答说明他们在讨论中提到了这点。这...抱歉。

I call total bullshit. If that was true, then when asked about carbon credits, I forget his name, one of the participants in this would not have said, I can't comment on that on behalf of the council. He would have said no. That answer means that came up in that conversation. Like, this I'm sorry.

也许我就是个混蛋。我在这里毫无保留地怀疑。这些人傲慢地认为，只要召集企业董事会装模作样地表演'我们要修复比特币'就能解决一切问题。这就是本质，没有其他。

Like, maybe maybe I'm just an asshole. I give zero benefit of the doubt here. This is arrogant people who think that everything can be solved with a a call to some corporate boardroom stepping up and LARPing about we're gonna fix Bitcoin. That is what this is. It is nothing else.

历史又要重演了。

It's gonna be the same shit over again.

是啊，有可能。就像我说的，反应其实很复杂。作为经历过比特币大量历史的人，我真正想问的是——我知道会有听众，因为我已经看到回复了。

Yeah. Potentially. Like I say, there is, though, a mix of responses. The question I really wanna ask you is, as somebody who's lived through a lot of the history of Bitcoin, there will be people listening. I know there will because I've seen the replies.

所以当人们嘲讽埃隆时，不管是我还是其他人，总有一大堆人跳出来说'别他妈管闲事'、'闭嘴吧'、'埃隆对比特币有利'之类的。但同时，我也第一次看到迈克尔·塞勒遭到猛烈批评。

So when people are trolling Elon, whether it's I or other people, there's a lot of people jumping in and saying, leaving the fuck alone. Shut the fuck up. Elon's good for Bitcoin. Blah blah blah. At the same time, I've also seen Michael Saylor get heavily criticized for the first time.

我确实喜欢迈克尔，也认为他的意图是真诚的。但我也清楚他是比特币大 holder。话说回来...这类会议、这类联盟的历史背景是什么？我们为何要感到担忧？

Now I I I like Michael, and I think his intentions are honest. But I also, at the same time, am aware he's a large Bitcoin holder. By the by, whatever whatever. What is the historical context regarding meetings such as this, associations such as this? Why is it that we should be fearful?

这里到底存在什么风险？

What is at risk here?

绝不能接受让一群企业CEO来决定比特币的运作方式或问题解决方案。我不喜欢迈克尔·塞勒，他说过正确的话，在推特上给极端主义者布道。但归根结底这些都改变不了他作为受监管公司CEO的本质——为了保护投资，他会在任何必要场合跪舔监管机构。他和这个领域里我认识的大多数人初衷完全不同。

Normalizing the idea that a bunch of corporate CEOs dictate how Bitcoin works or how to handle Bitcoin's problems or like like, I I do not like Michael Saylor. He said the right things. He preaches to the Maxies on Twitter. I don't care because none of that changes at the end of the day that he is the CEO of a regulated company that will kiss regulatory ass anywhere necessary to protect his investment. Like, he is not here for the same reasons that most of the people I know in this space are here.

他不会像我认识的这个领域大多数人那样奋力抗争。故事到此结束。他是一家上市公司的CEO，他玩不起那些游戏。这里的危险在于，这个领域的真正专家、真正了解情况的人，需要停止——请原谅我的用词——对每个走进房间的名流富豪卑躬屈膝。

He will not put up the fight that most of the people I know in this space will. End of story. He's a CEO of a public company. He he can't play those games. And, like, the the danger here is, like, people in this space, the actual experts, the actual people who have been here, the actual people who know what is going on, need to stop, excuse my language, greeting every famous rich person who walks into the room with a free handjob.

因为这种行为只会给广大公众造成一种错觉，以为那些人知道自己在说什么。其实他们根本不懂。去看看迈克尔·塞勒的页面或推特，找找他发布的视频《比特币的七大网络效应》，他只是在重复特雷斯·梅耶多年来说的废话。那个多层网络理论完全是特雷斯·梅耶的东西。

Because all this is doing is creating this impression to the larger general public that people like that have any clue what they're talking about. They don't. Like, go on Michael Saylor's page or his Twitter page and look up the the video he posted, the seven network effects of Bitcoin. He's just regurgitating shit Trace Mayer said for years. Like, that whole multilayered net that's Trace Mayer.

他只是在复述特雷斯·梅耶说过的话。

Like, he he's just repeating what Trace Mayer said.

好吧。我暂时对迈克尔·塞勒保留判断，因为如我所说，他对比特币的快速理解以及公开坚定捍卫它的态度让我印象深刻。但真正的风险是什么？比特币担心这种情况会导致什么后果？

Okay. Alright. Well, I'm holding judgment back for the moment from from Mike Sailor, because like I say, I've been I have been impressed with his fast understanding of Bitcoin and his staunch defense of it very publicly. But what what is the actual risk here? What is it that Bitcoin is worried about could happen from this?

这将创建一个可能被政府控制的监管机构。他们已经在讨论根据能源类型对矿工施压。这就是公开披露最终会导致的结果。想象一下后续发展：不够环保的矿工可能被课以重税，或者无法获批开展业务。

Well, this is gonna create a regulatory body that can be captured by the government. They're already talking about pressuring miners based on different energy sources. That that's what this disclosure will amount to publicly. So think about how that goes. Maybe miners who aren't green enough get taxed more or don't get approved for opening up an operation.

就像我说的碳信用问题。为什么比特币理事会拒绝就碳信用问题表态？因为理事会某些成员可能想要这个。归根结底，监管就是这样逐步渗透的。更不用说参与其中的某个矿池还在玩梗自称遵守OFAC规定，声称会按政府要求审查交易。

Like I said, carbon credits. Why are you refusing to comment on carbon credits on behalf of the council? Because some members of the council probably want that. And, like, ultimately, this is just how regulatory creep happens. Not to mention the fact that one of the mining pools involved with this are the jokers memeing about being OFAC compliant and, you know, we're just gonna censor transactions that the government tells us to.

事情就这么简单。问题不会在两周的新闻周期里爆发，但太多比特币玩家像僵尸一样盯着主流媒体的短期新闻。周期结束后，他们就彻底忘记之前发生的事，转向下一个热点。人们不关注长期趋势，因为'既然这个周期没爆炸，那就不是问题'——然后转眼就忘了过去两周发生了什么。

Like, it like, it's this simple. Shit does not happen in a two week news cycle, and too many Bitcoiners are focused like zombies watching the mainstream media on this two week news cycle. And when it ends, they completely forget what happened in the last one and move on to the next one. And people don't pay attention to the longer term directions and trends of things Because, oh, everything didn't explode in this news cycle, so it's not a problem onto the next one. I just forgot what happened in the last two weeks.

看吧，冷漠就是这样产生的。人们就在我们眼皮底下胡作非为却逍遥法外，就因为大家都装聋作哑——只要这周没爆炸性事件发生，就当作不存在问题。

Like, that is how apathy happens. That is how, you know, people get away with shit right in front of our eyes because everybody just pretends, like, if something doesn't explode in this week, it's not a problem.

所以这本质上是个暗藏玄机、背景可疑的滑坡陷阱，可能导致监管被某些自诩有影响力或潜在有权势的人士操控，既扭曲叙事又强行推动不利于比特币发展的议程。

So it's something potentially slippery slippery and shady in the backgrounds, a slippery slope to potential regulatory capture of a bunch of people who feel influential or who are potent potentially influential, changing both the narrative and and forcing things which aren't in the best interest of Bitcoin.

没错。他们可是矿工啊。在比特币生态里，没有比矿工更核心的角色了。

Yeah. I mean, like, they're the miners. Like, you can't get more integral to the functioning of Bitcoin than the miners.

那么问题来了——比特币玩家此刻该扮演什么角色？关心这事的人应该采取哪些行动？

So what is it? What is the role of Bitcoiners at the moment? If you care about this, what do you think people should be doing?

如果你是网络喷子，就他妈直接揭穿他们别让这些人得逞；如果你是开发者，就去研究BetterHash、Stratum v2、p2pool这些能促进挖矿去中心化的技术；要是商业人士... 我不知道，但想办法从中牟利的同时推动这个方向吧。总之行动起来就对了。

If you're a Twitter troll, call people the fuck out and don't let them get away with it. If you're a developer, start diving through things like BetterHash, Stratum v two, p two pool. Start looking at actual technology that can help decentralize mining more. Like, if you're a business guy, I don't know, but see if you can find some way to make money pushing things in that direction. But it's just like do something.

因为袖手旁观还替那些不断把局势往错误方向推的人找借口，结局肯定不会好。

Because sitting around and making excuses for people who keep nudging things in that direction, it's not gonna end well.

明白了，这可是大事。嗯哼。所以我们应该直接揭穿他们、拒绝妥协、网络围攻、质疑问责、施加压力... 但最终要逼他们做出什么改变呢？

K. So it's pretty big stuff. Mhmm. So we should call them the fuck out, not accept any of this, troll them, question them, pressure them. What are we trying to get them to do?

我们是期待矿业委员会被解散，还是期待他们公开讨论计划？你觉得这里应该发生什么？

Are we expecting the mining council be to be disbanded, or are we expecting them to publicly discuss their plans? What what what do you think should be happening here?

依我看就该废除它。虽然我们都知道这不太可能发生。所以如果你不打算废除它，那就...你想这样做吗？公开透明。

Get rid of it from my opinion. Although, we both know that's probably not gonna happen. So if you're not gonna get rid of it, yeah. You wanna do something like this? Open up.

给我们透明度。别搞这种狗屁闭门会议，然后让一个与会成员说什么'哦，我不能评论那个大家都遇到的问题，但我不会承认它存在'。简直滚蛋吧。想象一下在北美采矿还得应付碳积分这种破事。

Give us transparency. Don't give us this horseshit closed door meeting and then have one member of the meeting just, oh, I can't comment on that issue that totally came up for everybody, but I won't acknowledge it came up. Like, get the fuck out of here. Like, imagine mining in North America where you have to deal with carbon credit bullshit. Like, imagine that.

这简直就是完全搞定了监管俘获。

Like, you just completely set up regulatory capture.

好吧。那我看看能不能找人讨论这事。我认为我们应该公开向他们提出所有问题，我很想看看他们是否真的会回应。我觉得可能我已经惹毛了他们所有人，或者直接揭穿这套把戏会惹毛其中一些人。

Okay. Well, I'm gonna see if I can get anyone on to discuss it then. I think we should put all the questions to them publicly, and I'd be interested to see if they would actually do it. I do think perhaps I pissed them all off or I'll piss some of them off by just flat out calling bullshit on it. Yeah.

这事挺有意思，因为我喜欢并信任的一些人，比如尼克·卡特。我很喜欢尼克，非常信任他，我觉得他是个真正的比特币支持者。

It's an interesting one because there are people I like and trust who like Nick Carter. I, you know, I like Nick a lot. I trust him. I trust him a lot. I think he's a good Bitcoiner.

他支持比特币。但他对这个可能产生的影响力相当不屑一顾。

He supports Bitcoin. He was he was quite dismissive of how influential this could be.

这就是所谓的滑坡谬误吗？

Is that is that the slippery slope?

是的。我是说，你也知道，就像，我非常尊重尼克。真的。虽然她因为一些愚蠢的原因受到指责，但在这个问题上我根本不同意他的观点。

Yeah. I mean, you you know, and just to say too, like, I I respect Nick a lot. Yeah. Think she gets shit for a lot of idiotic reasons, but I do fundamentally disagree with him on this.

嗯，这很公平。很公平。我是说，我也会和他谈谈这件事，因为我想听听他的想法。我觉得尼克简直太棒了，能有他是我们的福气。他也是比特币领域最优秀的作家之一。

Well, that's fair. That's fair. I mean, I'm gonna talk to him about it as well because I I'd like to see what his thoughts are on it. I I think Nick is fucking great, and we're blessed to have him. He's one of the best writers on Bitcoin as well.

有趣的时代啊，Shinobi。说来好笑。在比特币圈四年是很长的时间，你待得越久，投入得越多，肯定会变成不同的人。你会更关心保护网络、减少影响力和揭穿谎言。有时候这真的非常有趣，因为有时我会想，'Pete，你该闭嘴了'。

Interesting times, Shinobi. It's funny. Four years in Bitcoin is a long time, and and you certainly become a different person the longer you stay and the more skin in the game you have. You care a lot more about protecting the network, reducing influence, and calling bullshit out. It's a it's a really it's a really interesting thing sometimes because sometimes I'm like, oh, you should shut your mouth, Pete.

你可能会惹恼赞助商，可能会得罪潜在的嘉宾，但老兄，我不知道。我觉得现在有更重要的问题需要处理，你必须站出来揭露这些事，并承担随之而来的所有指责。

You might piss sponsors off. You might piss potential guests off, but I don't know, man. I feel like I feel like there's bigger issues at hand now, and you have to call this shit out and go and take all the flack with it.

是啊。我是说，Pete，我理解谋生的必要性，但这就是为什么我从不接受任何内容赞助。我要按照自己的看法直言不讳，不会让经济利益影响这一点。

Yeah. I mean, you know, I can't knock needing to make a living, Pete, but this is why I've never done the sponsored thing with any content I make. Like, I'm gonna call shit how I see it, and I'm not putting some financial incentive between that.

是的，这很公平。很公平。好吧，老兄。那就这样吧。

Yeah. That's fair. That's fair. Alright, man. Well, listen.

这期节目太棒了。我们居然录了九十分钟，简直不可思议。很期待发布后看到大家的反馈。你知道我们下个月要做什么吗？你有提前规划吗？

Awesome episode. We've done ninety minutes, which is incredible. Look forward to getting this out there and seeing the feedback. And do you know what we're gonna do next month? Have you thought ahead?

其实还是不知道开发者是谁。如果是我过去有过节的人可能会很有趣。但我觉得下一期，我们应该邀请那位想来讨论大规模互联网基础设施的核心开发者，谈谈挖矿、网络攻击之类的话题。

Actually, still unknown who the developer was. I think that might be interesting if it's someone I have gotten into shit with in the past. But I I feel like the next one, we we should bring that core dev who wanted to come on and discuss kind of the larger Internet infrastructure in terms of mining and the network attacks and stuff.

就这么办吧，老兄。好的。太棒了。听着，我们一周多后就能见面了。

Let's do that, man. Alright. Cool. Well, listen. I'm gonna see you in just over a week.

很期待能线下聚聚，或许我在迈阿密期间我们可以现场录一期节目。

Looking forward to hanging out in person, and perhaps we'll record a show in person while I'm in Miami.

听起来不错。

Sounds good.

好的兄弟，一周后见。

Alright, dude. I will see you in a week.

嗯。好的。

Mhmm. Okay.

你怎么

What do you

觉得呢？你喜欢吗？我真的很喜欢和Shinobi一起制作这些节目。事实证明它们非常受欢迎，我收到了很多相关的邮件。

think of that? Did you enjoy that? I do love making these shows with Shinobi. They've proved to be really popular. I get a lot of emails about them.

所以，欢迎随时联系我。如果你有任何问题或后续想法，你知道在哪里能找到我。我不是技术最厉害的人，这点你们都清楚。

So look. Feel free to get in touch. If you've got any questions, you got any follow-up, you know where you can hit me up. I'm not the most technical person. You all know this.

但我总是渴望学习新东西，从节目中得到的反馈非常棒。我想很多人和我处境相似，喜欢这种拆解讲解的方式。我在迈阿密遇到了不少观众，收到了很多反馈。你们喜欢这些内容，所以请继续联系我，告诉我你们想学什么。

But I'm always looking to learn something new, and the feedback I get from the shows is really cool. I think a lot of you guys are in a similar boat to me and like having this stuff broken down. What I know so I met a bunch of you out here in Miami, and I've got a lot of feedback. You enjoy this stuff, so keep getting in touch. Keep telling me about the things you wanna learn.

我会把反馈转达给Shinobi，这将影响未来的节目内容。另外Taproot协议似乎很快就要锁定了。如果你想了解更多，我在2019年5月做过一期专门讲解Taproot的节目，那是第110期，去年四月还做了跟进内容。

I will feedback to Shinobi. This will shape the shows in the future. It also looks like we got Taproot locked in pretty soon. So if you wanna learn more about this, then I did a show all about Taproot back in May 2019. That was actually episode 110, and I did a follow-up last year in April.

那是第229期。你们可以回看那些节目。总之我嗓子有点哑了，我得走了。爱你们所有人。

That was episode two two nine. You can go back and check those out. Anyway, I'm losing my voice. I got a shoe. I love you all.

如果想联系我，可以发邮件到hello@whatbitcoindid.com，或者加入我的Telegram群组。祝大家一周愉快，我们很快会再见。

If you wanna reach out to me, you can hit me up on hello at what bitcoin did dot com or jump into my telegram group. Have a great week, and I will see you all soon.