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如果你想从节目中获得更多信息，请加入‘余下皆历史’俱乐部。
If you want more from the show, join the rest is history club.
随着圣诞节临近，你还可以为身边热爱历史的人赠送一整年的访问权限。
And with Christmas coming, you can also gift a whole year of access to the history lover in your life.
只需访问 restishistory.com 并点击‘礼品’选项。
Just head to the rest ishistory.com and click gifts.
本集由 Hive 赞助播出。
This episode is sponsored by HIVE.
英国凭借工业力量彻底改变了未来。
Britain revolutionized the future with the might of industrial power.
但现在，你可以借助 Hive 的力量，改变自己的能源未来，掌握主动权。
But now you can transform your own energy future and take control with the power of Hive.
Hive 通过太阳能电池板将阳光转化为更清洁的电力，让你将多余电力卖回电网。
Hive makes the most of the sun with solar panels turning sunlight into greener electricity and enabling you to sell excess back to the grid.
Hive 的恒温器让你只需动动拇指、挑挑眉毛，就能轻松为家中供暖。
And Hive's thermostats make it possible for you to heat your home without lifting anything more than a thumb and an impressed brow.
他们的热泵从空气中汲取热量，
Their heat pumps draw warmth from the air, and
并将其精准地保持在您需要的地方。
they keep it exactly where you want it.
无烟，无浪费。
No smoke, No waste.
Hive的电动汽车充电桩让您的汽车在夜间安静充电，您休息的同时车辆也在充电。
Hive's EV charger lets your car charge quietly overnight, recharging while you do too.
Hive将这一切整合在一起。
Hive brings it all together.
供暖、充电和太阳能，全部通过一个简单的应用程序管理，开启一场静默的革命。
Heating, charging, and solar, managed from one simple app in a quiet revolution.
在能源的漫长历史中，Hive帮助您最终掌握自己的能源。
In the long history of power, Hive helps you finally know yours.
前往hivehome.com了解更多信息。
Head to hivehome.com to find out more.
需经调查和适用性评估。
Subject to survey and suitability.
Hive应用兼容选定的技术。
Hive app compatible with selected technology.
出售多余电力需使用SEG电价。
Paid for surplus requires SEG tariff.
亲爱的老板，我总听说警察抓到我了，但他们还没来得及修理我。
Dear boss, I keep on hearing the police have caught me, but they won't fix me just yet.
当他们自以为聪明，说自己走在正轨上时，我就忍不住笑。
I've laughed when they look so clever and talk about being on the right track.
那个关于皮围裙的笑话让我笑得不行。
That joke about leather apron gave me real fits.
我痛恨妓女，除非我被戴上手铐，否则我绝不会停止撕扯她们。
I'm down on whores, and I shan't quit ripping them till I do get buckled.
上一次的活儿干得真棒。
Grand work, the last job was.
我没给那位女士尖叫的机会。
I gave the lady no time to squeal.
现在他们怎么抓得住我？
How can they catch me now?
我热爱我的工作，我想重新开始。
I love my work, and I want to start again.
你们很快就会听到我那些古怪的小把戏。
You will soon hear of me with my funny little games.
上一次行动时，我留了一些真正的红色液体在姜汁啤酒瓶里，用来写字，但它变得像胶水一样浓稠，我没法用了。
I saved some of the proper red stuff in a ginger beer bottle over the last job to write with, but it went thick like glue, and I can't use it.
红墨水应该够用了，我希望如此。
Red ink is fit enough, I hope.
我下一次行动时，会把那位女士的耳朵割下来，寄给警察，就当是取乐。
The next job I do, I shall clip the lady's ears off and send to the police officers just for jolly.
你不觉得吗？
Wouldn't you?
把这封信留着，等我再做点事之后再直接发出去。
Keep this letter back till I do a bit more work, then give it out straight.
我的刀又快又锋利。
My knife's so nice and sharp.
如果有机会，我想马上开始工作。
I want to get to work right away if I get a chance.
祝你好运。
Good luck.
你真诚的，开膛手杰克。
Yours truly, Jack the Ripper.
别介意我用了行话名称。
Don't mind me giving the trade name.
附言。
PS.
我还没把手上所有的红墨水洗干净，所以没来得及寄出这封信。
Wasn't good enough to post this before I got all the red ink off my hands.
该死。
Curse it.
还没走运。
No luck yet.
他们说我现在是个医生了。
They say I'm a doctor now.
所以，这是犯罪史上最具臭名昭著、最臭名远扬的一封信。
So that's the most notorious, the most infamous letter in the history of crime.
当然，它令人不寒而栗，因为其嘲讽且残忍的语气，几乎像在闲聊。
And, of course, it's so chilling because of the mocking sadistic tone, the tone almost of banter.
这封信于1888年9月27日寄给伦敦中央新闻社，他们扣留了两天，不确定其真实性，之后才转交给苏格兰场。
And it was sent on the 09/27/1888 to the Central News Agency of London, and they sat on it for two days, unsure whether it was authentic, and then forwarded it to Scotland Yard.
这封信就是汤姆，它为一个当时可能已杀害了两名、或三名、甚至更多女性的凶手命名，这些女性都死于白教堂区街头——伦敦东区一个以贫困、犯罪和卖淫而臭名昭著的地区。
And this is the letter, Tom, that gives the name to somebody who at that point had killed probably two, possibly three, possibly more women on the streets of Whitechapel, in an area of the East End Of London that was notorious for poverty and crime and prostitution.
这两名女性都被割断了喉咙，并遭到惨无人道的肢解。
And both of these women had had their throats cut, and both had been hideously mutilated.
信件送达苏格兰场后，在9月30日凌晨，凶手再次作案，而且是一连两次，这就是所谓的‘双案事件’。
And then after the letter reached Scotland Yard, in the early hours of the September 30, the killer struck again, not once, but twice, the so called double event.
你知道吗，那是伦敦历史上最戏剧性的一夜之一。
You know, one of the most dramatic nights in the history of London.
然后我们来到了最恐怖的一起谋杀案，发生在11月9日，对吧？
And then we come to the most horrific murder of all, which was on the November 9, wasn't it?
是的。
Yes.
那名受害者又被剖腹，但这次并非像其他白教堂杀手的受害者那样死在街头，而是在白教堂黑暗核心地带一处叫米勒庭院的狭小破旧房间里。
And that was, again, a woman eviscerated, but this time not on the streets as the other victims of the Whitechapel murderer had been, but in a cramped and mean room in a place called Miller's Court in the dark heart of Whitechapel.
那些看到这具尸体的人认为，即使与其他受害者相比，这也宛如地狱的景象。
And to those who saw that victim, it seemed, even compared to the previous victims, a vision of hell.
其中一位目击者是一位住在受害者楼上、直接位于谋杀现场上方的女性。
So one of the witnesses was a woman who had lived above the victim, so directly above the murder scene.
她说：我只敢看上一眼，但即使活到一百岁，我也永远忘不了那景象。
And she said, I could bear to look at it only for a second, but I can never forget the sight of it if I live to be 100.
还有一个人，就是那个强行撞开受害者房门的人，他说：‘我们看到的景象，我永远无法从脑海中抹去。’
And another, the man who had forced the locked door of the victim's room, he said, The sight we saw, I cannot drive away from my mind.
这看起来更像魔鬼所为，而非人类所为。
It looked more like the work of a devil than of a man.
但事实上，几乎可以肯定——尽管也许不是绝对——米勒庭院这场谋杀的恐怖，正是开膛手杰克恐怖统治的顶点。
But as it turns out, almost certainly, although maybe not, but almost certainly, the horror of that murder, the horror of Miller's Court seems to have been the climax of Jack the Ripper's reign of terror.
人们觉得这场恐怖统治令人毛骨悚然的，不仅在于其残暴，更在于凶手总能比警方快一步，逃避逮捕，几乎从未被人目睹。
And the thing that people found eerie about that reign of terror wasn't just the brutality, but the ability of the murderer always to be one step ahead of the police, to avoid apprehension, to avoid almost being seen.
而随着米勒庭院这场可怕的谋杀，他仿佛凭空消失，留下的是我认为犯罪史上最为持久的谜团。
And now with this terrible murder in Miller's Court, he kind of vanishes as though into thin air, and he leaves behind him what I think is undoubtedly the most enduring mystery in the annals of crime.
你同意吗？
Would you agree?
当然。
Definitely.
他是唯一一个名字举世皆知的连环杀手，出现在电影、电子游戏——我们稍后会谈到——以及小说等各种媒介中。
He's the one serial killer whose name is known across the world, who appears in films and video games, as we shall talk about, and novels and all sorts of things.
我想，即使在当时，他在伦敦人眼中也有一种超凡脱俗的感觉，不是吗？
And I guess, even at the time, there was something otherworldly about him, wasn't there, to people in London?
所以人们从很早开始就会描述他。
So people would describe him right from an early stage.
这并不是事后回溯的想象。
This isn't sort of back projection.
人们会把他形容为一个幽灵，悄然穿梭于东区的街道，像一个食尸鬼或吸血鬼，以鲜血为食。
People would talk about him as a as a ghost slipping through the streets of the East End as a ghoul or a vampire kind of feeding on the blood.
是的，他们确实直接用了‘吸血鬼’这个词。
Yeah, they literally use the word vampire.
没错，正是如此。
Yes, exactly.
所以有一段引文，来自《东伦敦广告报》：‘还有什么比以下想法更令人毛骨悚然呢？——有一个形似人类的存在，悄然潜行于一座大城市中，对人类鲜血充满渴望，并拥有如此邪恶的机智，使他能毫无顾忌地满足其恶魔般的欲望。’
So there's a quote, isn't there, from the East London Advertiser, What couldn't be more appalling than the thought that there's a being in human shape, stealthily moving about a great city, burning with a thirst for human blood and endowed with such diabolical astuteness as to enable him to gratify his fiendish lust with absolute impunity.
这种恐怖与隐秘的结合——尤其是他在一夜之间连杀两人，像夜间的幽灵般从一个现场转移到另一个现场，完全未被察觉——正是他的特点。
And it's the sort of combination of the horror, but also the stealth that he is I mean, especially the night when he kills two people, that he is moving from one scene to another like a wraith in the night, you know, completely undetected.
他一定对这个区域了如指掌。
He must know the area like the back of his hand.
他总是在警方前面一步。
He's always one step ahead of the police.
对当时的人来说，这既令人恐惧，又带着一种阴暗的吸引力，不是吗？
And for people at the time, that was both horrifying, but also kind of darkly fascinating, wasn't it?
我的意思是，对人类血液的渴望，确实有种吸血鬼的意味，但同时也隐约透露出近乎食人的迹象，因为器官被切除，还有传言说凶手吃掉了它们。
I mean, in that the thirst for human blood, I mean, there's something vampiric, but there's also a kind of a hint of almost cannibalism because organs are being excised and there are rumors that they're being eaten by the killer.
所以这似乎是一种非常原始的东西。
So it does seem something very primordial.
但与此同时，也有一种感觉，这或许是现代性的某种体现。
But at the same time, there is a feeling that this is something perhaps expressive of modernity.
所以另一份报纸这样评价开膛手杰克：也许他是现代文明孕育出的某种神秘而可怕的产物。
So there's another newspaper that says of Jack the Ripper, perhaps he is some mysterious and awful product of modern civilization.
因此，人们不禁疑惑：我们的工业社会究竟有什么问题，竟会孕育出这样的怪物？
So people are wondering, what is it about our industrial society that is producing such a monster?
我们说过，开膛手杰克是最著名的连环杀手。
And we've said that Jack the Ripper is the most famous serial killer.
我认为，从历史角度来看，关于他最引人入胜的一点是，他实际上是第一个我们所知的连环杀手。
I think almost the most intriguing thing about him from the historical point of view is he's actually the first serial killer we know about.
我的意思是，他之前肯定也有连环杀手，但他是第一个被认定为连环杀手的人，就像我们在2025年所理解的那样。
I mean, presumably, there were serial killers before him, but he is the first person who is identified as a serial killer in the sense that we understand it today in 2025.
是的。
Yeah.
以前也有人杀过很多人，比如中世纪之类的，但当时并没有‘连环杀手’这种现象的概念。
There were people previously who'd killed an awful lot of people, so in middle ages or whatever, but there was not the sense of a serial killer phenomenon.
是他创造了这种现象，不是吗？
And he invents the phenomenon, doesn't he?
或者更准确地说，是报道他的报纸编辑们创造了这种现象。
Or rather, the newspaper editors who write about him invent the phenomenon.
或者是精神病学家们，他们深入研究了他所代表的这种特殊怪物，并用科学术语对他的类型进行了分类。
Or the psychiatrists who kind of home in on what he represents as a particular kind of monster, and they classify what he might be in scientific terms.
我认为这也是故事的一部分。
And I think that's also a part of the story.
因此，出于所有这些原因，他臭名昭著。
So for all these reasons, he's notorious.
但我认为，即使在将近一百五十年后的今天，他依然如此臭名远扬，主要有两个显而易见的原因。
But I think there are two obvious reasons why he remains such a notorious figure still almost one hundred and fifty years on.
第一个最明显的原因是他从未被抓获，因此他的身份至今仍是个谜。
The first most obvious is that he was never caught, so his identity remains a mystery to this day.
在本系列五集的最后一集中，我们将探讨各种可能的嫌疑人。
And we will be exploring the range of possible suspects in our final episode of this five part series.
当然，就是要解开这个谜团，揭露凶手。
Surely solving the mystery and unveiling the killer.
是的，我们会的。
Yes, we will.
但我也觉得，‘开膛手杰克’这个名字，真是可怕又极其令人难忘。
But also I think that name, Jack the Ripper, I mean, it's so horribly, brilliantly memorable.
我们将回到那封信以及其他当时警方认为可能来自凶手的信件，探讨它们是否真的出自凶手之手，是真迹还是伪造的？
We will be returning to that letter and other letters that were thought by the police at the time, perhaps to have been sent by the murderer, asking whether they really were, were they authentic, or were they fake?
还有很多要讨论的。
There are lots to come.
是的。
Yeah.
当然。
Absolutely.
所以我们还有很多集要播出。
So we've got lots of episodes to come.
但就关于研究开膛手杰克的历史而言。
But just on this sort of history of the study of Jack the Ripper.
从一开始，开膛手杰克就不仅是一个真实的犯罪现象，更是一个文学现象，因为大多数人是通过报纸了解这个故事的。
So Jack the Ripper was a literary phenomenon right from the beginning as much as he was a kind of a physical one, because most people experience the Ripper story through the newspapers.
自那以后，人们一直都在撰写关于他的内容。
And ever since, you know, people have written I mean, people have written about him.
他们从未停止过写关于他的内容。
They never stopped writing about him.
所以1929年，有一位名叫伦纳德·马特斯的澳大利亚记者，写出了最早关于这些谋杀案的大型研究之一。
So there's an Australian journalist in 1929, isn't it, called Leonard Matters, who wrote one of the first big studies of the murders.
他说，如果一个记者伦敦其他东西都卖不出去，他总能靠讲杰克·开膛手的故事赚钱。
And he said, if a journalist cannot sell anything else in London, he can always sell a story about Jack the Ripper.
有趣的是他是澳大利亚人，这提醒我们，杰克·开膛手的故事本质上是一个全球性事件。
And it's interesting he's Australian because it's a reminder that Jack the Ripper is properly a global story.
人们对这个话题着迷，这在英语世界是巨大的关注焦点，甚至在非英语世界也是如此。
People are fascinated by this and, you know, huge topic of fascination in the English speaking world, but even beyond the English speaking world as well.
直到今天，人们仍然认为，如果你想卖书，就提出一个关于杰克·开膛手真实身份的理论。
And to this day, the idea that if you want to sell a book, you come up with a theory about who Jack the Ripper was.
我的意思是，这种情况至今依然如此。
I mean, it remains the case.
而且这已经形成了一整个领域，叫‘开膛手研究’。
And there's this entire field, Ripperology.
这是真实犯罪类型中的一个子类型。
It's a kind of subgenre of the true crime genre.
我想，我们做这个播客，也算是延续了这一传统，对吧？
And I guess that we, doing this podcast, are, you know, we're standing in that tradition, aren't we?
我不但读了很多关于这个的书，还有一个叫《Casebook 杰克开膛手》的网站，它是世界上最大的开膛手狂热资料库。
So not only did I read lots of books about this, but there's a website called Casebook Jack the Ripper, and it's the world's largest repository of of Ripper Rihanna.
一旦你掉进这个坑里，就永远别想再爬出来了。
And when you fall into that hole, there is always a danger that you will never ever climb out again.
在研究过程中，我有时觉得自己完全被各种理论和资料淹没了。
There were moments researching this where I just thought I'm absolutely drowning in kind of theories and stuff here.
是的。
Yes.
别再提肾脏了。
Not another kidney.
说得对。
Exact right.
不完全是，但没错。
Not quite, but but yeah.
但关于开膛手杰克，对于那些正在想‘等等’的人们来说。
But the thing about Jack the Ripper so for those people who are thinking, hold on.
这并不完全是真实的犯罪。
This isn't the rest is true crime.
开膛手杰克的故事是了解1880年代伦敦的一个绝佳窗口，不是吗？
The Jack the Ripper story is a brilliant window onto eighteen eighties London, isn't it?
我的意思是，这正是它的吸引力所在。
I mean, that's the appeal of it.
它本身就是一个引人入胜的戏剧性故事，同时也能让我们深入了解那个时代广泛存在于我们集体想象中的社会、文化和政治历史——正如我们将看到的，如杰基尔博士与海德先生、福尔摩斯、吸血鬼德古拉的形象、煤气灯、雾气以及伦敦的街道等等。
It's a fascinating melodrama in its own right, but it also allows us to do all kinds of social and cultural and political history of a period that looms quite large in our collective imagination because of, as we'll see, doctor Jekyll and mister Hyde and Sherlock Holmes, and the sort of the image of the Dracula, the image of the gas lamps and the and the the fog and the the streets of London and so on.
在帝国鼎盛时期的伦敦，我认为这也是这个故事的另一个层面。
London at this imperial height, and that I think that's another element to this story.
所以，这正是对我们历史学家而言它的魅力所在，不是吗？
So that's the appeal of this for us, isn't it, as historians?
嗯，我觉得这让我想起了我们之前做的关于泰坦尼克号的系列节目，那也是一个充满恐怖与悲剧的戏剧性故事，最终几乎变成了一种神话。
Well, I think it reminds me of the series we did on Titanic, which was like this, a drama, you know, replete with horror and with tragedy and has essentially become a myth.
同样，这是每个人都知道的事情。
Again, something that everybody knows about.
但它同时也为那个时代的社会历史提供了一个绝佳的窗口。
But it does simultaneously provide a brilliant window onto the social history of the age.
所以，如果你看看那封著名的开膛手杰克来信——我们正是用这封信开启本集的——你会发现其中暗示了维多利亚时代晚期生活的诸多方面，这些都将在本系列中讨论。
So if you look at that letter, the famous Jack the Ripper letter with which we opened this episode, you've got hints of all kinds of aspects of late Victorian life that we will be talking about in this series.
比如警察。
So there's the police.
你知道，开膛手杰克在信中嘲笑他们无能。
You know, Jack the Ripper is mocking them for being useless.
还有媒体。
You've got the press.
那封信首先被寄到了一家新闻机构。
That letter gets sent to a press agency first.
他们多大程度上塑造了开膛手杰克的形象？
To what extent are they creating the image of the Ripper?
提到移民的线索，因为开膛手杰克提到的‘皮围裙’，曾是一名早期嫌疑人，是一名波兰犹太人。
The hints of immigration because leather apron that Jack the Ripper mentioned, he was a Polish Jew who'd been an early suspect.
然后还有那种最终的嘲讽性收尾。
And then there's that kind of final mocking payoff.
他们说我现在是个医生，这反映了人们对医学、活体解剖和堕胎医生的各种焦虑，正如我们即将看到的。
They say I'm a doctor now, which is expressive of all kinds of anxieties about medicine, about vivisection, about abortionists, as we'll see.
还有一个贯穿整个验尸调查的持久问题，至今仍困扰着研究这些谋杀案的人们：开膛手杰克对受害者造成的 mutilations 是否暴露了专业技能？
And there's an abiding question that runs throughout the inquests and which is still a very live issue today among people who studied the murders as to whether the mutilations that the Ripper inflicted on his victims betrayed specialist knowledge.
对此一直未有共识。
And there's been no consensus about that.
但这一点很重要，因为在白教堂区，有伦敦医院。
But it matters because in Whitechapel, have the London Hospital.
那里满是外科医生，满是极其擅长使用刀具的人，但同时也遍布着屠宰场和马匹屠宰场，其中最肮脏的就是理发师的马匹屠宰场。
So full of surgeons, full of people who are very proficient with a knife, but it is also full of knackers yards and slaughterhouses of which the barber's horse slaughterhouse was the foulest.
因此，在白教堂地区，到处都能闻到血腥味，堆满内脏，当然，人们走在街上，或许还穿着沾满血滴的围裙。
So throughout Whitechapel, there are, you know, the scent of blood, piles of offal, and of course, people walking the streets with aprons, perhaps, you know, spattered with drops of blood.
我认为，在这种背景下，如果凶手真是开膛手杰克，他写那封信时使用的红墨水。
And I think that in that context, the red ink that the ripper, if he is the ripper, is using when he writes that letter.
我的意思是，这是一种令人毛骨悚然的、心照不宣的玩笑。
I mean, it's a gruesome kind of knowing joke.
这是一种阴险恶毒的眨眼。
It's a hideous, malevolent wink.
我想，这与我们几年前讨论的泰坦尼克号故事有一个共同点，那就是它体现了贫富的极端对立，对吧？
And I guess the other thing that this has in common with the Titanic story that we did a couple of years ago is that it has the extremes of wealth and poverty, doesn't it?
特权与贫困，阶级冲突与阶级紧张的主题贯穿整个故事。
Privilege and deprivation, the kind of the theme of class conflict and class tension runs right through this story.
因此，我们将花大量时间关注大都会警察和当权者，就像关注白教堂的街道一样。
So we'll be spending as much time with the sort of the the Metropolitan Police and the establishment as we will on the streets of Whitechapel.
是的。
Yeah.
所以，我的意思是，这绝对是权力走廊里备受痴迷的话题。
So, I mean, it it is absolutely a topic of obsessive interest in the corridors of power.
对人们来说，这似乎反映出警察部门和内政部等机构内部存在严重腐败。
And it does seem to people to express something that is rotten in the state of policing and the home office and so on.
因此，伦敦警察厅（大都会警察局）的总 commissioner，原为军人并曾在南非服役的查尔斯·沃伦爵士，最终辞职了。
So the chief commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, the London Police Force, the guy called Sir Charles Warren, who was originally a military man and served in South Africa, He ends up resigning.
尽管他的辞职并非直接由于警方未能抓获开膛手杰克，但此案无疑是导致他辞职的促成因素之一。
And although that is not directly because of the failure of the police to catch the Ripper, the Ripper case is definitely a contributory factor to that resignation.
你面对的是一个保守党政府，内政大臣亨利·马修斯。
You've got a Tory government, Home Secretary Henry Matthews.
他几乎也要步查尔斯·沃伦爵士的后尘。
He comes close to following Sir Charles Warren.
甚至连首相索尔兹伯里勋爵也未能幸免。
And even the prime minister, Lord Salisbury.
到案件结束时，他已收到维多利亚女王发来的越来越愤怒的电报。
By the end of the case, he's getting kind of irate telegrams from Queen Victoria.
因此，在米勒庭院发生那场极具恐怖的谋杀案后的第二天，她发电报给他，称这起新的可怕谋杀案表明必须采取果断行动。
So the day after the climactically hideous murder at Miller's Court, She telegraphs him, this new ghastly murder shows the absolute necessity for some very decided action.
所有街道都必须照明，我们的侦探也需要改进。
All these courts must be lit and our detectives improved.
他们远未达到应有的水平。
They are not what they should be.
于是，维多利亚女王此时的言辞，听起来 eerily 像撒切尔夫人。
So Queen Victoria there, sounding eerily like missus Thatcher.
是的。
Yeah.
但另一方面，我想，我们大部分时间将待的地方，可能是伦敦最阴暗的地方， arguably 也是英格兰乃至英国最阴暗的地方之一。
And yet on the other hand, I mean, the place where we'll be spending most of our time, it's probably the single grimmest place in London, arguably, you know, one of the grimmest places in certainly in England, if not in Britain.
那就是白教堂，东区。
And this is Whitechapel, the East End.
它以斯皮塔佛德为中心。
It's centered on Spitalfields.
这对听众来说非常重要，一定要牢记在心。
It is it's really important for listeners to get this into their heads.
它和现在完全不一样。
It is not like it is now.
那是一个充满恶臭、拥挤不堪的迷宫般的区域，由无数条小巷和庭院组成，两旁是破败不堪的公寓、廉价旅馆和寄宿屋。
It is an absolute kind of reeking, stinking, crowded labyrinth of little sort of warren of little alleys and courts, lined with these kind of crumbling, decrepit tenement houses and doss houses and lodging houses.
而当时的街道名称，对读报的民众来说，比如花匠与德恩街、多塞特街、特拉尔街、血巷、煎锅巷、铲子巷，
And the very names of the streets, to people at the time reading this in the newspapers, so Flower And Dean Street, Dorset Street, Thrall Street, Blood Alley, Frying Pan Alley, Shovel Alley.
这些地方都散发着极度贫困的气息。
These places, these were redolent of extreme poverty.
你知道，那种贫困程度，你根本不会联想到这是地球上最富有、最强大的国家。
You know, the sort of poverty that was, you would not associate with the richest and most, you know, powerful country on earth.
它们是18世纪肯辛顿时期所谓的乌鸦巢穴的最后残余。
They're the last, what were called rookeries in the Kensian period in the eighteenth century.
这些地方是错综复杂的街道网络，被视作真正有毒的区域，充斥着污水、垃圾、害虫，而且极其暴力。
They, you know, they're kind of tangles of streets that are seen as being literally poisonous, full of sewage and rubbish and vermin and also incredibly violent.
因此，无论这是否属实仍有争议，但普遍的看法是，警察进入这个区域时总是成对行动。
And so whether it's true or not is debated, but the kind of, you know, the conventional take is that the police only enter this area in pairs.
对于西区的报纸读者来说，这里就是暴力的代名词。
And to readers of newspapers in the West End, it's a synonym for violence.
这是《每日电讯报》的报道。
So here is the Daily Telegraph.
在这座大都市的这些肮脏地区，因刀具造成的严重伤害事件屡见不鲜，男女们早已对暴力场景习以为常。
In these squalid parts of the metropolis, aggravated assaults tended by flesh wounds from knives are frequently met with, and men and women become accustomed to scenes of violence.
我认为这从根本上是真实的，因为这里是街头犯罪和卖淫的中心。
And I think that that is fundamentally true because it is a center of street crime and of prostitution.
如果你最终到了那里，你就知道你已经跌到了最底层。
And if you end up there, then you know that you have pretty much plumbed the bottom.
因此，引用杰里·怀特在其关于十九世纪伦敦的杰出研究中的说法：成功的窃贼和成功的妓女都不会久留在花与牧师街。
So to quote Jerry White in his great study of London in the nineteenth century, successful thieves, like successful prostitutes, did not stay in Flower And Dean Street.
花与牧师街是斯皮塔菲尔德恐怖景象的典型代表，仅仅因为在那里的人们无法长期免受同伙的侵害。
And Flower And Dean Street is the kind of the epitome of of the horrors of Spitalfields, if only because they would not long remain immune from the depredations of their fellows.
然而，话虽如此，重要的是要强调，并非所有居住在斯皮塔菲尔德的人都是职业罪犯或职业妓女。
However, having said that, it is important to emphasise that not everyone who is living in Spitalfields by any means is a a career criminal or a career prostitute.
很多人在那里是因为无处可去，因为他们已经跌到了社会的最底层。
Lots of people are there because they have nowhere else to go, because they are absolutely at the bottom.
这就引出了开膛手杰克的受害者，他们将在本故事中扮演非常重要的角色。
So this brings us to the to Jack the Ripper's victims who'll be playing a very big part in this story.
从一开始，维多利亚时代的读者群体——也就是开膛手杰克这一戏剧的首批消费者——对开膛手杰克的兴趣远大于对他的受害者的关注。
And right from the from the start, there was a sense that the Victorian reading public, the people who were the first consumers of the Jack the Ripper melodrama, are much more interested in Jack the Ripper than they are in his victims.
实际上，我想这本身就是一个有力的证明：到目前为止，我们自己也参与了这种倾向，因为我们至今尚未提及任何一位受害者的姓名。
And actually, I guess, a telling sign of this, you know, we're complicit in this as well so far, because we haven't actually named any of the victims.
我们谈论了很多关于杰克及其相关背景，却从未提及波莉·尼科尔斯、凯瑟琳·埃多斯、安妮·查普曼等人的名字。
We talked a lot about Jack and of the in the context, but we haven't named, you know, Polly Nichols or Catherine Eddowes or Annie Chapman or whatever.
这一点将在本系列中努力纠正，因为我们还将为会员特别制作一集附加内容。
And that's something that we will be trying to remedy in this series because we will we'll also have a special bonus episode for our club members.
我将更深入地研究三位受害者及其生活，探讨她们如何反映维多利亚时代晚期英格兰的社会面貌。
I'm looking in more depth at three of the victims and their lives and what they tell us about the world of late Victorian England.
实际上，哈莉·鲁本霍尔德曾在节目早期做过嘉宾，她于2019年写了一本名为《五人》的书，对吧？
And actually, Hallie Rubenhold, who's been on the show in the early days, she wrote a book called The Five, didn't she, in 2019?
这是一本获奖作品，是一部关于这些遇害女性的群体传记。
A prize winning book, which was a sort of group biography of the murdered women.
正如她所指出的，如果不是因为她们结局的特殊方式，人们根本不会为她们的故事写书。
And as she, you know, pointed out, you know, people wouldn't write books about their stories were it not for the way in which it ended.
正是她们死亡的恐怖性质，使得人们如果列出受害者的名字，很多人会认出她们，却对她们的生平知之甚少。
It's this kind of horror of their deaths that has made them you know, if you if you reel off the names of victims, a lot of people will recognize them, but they won't know much about the victims.
而且，人们可能知道的那些信息很可能还是错误的，因为人们往往只把她们看作妓女，而忽略了她们作为有背景、有内心世界的普通人的一面。
And probably what they do know may well be wrong because people tended to see them purely as prostitutes rather than as human beings with kind of backgrounds and inner lives of their own.
是的。
Yeah.
这就是为什么哈莉的书如此具有颠覆性，也为什么它获得奖项实至名归。
I mean, that's why Hallie's book was so revelatory and and why it was deservedly prize winning.
但正如她自己承认的，她们之所以被记住，仅仅是因为她们都遭遇了同样的悲惨命运。
But I mean, as she acknowledges, they are only remembered because they all shared the same terrible fate.
因此，她写道，这些女性的人生轨迹反映了维多利亚时代许多其他女性的经历，但她们的结局却如此独特。
So she wrote, the courses their lives took mirrored that of so many other women of the Victorian age and yet were so singular in the way they ended.
而且我认为，这与泰坦尼克号又有一个相似之处：正是她们死亡的恐怖，才使她们成为我们了解一个通常不会进入历史书籍的社会阶层的典范。
And again, I think that is another comparison with Titanic, that it's the horror of their deaths that enable them to serve us as exemplars of a class of society that normally doesn't enter the history books.
被杰克·开膛手杀害的这类人，其贫困程度甚至超过了泰坦尼克号三等舱的乘客。
And the class of person who is being killed by Jack the Ripper, they are even more lost to poverty than those who are traveling in the steerage of Titanic.
她们是赤贫者。
They are indigent.
她们处于社会最底层，而且都是女性。
They are absolutely the bottom and they are women.
这确实给了我们一个机会，去关注那些如我所说，通常不会出现在我们播客中的人们的生活。
And it does give us an opportunity to to kind of focus on the lives of people who, as I say, don't normally feature in our podcasts.
但当维多利亚时代的人们阅读这些女性的生活时，我认为他们对这些女性的个人故事并不太感兴趣，而是更关注她们所处的背景，尤其是东区的整体情况，对吧？
But when Victorians are reading about these women's lives, I mean, they're not terribly interested, I think, in the personal stories of the women, but they are interested in the background, aren't they, in the East End more generally?
而且
And
我说他们对此着迷，实际上。
I said they're obsessed by it, actually.
是的。
Yeah.
因为我想，一个地方如果如此背离了维多利亚时代的道德和繁荣标准，就会带来一种刺激和奇特的吸引力。
Because I guess there's an excitement and a sort of weird glamour about somewhere that is that has fallen so far from the standards of Victorian morality and Victorian prosperity.
还有白教堂高街，贫民窟就是从白教堂高街延伸出去的。
Well, there's Whitechapel High Street, which the slums kind of go off Whitechapel High Street.
但这条街是伦敦工人阶级的娱乐中心。
But that street is the entertainment capital of working class London.
所以街上到处都是酒馆和音乐厅。
So it's it's full of taverns and music halls.
而对于那些想深入后巷的人，那里总有机会找到非法性行为。
And for people who who kind of want to plunge into the back alleys, there's always the prospect of kind of illicit sex there.
因此，它不仅吸引着来自东区的人，也吸引着来自西区的人前来体验贫民区生活，因为危险的东西总是令人兴奋的。
So it does attract people from across the East End, but also people from the West End as well who want to go slumming because what's dangerous is also exciting.
因此，年轻人前往东部地区，这在白教堂是常见的景象。
And so the sight of young bloods going up east, you know, it is a common sight in Whitechapel.
但不仅仅是浪荡子和花花公子会在白教堂出现，他们还会游览弗劳尔和迪恩街、特拉尔街等地。
But it's not just, you know, rakes and rueys who are to be seen in Whitechapel and kind of touring the Warrens Of Flower And Dean Street and Thrall Street and so on.
当然，还有慈善家和道德家，到了维多利亚时代末期，当英国处于帝国巅峰时，东区不仅是伦敦作为帝国首都辉煌的黑暗阴影，也是英国作为伟大强国地位的黑暗阴影。
There are also, of course, humanitarians and moralists, and there is definitely a sense at the end of the Victorian period when Britain is at its imperial apogee that the East End is the dark shadow not just of London's greatness as an imperial capital, but of Britain's status as, you know, a great power.
它似乎体现了一种大都市、工业大都市的特质，让人们既感到不安又着迷。
And it seems to embody something about a megalopolis, an industrial megalopolis that people find both disturbing and fascinating.
我的意思是，当时的伦敦，毫无疑问不仅是大英帝国的首都，更是世界的中心。
I mean, London at this point, I think, is indisputably the capital, not just of the British Empire, but of the world.
这是有史以来最大的城市。
It's the biggest city that's ever existed.
大约四百万人，我想。
4,000,000 people or so, I think, possibly.
我觉得这个数字其实还是低估了。
I think that's actually an underestimate.
我认为，如果你把范围扩大到大伦敦，人口可能接近六百万。
I think, you know, if you go bigger, Greater London, you're looking at more like 6,000,000 people.
我的意思是，对当时的人来说，这是一幅令人瞠目结舌的景象。
I mean, it's a it's an to people at the time, it is a jaw dropping spectacle.
伦敦的蔓延、人群、激情与现代性，因为它正是大英帝国的心脏。
The the sprawl and the crowds and the excitement and the modernity of London, because it's the heart of the British Empire.
伦敦城是全球资本主义和航运业的金融中枢。
It's the city of London is there, the kind of financial nerve center of global capitalism, of shipping.
它仍然是一个港口。
It's still a port.
当时它也是一个制造业城市，因此有许多工厂。
It's a manufacturing city at the time, so there are lots of factories.
这里烟雾弥漫，烟雾与著名的、臭名昭著的雾气交融在一起。
It's full of smoke, and the smoke blends with the the famous fog, the notorious fog.
我认为正因如此，人们觉得伦敦发生的一切都关乎整个世界。
And I think because of this, you have a sense that what happens in London matters for the entire world.
而这部分也源于这样一个事实：伦敦不仅是所有事物的中心，还是世界出版业的中心。
And this is kind of partly propagated by the fact that London, as well as being the centre of everything else, is also the centre of the world publishing industry.
因此，在伦敦印刷的报纸具有全球影响力，或许堪比今天的美国媒体。
So the newspapers that are printed in London have a reach that perhaps the American media today would have globally.
但更重要的是，世界各地的人们来到伦敦，是为了看看自己的未来会是什么样子。
But it is also because people come to London from across the world to see what their own future is going to look like.
这是一种对未来城市的展望。
It's a vision of the cities of the future.
因此，同样地，人们感到伦敦最黑暗角落发生的事情，几乎对每个人都有重要意义。
And so, again, there is a sense that what happens in its darkest corners, you know, has a relevance for for everyone pretty much.
如果你是左派人士，是激进分子或社会主义者，伦敦的贫困景象就会提醒你资本主义的不公。
If you're on the left, if you're a radical or a socialist or whatever, the spectacle of the poverty in London is a reminder of the iniquities of capitalism.
但这也意味着一个新时代的来临，不是吗？
But it's also the chance of, you know, a new dawn, isn't it?
因为你希望从这片黑暗中诞生新的光明，它将成为革命与反抗的温床。
Because you're hoping that from this darkness, some new light will come, that it will be the breeding ground for revolution and rebellion.
对吧？
Right?
这就是卡尔·马克思等人所认为的。
That's what Karl Marx and co think.
是的。
Yeah.
当然，卡尔·马克思是一名流亡者，生活在伦敦，他对东区非常熟悉。
And Karl Marx, of course, is a refugee in London, and he is very familiar with the East End.
他将其描述为一片停滞的悲惨与荒凉之地。
He describes it as a pool of stagnant misery and desolation.
但他在这片停滞的悲惨与荒凉中，看到了你所说的光明未来、革命乌托邦的前景。
But he sees in that pool of stagnant misery and desolation the prospect, as you say, of a brighter future, of a revolutionary utopia.
而对维多利亚时代绝大多数中产阶级来说，这正是他们最恐惧的——他们认为像特罗尔街或多塞特街这样的地方孕育着贫困与暴力，这种状况会蔓延并感染整个城市。
And this, of course, for the vast majority of the Victorian middle classes is precisely, you know, what they most dread, the misery and the violence that they see as being incubated in places like Throll Street or Dorset Street or whatever, that this will kind of spread and infect the entire city.
将伦敦贫民区视为道德瘟疫温床的观念，是《泰晤士报》等媒体反复出现的主题。
The sense of it as a breeding ground for a kind of moral pestilence is a recurrent theme in the press of the Times.
因此，引述《泰晤士报》的话：我们早已明白，有机废弃物会滋生瘟疫。
So to quote the Times, We have long ago learned that organic refuse breeds pestilence.
我们能怀疑被忽视的人类废弃物同样不可避免地滋生犯罪吗？
Can we doubt that neglected human refuse as inevitably breeds crime?
犯罪如同感染环境中的细菌般自我繁殖，每次迭代都变得更加致命、更加野蛮、更加毫无约束。
That crime reproduces itself like germs in an infected atmosphere and becomes at each successive cultivation more deadly, more bestial, and more absolutely unrestrained.
关于犯罪的这一点，我认为非常重要，因为在1880年代，人们对犯罪有着巨大的道德恐慌。
So this point about crime, I think, is really important because in the eighteen eighties, there's a huge moral panic about crime.
自1873年恐慌以来，经济一直低迷。
There'd been an economic downturn since 1973, since the panic of nineteen seventy three.
因此，即使在英国统治阶层的鼎盛时期，其舆论依然非常不安。
So there's a sense that even at its height, Britain British establishment opinion is still very jittery.
杰里·怀特在他关于19世纪末伦敦的著作中，有一段关于犯罪的精彩论述。
Jerry White, in his book on late nineteenth century, London, he's he's got a brilliant section about crime.
他说，你或许以为这是一座秩序井然、安全的城市，但实际上，每年都有数十起谋杀案。
And he says, you know, you might think it's an ordered safe city, but actually, there are dozens of murders every year.
出现了一股枪支犯罪恐慌。
There's a gun crime panic.
1887年，也就是这些谋杀案发生前一年，伦敦报告了18,000名失踪人口。
In 1887, so the year before these murders start, there were 18,000 missing people reported in London.
因此，这是一个你很容易就会被社会忽视的地方。
So it's a place where you can fall through the cracks really quickly.
但同时，如果你是中产阶级读者，正在阅读《每日电讯报》，你就会一直处于一种低度焦虑状态，担心东区究竟在滋生着什么——那些罪犯、激进分子，诸如此类的一切。
But also, if you're one of the middle class people reading your copy of The Daily Telegraph, you're in a, you know, a sort of low level state of anxiety the whole time about precisely what is being bred out there in the East End and, you know, the criminals, the radicals, all of that kind of thing.
1887年是维多利亚女王金禧之年。
So 1887 is the year of Queen Victoria's golden jubilee.
因此，当时充满了盛大的仪式和排场。
So, you know, tremendous pomp and circumstance.
但在同一年，伦敦一个象征英国辉煌的地方——特拉法加广场（纳尔逊纪念柱所在地）——却成为中产阶级恐慌的焦点，因为那里已变成一个庞大的贫民营地。
But in that same year, there had been a massive focus for middle class panic in the place in London that is synonymous with British greatness, namely Trafalgar Square, where Nelson's Column stands, because it had become a vast squatters' camp.
无家可归者搬了进来，在那里搭建了简陋的小屋和帐篷。
So the homeless had moved in and had set up kind of shacks and tents there.
这成为中产阶级愤慨的焦点，警方因此面临压力，必须采取行动。
And this becomes a focus for middle class indignation, and there is pressure on the police to do something about it.
于是，在11月8日，大都会警察局局长查尔斯·沃伦爵士禁止所有公众集会在特拉法加广场聚集。
And so on the November 8, Sir Charles Warren, the head of the Metropolitan Police, bans all public assemblies from gathering in Trafalgar Square.
而在11月13日，发生了一系列集会活动。
And on the November 13, there are kind of a series of rallies.
这些集会由社会主义者和爱尔兰民族主义者组织。
So they're organised by socialists, by Irish nationalists.
卡尔·马克思的女儿埃莉诺·马克思也在那里发表演讲，他们试图占领特拉法加广场并抵抗警方。
Karl Marx's daughter, Eleanor Marx, is a speaker there, and they try to occupy Trafalgar Square and to hold it against the police.
但警方已大规模部署到位。
But the police are there in mass force.
他们还得到了禁卫军的增援，最终成功清空了特拉法加广场。
They've been supplemented by the Grenadier guards, and they succeed in clearing Trafalgar Square.
这一事件被纪念为‘血腥星期日’。
And this is commemorated as Bloody Sunday.
你知道，后来俄罗斯的革命者将此视为一个例子，说明一个先进的工业经济如何可能被无产阶级革命推翻。
You know, in due course, revolutionaries in Russia will kind of see it as one of the examples of how an advanced industrial economy might conceivably be overthrown by a proletarian revolution.
然而，这次情况并非如此，特拉法加广场仍被当局掌控，无家可归者被清出了他们的营地。
It isn't in this case, however, Trafalgar Square is held for the establishment and the homeless are cleared out from their camps.
他们中的许多人最终前往了唯一可能找到庇护的地方——白教堂高街旁错综复杂的街巷。
And many of them end up heading to the only place really where they can hope to find shelter, which is the warren of streets off Whitechapel High Street.
实际上，白教堂已经因三件事发生了变化。
And Whitechapel has been changed actually by three things.
其中一件事，我们将在接下来的几集中谈到，就是移民，特别是来自沙皇帝国西部地区，即波兰和俄罗斯本身的移民。
So one of them, which we'll come on to in the next couple of episodes, is immigration, specifically from the western part of the czarist empire, the Russian empire, so Poland and Russia itself.
这主要是犹太移民。
And that's particularly Jewish immigration.
所以，这是改变白教堂的一件事。
So that's one thing that's changed Whitechapel.
此外，还有大量的贫民窟清理工作，不是吗？
There's also been a lot of slum clearance, hasn't there?
因此，那些被从贫民窟清出的人最终被逼到了斯皮塔菲尔德的后巷和廉价旅馆，也就是白教堂的核心地带。
So that people who have been basically decanted from the slums have ended up being pushed into the back alleys and doss houses of Spitalfields, so in the heart of Whitechapel.
另一件事是对妓院的打压。
The other thing has been an attempt to crack down on brothels.
因此，在1885年，通过了一项旨在进一步保护妇女和女孩的法案。
So in 1885, an act to make further provision for the protection of women and girls.
这基本上意味着人们被赶出了他们的场所，现在也被挤进了东区。
And that basically means that people have been kicked out of their establishments, and they too are now sort of being being packed into the East End.
所以这就像一个火药桶，汤姆。
So it's a sort of it's a powder keg, Tom.
这确实是个火药桶。
It is a powder keg.
是的。
Yes.
我的意思是，街道上那种沸腾的绝望情绪，恐怕比往常更严重了。
Well, I mean, kind of this mood of seething desperation, I guess, in the streets even worse than normal.
当人们被挤在恶劣的住房中时，恐怕并不奇怪，1887年全年乃至1888年初，有记录的犯罪事件数量一直在上升。
And so when you have people crammed into terrible housing, I suppose it's unsurprising that recorded incidents of crime have been going up throughout 1887 and then into 1888.
到
To the
以至于你可能会觉得，嗯，另一起谋杀案也不会引起太大轰动，但事实并非完全如此，因为在1888年7月8日，白教堂发生了一起特别残忍的谋杀案。
degree that you might think that, you know, another murder wouldn't create any great stir, I mean, that's that's not entirely true because there is a a particularly horrible murder that takes place in Whitechapel on the 08/07/1888.
当地居民感到震惊，因为死者是一名名叫玛莎·塔布兰的女性。
And locals are shocked because it's the body of a woman called Martha Tabram.
这具尸体被发现蜷缩在白教堂高街附近一栋公寓楼的楼梯平台上。
And this body has been found crumpled on the landing of a block of tenement flats just off Whitechapel High Street.
玛莎身上被刺了39刀。
And Martha had been stabbed 39 times.
但没有任何线索能指出凶手是谁。
And there's no clue as to who had done it.
当地媒体对这起案件进行了详尽的报道。
And the local press covered the case in considerable detail.
因此他们说玛莎被残忍杀害，袭击者展现了极端的暴虐行为等等。
So they say that Martha had been butchered, that her assailant had displayed a virulent savagery and so on.
但警方无法找到任何关于凶手身份或动机的线索。
But the police are unable to have any clues as to who could have done it or why.
于是在8月23日，当验尸官正式宣布她的死因时，被定性为‘对某人或某些身份不明者蓄意谋杀’。
And so on the August 23, when the coroner formally announced her cause of death, it was described as being wilful murder against some person or persons unknown.
所以我不知道是谁干的。
So I don't know who did it.
而这一裁决将在接下来的数周乃至数月内被人们反复听到。
And that is a verdict that people will be hearing a lot over the weeks and months that are to follow.
而且确实有一些微妙的暗示，不是吗？尤其是在新闻行业，这可能是某种重大事件的开端，可能会有重大发现。
And there's just the odd hint, isn't there, that there could this could be the beginning of something, particularly if you're in the newspaper industry, that could bear fruit.
因此，《插图警察新闻》在头版刊登了六幅关于玛莎·塔布兰谋杀案的图片，而《东伦敦观察家报》则用了两整栏报道这起独特而神秘的罪行。
So the Illustrated Police News ran six pictures of the Martha Tabram murder on its front page, and the East London Observer ran two columns about the crime, a unique and mysterious crime, it said.
因为，正如你所说，暴力并不罕见，但如此残忍且毫无线索的案件却极为少见。
Because, of course, as you say, violence is common, But it's unusual to have a case where such savagery coupled with no clues.
对吧？
Right?
没有任何线索，似乎毫无进展。
With no it's not it doesn't seem to be leading anywhere.
我想唯一的一点是，玛莎·塔布兰并不是那种能引起媒体关注的受害者，因为——这么说听起来很糟糕，但她并不怎么迷人。
I guess the one thing is that Martha Tabram is not the kind of victim to excite the attention of the press because she's not I mean, it sounds a horrible thing to say, but she's not terribly glamorous.
没错。
No.
她39岁，但看起来要老得多，因为她一直生活在街头。
So she's 39, but she looked a lot older because she'd she'd had a life on the streets.
所以一位目击者委婉地描述她是一个更喜欢喝啤酒而不是喝茶的女人。
So one witness diplomatically described her as a woman who would rather have a glass of ale than a cup of tea.
所以我认为她很可能是个酒鬼。
So I think she was probably an alcoholic.
她似乎靠兜售一些自己制作的小玩意儿之类的东西谋生。
She seems to have made a living by kind of hawking trinkets that she kind of made or whatever.
也许在走投无路时，她会为了几便士出卖自己的身体。
And perhaps she, you know, when absolutely desperate, she would sell her body for a few pennies.
不清楚。
Unclear.
所以她的命运极其悲惨，但正如你所说，她并不是那种会被人铭记的人。
So her fate is hideous, but she is not, as you say, the kind of person who would necessarily be remembered.
她缺乏那种能连续数周占据报纸头条的受害者所具有的魅力。
She lacks the glamour of the kind of victim who would remain in the newspapers for week after week after week.
因此，随着几周过去，她的名字似乎很快就会被人遗忘。
And so it seems like her name will very quickly be forgotten as the weeks pass.
但随后，多米尼克，在验尸官就她的死亡作出裁决仅仅一周后，8月31日，又一起谋杀案曝光了。
But then, Dominic, just one week after the coroner has announced his verdict on her death at her inquest, on the August 31, news breaks of another murder.
这起案件更加可怕。
And this is even more terrible.
而且案发地点离玛莎被发现的地方仅几步之遥。
And it has happened just a short walk from where Martha had been found.
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这一次，这起谋杀案真的会让人们引起注意。
And this time, with this murder, people really will sit up and notice.
天哪。
Gosh.
广告后回来，我们将探讨这起新罪案的细节。
Well, come back after the break, and we will explore the circumstances of this new crime.
本集由NordVPN赞助播出。
This episode is brought to you by NordVPN.
圣诞节本应是放松身心的时刻，但历史告诉我们，放松警惕可能会让不法分子有机可乘。
Christmas should be a time for relaxing and letting loose, but history teaches us that letting our guards down could allow bad actors to strike.
幸运的是，在2025年，我们不需要炮塔或护城河来保证安全。
Fortunately, in 2025, we don't need a turret or a moat to stay safe.
我们只需要NordVPN。
We just need NordVPN.
只需点击一下按钮，
At the click of a button,
NordVPN的强大软件会加密您的数据，威胁防护Pro会阻止恶意链接并扫描下载的病毒。
NordVPN's powerful software encrypts your data, and Threat Protection Pro blocks malicious links and scans downloads for viruses.
它可以保护多达10台设备，或者连接到您的路由器以保护整个家庭网络。
It covers up to 10 devices or can be attached to your router to protect your whole home.
它还能帮助您进行圣诞购物。
It also helps with your Christmas shopping.
在线零售商可能会根据您的位置悄悄调整价格。
Online retailers can sneakily change prices based on your location.
幸运的是，使用NordVPN意味着您可以安心购物，确保获得最优惠的价格。
Fortunately, using NordVPN means you can buy presents with the peace of mind that you're getting the best price.
要获得NordVPN套餐的最优惠折扣，请访问nordvpn.com/restishistory。
To get the best discount off your NordVPN plan, go to nordvpn.com forward slash rest is history.
我们的链接还会让您在两年计划基础上额外获得四个月服务。
Our link will also give you four extra months on the two year plan.
Nord提供30天无风险退款保证。
There's no risk with Nord's thirty day money back guarantee.
链接在播客剧集的描述框中。
The link is in the podcast episode description box.
你好。
Hello.
我是汉娜·弗里教授。
I'm Professor Hannah Fry.
我是迈克尔·史蒂文斯，Vsauce的创作者。
And I'm Michael Stevens, creator of Vsauce.
我们未经邀请就来打扰一下。
We thought we would join you for a moment completely uninvited.
我们不会待太久。
We are not gonna stay too long.
当然，除非你希望我们多留一会儿。
Unless you want us to, of course.
我们来这里是为了向你们介绍我们的全新节目《科学之外》。
We're here to tell you about our brand new show, The Rest is Science.
每一集都会
Every episode is gonna
从一些最初看似熟悉的事物开始，然后我们将其拆解、剖析，直到你再也认不出它了。
start with something that feels initially familiar, and then we're gonna unpick it and tear it apart until you no longer recognize it at all.
你知道香蕉味为什么尝起来不像香蕉吗？
You know how banana flavor doesn't taste like bananas?
嗯。
Yeah.
这是怎么回事？
What is that about?
因为这种味道本应来自一种在香蕉大灭绝中灭绝的古老香蕉品种。
So it is supposed to taste like an old species of banana that was wiped out in a bananapocalypse.
而现在，你只能在亿万富翁花园里的植物收藏馆里找到它。
And now you will only find it in botanical collections in the gardens of billionaires.
哇。
Wow.
香蕉糖实际上是早已灭绝的香蕉的幽灵。
Banana candy is actually the ghost of a long extinct banana.
所以，如果你喜欢深入挖掘表面现象，想得更深一点，或者更怪异一点。
So if you like scratching the surface, thinking a little bit deeper Or weirder.
是的。
Yes.
当然也是这样。
Definitely that too.
你可以在每周二和周四，通过你收听播客的任何平台，收听迈克尔和我的节目。
You can join Michael and I every Tuesday and Thursday wherever you get your podcasts.
本集由Aura相框赞助播出。
This episode is brought to you by Aura Frames.
历史充满了
History is full
礼物，但最好的那些是能持久的。
of gifts, but the best are those that last.
因为照片已经成为我们现代的传家宝，它们就像是正在变成历史的当下碎片。
Because photographs have become our modern heirlooms, they're like fragments of the present already turning into history.
Aura相框让你每天都能重温这些回忆，或者将它们送给心爱的人。
Aura frames let you relive these memories every day or give them to someone you love.
那是我们心爱的制作人西奥，正在萨拉热窝指着一串烤肉。
That is our beloved producer, Theo, pointing at a kebab in Sarajevo.
在它离开包装盒之前预加载照片，添加一条消息，然后你就可以随时随地更新。
Preload the photos before it leaves the box, add a message, and you can keep updating
它来自任何地方。
it from anywhere.
无限存储，无需订阅，只有回忆。
Unlimited storage, no subscription, just memories.
限时访问 auraframes.co.uk
For a limited time, visit auraframes.co.uk
并享受 Aura 最畅销的 Carver 画框减 35 英镑，该画框被《独立报》评为最佳画框，结账时使用促销代码 history。
and get £35 off Aura's best selling Carver mat frame, named the top frame by The Independent, and use the promo code history at the checkout.
这就是Aura Frames，aura.co.uk，促销码history。
That's Aura Frames, aura,.co.uk, promo code history.
这个独家黑色星期五网络星期一优惠是他们今年最好的，赶快下单，别错过。
This exclusive Black Friday Cyber Monday deal is their best of the year, so order now before it ends.
结账时提到我们，支持本节目。
Support the show by mentioning us at checkout.
条款和条件适用。
Terms and conditions apply.
本集由hotels.com赞助播出
This episode is brought to
由hotels.com为您提供。
you by hotels.com.
让您的下一次旅行更物有所值。
Make your next trip work for you.
hotels.com刚刚推出了一项改变游戏规则的功能，名为‘Save Your Way’，顾名思义，简单易用。
Hotels.com just rolled out a game changing feature called save your way, and it's as simple as it sounds.
作为Hotels.com会员，您在预订旅行时可以自行决定如何使用您的优惠。
When you book a trip as a hotels.com member, you decide how to use your savings.
您可以选择立即享受折扣，或把优惠累积为未来使用的奖励。
Choose to take the instant savings now or to bank the savings as rewards for later.
由您决定。
It's your call.
想象一下，将本周住宿的折扣转化为明年奢华海滩度假的奖励。
Envision converting discounts on this week's day into rewards for a luxurious beach getaway next year.
无需复杂的计算。
No complicated maths.
没有使用限制日期。
No blackout dates.
只需您选择如何让您的旅行获得更大回报。
Just you choosing how to make your travels work harder for you.
仅在Hotels.com提供。
Only at hotels.com.
“随心省”适用于美国和英国的酒店忠诚度会员，仅限会员价格的酒店。
Save Your Way is available to loyalty members in The US and UK on hotels with member prices.
其他条款适用。
Other terms apply.
详见详情。
See sight for details.
不久前白教堂区发现一名被谋杀女性的震惊与轰动尚未平息，又发生了另一桩发现，其对受害者施加的残忍程度更为骇人，无疑将在当地引发与前一案件同等巨大的轰动。
Scarcely has the horror and sensation caused by the discovery of the murdered woman in Whitechapel some short time ago had time to abate, then another discovery is made, which for the brutality exercised on the victim is even more shocking and will no doubt create as great a sensation in the vicinity as its predecessor.
到目前为止，这起事件仍完全笼罩在谜团之中，警方尚未有任何证据能够追踪到这起可怕罪行的凶手。
The affair up to the present is enveloped in complete mystery, and the police have as yet no evidence to trace the perpetrators of the horrible deed.
因此，这是中央新闻社在1888年8月31日的报道，报道了其头版标题所称的白教堂区骇人谋杀案。
So that was the Central News Agency reporting on the 08/31/1888, the news of what it headlined, a horrible murder in Whitechapel.
那么，汤姆，给我们讲讲这起新谋杀案的经过。
So, Tom, take us through the story of this new murder.
好的。
Okay.
所以尸体是由一名送货员发现的，维多利亚时代的人称他们为‘车夫’。
So the body had been found by a delivery man, car man, as the Victorians call it.
他为位于考文特花园的皮克福德公司工作。
And he worked for Pickfords in Covent Garden.
他从贝斯纳尔格林出发，途经白教堂，前往位于伦敦市中心的考文特花园上班。
And he'd been heading to work from Bethnal Green through Whitechapel, and he was off to Covent Garden in Central London.
他在凌晨3点40分左右发现了尸体。
And he found the body around 03:40 a.
上午。
M.
这位名叫查尔斯·莱奇米尔的人，当时正沿着巴克巷步行上班，这条巷子如今已不叫巴克巷，但依然存在。
This was a guy called Charles Lechmere, and he was walking to work down Bucks Row, which is, I mean, it's no longer called Bucks Row, but it's still there.
你仍然可以沿着这条街步行，它位于白教堂，非常狭窄。
You can still walk down the street, very narrow in Whitechapel.
当他走过时，看到一个物体躺在马厩入口旁。
And as he's doing so, he sees this object lying beside the entrance to a stable yard.
现在这里是白教堂地铁站的一个入口。
And it is now one of the entrances to Whitechapel Tube Station.
但当时它被称为车行通道。
But at the time it was what was called a yard crossing.
那是一条狭窄的小巷，从主街通向马厩院子。
So a kind of narrow alleyway leading off the main street into a stable yard.
于是他停下脚步，上前查看，发现那是一具女性尸体。
So he stops, he goes to inspect it, and he finds that it is the body of a woman.
他站在那里，坚定地思索着该怎么做。
And he stands there resolutely wondering what to do.
就在这时，另一位赶车人罗伯特·保罗也加入了他，他同样在去上班的路上。
And as he does so, he's joined by another car man, a guy called Robert Paul, who is also on his way to work.
我认为，整个系列的一个主题就是夜间来回奔波或前往工作的人数之多。
And one of the themes, I think, of this entire series will be the number of people who are either coming back or going to work throughout the night.
白教堂的街道非常、非常繁忙。
The streets of Whitechapel are very, very busy.
于是两人走近尸体，尸体蜷缩在阴影中。
So they both approach the body, which is huddled in the shadows.
那时仍然是夜晚，你知道的。
It's still, you know, it's still nighttime.
他们发现那名女子仰面躺着。
And they find that the woman is lying on her back.
她的裙子被撩到了臀部以上。
Her skirts have been hitched up over her hips.
莱彻米尔无法让自己触碰尸体。
And Lechmere can't bring himself to touch the body.
但罗伯特·保罗却碰了，发现她的皮肤冰冷。
But Robert Paul does, and he finds that her skin is cold to the touch.
但他把耳朵贴在她的嘴边，仿佛听见了她的呼吸。
But he presses his ear to her her mouth, and he fancies that he can hear her breathing.
现在两人都上班迟到了，于是他们整理好女子的裙子，继续赶路，没走多远就遇到了一名警察，把发现的事情告诉了他。
Now both men are late for work, so they smooth down the woman's skirts and they head on their way and a short distance on, they run into a policeman and they tell him what they found.
莱彻米尔说，我看她要么死了，要么醉了，但就我而言，我认为她已经死了。
And Letchmeer says, she looks to me to be either dead or drunk, but for my part, I think she is dead.
她确实死了。
And so she is.
她死得透透的。
She is very, very dead.
我想他们没注意到细节，因为你说当时是什么时间？
And they haven't noticed the details, I guess, because what time did you say it was?
凌晨三点四十分，天还没亮。
It's 03:40 in the morning, so dawn is not yet broken.
所以一片漆黑。
So it's dark.
但当警察到达后，他们注意到了细节，这些细节在验尸听证会上被反复提及，也将贯穿本系列的始终。
But when the police arrive and they they do notice the details and the details which are rehearsed at the inquest are as they will be throughout this series.
我的意思是，这并不意外。
I mean, no surprise.
这些真的非常残忍，而且极其令人震惊，不是吗？
They are really gruesome and really, really shocking, aren't they?
确实是。
They are.
所以要提醒听众注意。
So listeners should be warned.
受害者的喉咙被几乎从耳朵割到耳朵。
So the victim's throat had been cut almost from ear to ear.
腹部被野蛮地撕开，露出了肠子。
Abdomen had been savagely ripped open, exposing the the intestines.
这名女性的胃壁被割开了多处。
The lining of the woman's stomach had been cut in several places.
此外，根据验尸报告的细节描述，私密部位还有两处小刀伤，显然是用一把锋利的刀造成的。
There were also, and I quote the details of the inquest, two small stabs on private parts, apparently done with a strong bladed knife.
进行尸检的外科医生，一位名叫里斯·刘易林的医生，他表示，自己对所看到的景象感到震惊。
And the surgeon who conducted the autopsy, a doctor called Reese Llewellyn, he said, he confessed himself to be appalled by what he had been examining.
我见过许多可怕的案件，但从未遇到过如此残忍的事件。
I have seen many terrible cases, but never such a brutal affair as this.
是的。
Yeah.
我认为从一开始就传达这一点很重要。
And I think that's important to bring across right from the beginning.
我的意思是，我们并不想沉溺于这些罪行的细节，但传达它们有多么恐怖、解释公众的反应是很重要的。
I mean, we don't want to wallow in the details of these crimes, but it is important to convey how horrific they are, to explain what the public reaction is.
你知道，这些谋杀案与其他任何谋杀案都不同。
You know, these are not murders like any other.
我的意思是，十八世纪八十年代的伦敦，刺杀并不罕见。
Mean, are stabbings that are not uncommon in London in the eighteen eighties.
你知道，每年都有数十人被刺死。
You know, there are dozens every year of people stabbed to death.
但杰克开膛手的谋杀案有一种独特而野蛮、兽性的特征。
But there is something uniquely savage and bestial about Jack the Ripper's murders.
literally 令人作呕的
Literally visceral.
是的。
Yeah.
令人作呕的。
Visceral.
没错。
Exactly.
所以显而易见的问题是，你为什么会做这种事？
So the obvious questions are, you know, why would you do such a thing?
谁能做出这种事？
Who could do it?
实际上，那个女人是谁？
And actually, who's the woman?
就是说，受害者是谁？
Like, who is the victim?
因为很难让他们确定受害者是谁。
Because it's very hard for them to identify who the victims are.
所以从一开始，他们对凶手就完全感到困惑。
So to start with the killer, they are completely bewildered right from the beginning.
为什么会有人以如此野蛮和野兽般的方式做出这种事？
Like, why would anyone do this in such a savage and bestial way?
而且，这件事发生在人们随时可能经过的街道上。
And also the fact that it's been done in streets down which people could be walking at any moment.
我们之前讨论过，凶手像是一个食尸鬼、幽灵或鬼魂。
Well, we talked about the the sense of the killer being a ghoul or a a phantom or a specter.
从一开始，他就有一种奇怪的能力，能在公共场所实施这些可怕的谋杀，尽管那是一种在午夜时分的街道。
And there is from the beginning something strange about his ability to inflict these terrible murders in a public place, even though it is a kind of, you know, a street in the middle of the night.
一名巡逻的警察在莱奇默和保罗发现尸体的半小时前，刚走过巴克街。
So a policeman on his beat, he had walked down Buck's Row half an hour before Letchmere and Paul discovered the body.
所以那是凌晨三点十分。
So that's, well, that's ten past three in the morning.
他什么都没看到。
And he hadn't seen anything.
也没有人听到任何声音。
And no one had heard anything either.
还有一位名叫格林太太的女人，
And there was a woman called Mrs.
艾玛·格林，她就住在谋杀现场正上方，她说自己睡得很轻，如果有人尖叫，她一定会听到，但一点声音都没听到。
Emma Green, who lived directly above the scene of the murder, who she said she was a light sleeper and had a scream been given, she would have heard it, you know, but not a peep.
附近还有巡逻员。
And there were watchmen too nearby.
他们什么都没听到。
They had heard nothing.
因此，验尸调查表明，凶手一定是在受害者发出声音之前就割开了她的喉咙。
So it's evident to the inquest that the murderer must have slit his victim's throat before she'd been able to make a noise.
所以，他要么是勒死了她，要么是捂住了她的嘴，或者其他什么方式。
So either he'd strangled her or clasped her mouth or whatever.
他以惊人的速度完成了这可怕的暴行。
He'd done his terrible work with incredible speed.
在莱奇默到达之前，他一定已经悄然消失在怀特查佩尔路清晨的车流中，融入了人群。
And then before Letchmere arrives, he must have kind of vanished into presumably the early morning traffic on Whitechapel Road and, you know, become part of the crowd.
正如你所说，他一定浑身是血。
And and as you say, he must have been covered with blood.
血迹非常多，但你知道，没人发现他。
There's an awful lot And of yet, you know, he hasn't gone no one has spotted him.
这可能是因为他有一套作案手法，能避免身上沾染大量血迹。
And that may be because he has a modus operandi that allows him to escape the worst of the blood spattering from the body.
或者，正如你开头所说，这一带有很多屠宰场和肉铺，一个穿着围裙、在黑暗中行走、身上沾有血迹的男人，实际上并不会引起太多注意。
Or it may be because, as you said at the beginning, there are a lot of slaughterhouses and butcher shops and so on, and a man walking down the street in an apron, you know, in the dark with bloodstains will actually go relatively unnoticed.
我的意思是，就这一点而言。
I mean, just on that
关于这个话题，我们不再讨论其他部分了，那都是真实犯罪的内容。
topic, we're not we're not the the rest is true crime.
我对尸检细节的了解并不深入。
And my knowledge of details of autopsies is not great.
但我了解到，如果一个人先被勒死，然后喉咙被割开，流的血会少很多。
But I gather that if someone is strangled and then the throat is cut, there is much less blood.
我的意思是，当然会有血，但我听说这是个细节，或许比我们更懂医学的人可以为我们证实这一点。
I mean, of course, there is blood, but but I I I gather this as a detail and perhaps people with more medical knowledge than us can confirm that for us.
汤姆，我真不敢相信你这么犹豫不决。
Tom, I can't believe you're being so so hesitant.
总之，跟我们说说受害者的情况吧。
Anyway, tell us about the victim.
正如你所说，一开始，警方担心很难辨认出她的身份。
As you say, to begin with, the police are worried it's going to be difficult to identify her.
她由刘易林医生进行了检查。
She is examined by doctor Llewellyn.
在他的报告中，他称她身材矮小，中年，头发灰白，前额有一道疤痕，并且上颌前部缺了一颗牙齿。
In his report, he says that she's a woman of small stature, that she's middle aged, she has greying hair, she has a scar on her forehead, and he specifies one tooth deficient front of upper jaw.
但这并不罕见。
But that's nothing unusual.
在怀特查佩尔，很多人掉了一两颗牙。
Lots of people know, in Whitechapel have lost a tooth or two.
她身上只有很少的物品：一把梳子、一面小镜子、一块手帕。
She has very few possessions on her, a comb, a looking glass, a handkerchief.
这些物品都没有提供任何关于她身份的线索。
None of these give any hint as to her identity.
她的衣服也非常普通。
And her clothing, too, is very anonymous.
衣服很破旧。
It's shabby.
衣服上有污渍。
It's stained.
唯一的例外是，她戴着一顶新帽子。
The only exception is that she has a new bonnet.
医生。
Doctor.
韦兰指出，这顶帽子是用黑色稻草制成的，饰有黑色天鹅绒。
Welland specified it's made of black straw, it is trimmed with black velvet.
那么，这足以认出她吗？
So is that enough to identify her?
结果表明，确实如此。
Well, as it turns out, it is.
因为就在她尸体被发现后的几个小时内，警方就得到了一个名字：波莉。
Because within only a few hours of of her body being found, the police have a name, Polly.
他们的信息来源是一位名叫埃伦·霍兰的年长女性。
And their source is an elderly woman called Ellen Holland.
所以，也许她是祖先。
So maybe an ancestor.
谁知道呢？
Who knows?
我不知道。
I don't know.
艾伦曾与波莉住在特拉尔街的一家救济院里，那条街是斯皮塔菲尔德中心地带臭名昭著的街道之一。
And Ellen had shared a room with Polly in a Doss House on Thrall Street, which is one of the kind of the notorious streets in the heart of Spitalfields.
所以这是一个线索。
So that's one clue.
他们仍然不知道她的姓氏，但很快就会揭晓，因为警方在调查波莉的衬裙时，发现上面盖有济贫院的标记，确切地说，是伦敦南部兰贝斯的济贫院。
They still don't have a surname, but this will come very shortly because when the police investigate Polly's petticoats, they find that they are stamped with the mark of a workhouse, and to be precise, the workhouse in Lambeth in South London.
他们找到一名该济贫院的在册人员，前来辨认波莉的遗体。
And they find an inmate of that workhouse who is brought to inspect Polly's corpse.
这个人向警方提供了波莉的真实姓名：玛丽·安·尼科尔斯。
And this person provides the police with Polly's real name, which is Mary Ann Nichols.
警方随后查明，玛丽·安·尼科尔斯，也就是波莉，还有一个在世的父亲和一位丈夫。
And the police go and they find that Mary Ann Nichols, Polly, has a father who's still alive and she has a husband.
第二天，即9月1日，波莉的父亲爱德华·沃克和丈夫威廉·尼科尔斯被带去辨认她的遗体。
And the following day, the September 1, Edward Walker, Polly's father, and William Nichols, her husband, are brought to inspect her body.
威廉·尼科尔斯，作为丈夫，凝视着妻子那具惨遭严重毁坏的尸体，悲痛欲绝，不得不由警探安慰。
And William Nichols, the husband, he gazes down at the corpse of his dead wife, horribly mutilated as it is, and he breaks down and he has to be comforted by the police inspector.
他泪眼朦胧，哽咽着说：‘我原谅你，就如你如今这般。’
And through his tears, he stammers, I forgive you as you are.
我原谅你，是因为你曾经为我所做的一切。
I forgive you on account of what you have been to me.
奥利。
Ollie.
我的意思是，这真是一个非常狄更斯式的场景。
I mean, that's a very it's a very Dickensian scene.
实际上，波莉·尼科尔斯的故事整体上也带着一种狄更斯式的叙事弧线。
And, actually, the whole story that unfolds to Polly Nichols does have a kind of Dickensian arc to it.
尽管这是一种没有幸福结局的狄更斯式弧线——女主角坠入深渊，再未复原。
Although a Dickensian arc in which, you know, they don't live happily ever after, but the heroine plunges into the abyss and never ever recovers.
是的。
Yeah.
我认为，正如你所说，狄更斯小说的那种气质完全笼罩着她的故事。
I think the the kind of quality of a of a Dickens novel hangs over, as you say, completely hangs over her story.
所以我们就叫她波莉·尼科尔斯吧。
So Polly Nichols, let's call her that.
她出生于1845年，就在舰队街附近，而如今，你知道，那里极其奢华，几乎没人住得起。
She was born in 1845 just off Fleet Street, which today, you know, it's so grand that very few people can afford to live there.
那里几乎没人居住了。
Very few people live there at all.
但当时，它就像1888年的斯皮塔菲尔德一样，是一片由狭窄小巷和庭院组成的迷宫，两旁是破败的住宅。
But back then it was again a little bit like Spitalfields in 1888, a kind of warren of alleys and courtyards lined with dilapidated housing.
几乎可以说是一个贫民窟。
So verging on a rookery.
但她的父母，我的意思是，他们很穷，但绝对不是赤贫。
But her parents, I mean, they're poor, but they're certainly not indigent.
她父亲是一名锁匠。
So her father was a locksmith.
她母亲是一名洗衣工。
Her mother was a laundress.
他们属于维多利亚时代人所称的‘体面穷人’阶层。
And they belonged to the ranks, I guess, of what Victorians would have called the respectable poor.
他们都有工作。
They have careers.
在这个时期，波莉很早就失去了母亲，她死于肺结核。
As is very usual in this period, Polly loses a mother early on, so she dies of TB.
但爱德华·沃克继续供养家庭。
But Edward Walker continues to provide for his family.
这非常符合狄更斯的风格。
And this is very Dickens.
尽管波莉还是个小女孩，但她接替了母亲的角色，承担起家庭的照料责任。
Polly steps into her mother's shoes, even though she's still just a young girl, and essentially takes over the maternal role.
就像小梅照顾她的祖父，或者小多里特照顾她的父亲一样。
So looking after her father in the way that little Mel looks after her grandfather or little Dorrit looks after her father.
这简直太像了，你知道的，非常相似。
It's kind of very, you know, very reminiscent of that.
当波莉18岁时，她遇到了一位印刷厂机械师，而舰队街自然是报业中心，这种道德教化式的狄更斯式情节似乎继续上演。
And the tone of a morally improving Dickensian melodrama seems to continue when at the age of 18, Polly meets a printer's machinist because Fleet Street of course is the center of the press.
因此，波莉可能会希望遇到这样的人——在报社工作的人，正是这种类型。
And so that's exactly the kind of person that Polly might hope to meet someone working for the newspapers.
而他就是她的丈夫威廉·尼科尔斯，后来正是他跪在她被残害的遗体前痛哭失声。
And this is her husband, William Nichols, the guy who comes and sobs over her mutilated corpse in due course.
他们搬离了舰队街。
And they move out of Fleet Street.
他们搬到了伦敦南部的伍尔沃斯。
They move to Woolworth in South London.
波莉的父亲和他们一起搬了过去。
Polly's father goes with them.
他们开始组建家庭。
They start a family.
波莉最终生了五个孩子。
Polly ends up having five children.
这看起来像是一个完美的家庭典范。
And it's a seeming model of domesticity.
一位母亲、一位父亲、一位祖父，还有孩子们，非常像狄更斯笔下的情景。
A mother, a father, a grandfather, children, very kind of like something out of Dickens.
于是到了1880年，波莉已经35岁了，发生了一场惊人的争吵。
So then in 1880, Polly's by now 35, there is a spectacular bust up.
波莉离家出走，抛下了她的丈夫和五个孩子。
And Polly walks out on her husband, out on her five children.
其中一个孩子非常年幼，几乎还是婴儿。
One of them is just very, very young, barely an infant.
她再也没有回来。
And she never returns.
她的家庭就此支离破碎。
And that's her family broken up.
还有各种不同的指控，对吧？
And there's the different accusations, aren't there?
实际上，家庭破裂几乎是所有受害者故事的主题，无论哪种方式，都是关系的崩溃。
And actually so family breakdown is a theme of almost all the victim stories one way or another, the collapse of a relationship.
但另一个主题是酒精。
But another theme is alcohol.
我的意思是，在几乎所有案例中，酒精都是一个巨大的因素。
I mean, in almost all of the cases, alcohol is a huge factor.
威廉后来声称波莉已经成了酒鬼，是吧？
And William later claimed that Polly had become an alcoholic, didn't he?
这很可能确实是事实。
And which may well have been true.
波莉似乎认为他开始和一位帮忙照顾孩子的年轻女性有染。
Polly, it seems that she thought he'd begun an affair with a younger woman who'd been helping with childcare.
没错，是吧？
That's right, isn't it?
这两件事可能都是真的：她确实在酗酒，而他也在外有婚外情。
And both those things may have been true that she a, she was drinking, and b, he was having an affair.
无论如何，我们一再看到这些女性的生活都会发生可怕的变化，最终陷入恶性循环。
And either way, what we will see again and again with the lives of these women is that something goes horribly wrong, and you end up in a spiral.
在维多利亚时代晚期的英国，根本没有像样的福利体系，一旦陷入这种循环，就很难脱身，更别提翻身了。
And in this world of late Victorian Britain, you know, no welfare state or or or not one worthy of the name, once you're in the spiral, it is very, very hard to get out of it and to clamber back.
这简直就像蛇梯棋游戏，而你正踩在一条直通底部的蛇上——也就是白教堂地区。
And they're basically, you know, it's like a game of snakes and ladders, and you're on a snake that is leading all the way to the bottom, I e, to Whitechapel.
我的意思是，确实存在某种福利，任何读过《雾都孤儿》的人都知道这种福利是什么——它以济贫院的形式存在。
I mean, there is a kind of welfare, and anyone who's read Oliver Twist will know what that welfare is because it comes in the form of the workhouse.
从这一点来看，如果波莉的故事具有狄更斯风格，那正是《雾都孤儿》意义上的那种风格。
And if from this point on, if Polly's story is Dickensian, it's in that Oliver Twist sense.
她正坠入一个充满济贫院、收容所，以及在街头为生存而绝望挣扎的世界。
She is plunging into a world of workhouses, of doss houses, of a kind of desperate struggle on the streets to survive.
为了应对这种恐怖的现实，她无可避免地越来越依赖酒精。
And she understandably, to cope with the horrors of this, she turns to drink more and more.
她每一次试图挣扎着爬回正轨、重新站稳脚跟的努力，都因她越来越严重的酗酒问题而失败。
And her every attempt to kind of claw her way back up to try and find a solid footing again, kind of found us on the fact that she is becoming more and more of an alcoholic.
到1887年12月，她无家可归，加入了特拉法加广场的无家可归者行列。
And by December 1887, you know, she is homeless and she joins the ranks of the homeless in Trafalgar Square.
但她是在血腥星期日一个月后才搬到特拉法加广场的，那时警察已经清空了那个广场。
But she's moved to Trafalgar Square a month after Bloody Sunday, so, you know, when the police had had cleared Trafalgar Square.
因此，警察根本不愿意允许无家可归者重新占据这片公共空间。
And so the police are in no mood to allow the homeless to reoccupy that public space.
于是，波莉成为了一批被警察驱赶到济贫院的女性之一，警察们正沿着街道押送她们接受处理。
And so Polly is one of a number of women who are moved on by the police to a workhouse and the police are kind of marching through the streets to be processed.
但波莉和另外十名女性设法溜走，悄然消失在侧街中，随后又返回了特拉法加广场。
But Polly and 10 other women manage to slip away and kind of melt into the side streets, and they return to Trafalgar Square.
在那里，她们被正式逮捕。
And there they are formally arrested.
到这时，波莉已经醉酒，逮捕她的警官称她是广场上最糟糕的女人。
And by this point, Polly is drunk and she's described by the arresting officer as having been the worst woman in the square.
这一次，她们无法摆脱警察的看护，波莉和另外十名女性都被送回了济贫院。
And this time they are unable to slip their police escort and Polly and the other 10 women all end up back in the workhouse.
到了1888年，波莉最后一次拼命试图摆脱无家可归和酗酒的困境。
By now, we're into 1888 and Polly makes one last desperate attempt to kind of redeem herself from homelessness and alcoholism.
她通过济贫院找到了一对住在旺兹沃思的虔诚信徒夫妇——考德里夫妇作为安置对象。
And she has found a placement by the workhouse with a very religious couple in Wandsworth who are called the Cowderys.
他们愿意收留一位来自济贫院的酗酒者作为家政帮佣，这体现了他们的宗教信仰。
And it's an expression of their, I guess, kind of their religion that they are willing to take a chance on an alcoholic from the workhouse as a kind of domestic servant in their house.
他们鼓励她给父亲写信。
And they encourage her to write to her father.
这是波莉至少两年来第一次与父亲取得联系。
And this is Polly's first communication with her father for at least a couple of years.
信中看起来一切还算顺利。
And it sounds like things are okay.
于是波莉写道，她现在住的地方很棒，屋前有树木和花园。
So Polly writes, it is a grand place where she's staying with trees and gardens back in front.
一切都差不多收拾好了。
All has been nearly done up.
他们是戒酒主义者，非常虔诚，所以我应该能相处得很好。
They are teetotalers and very religious, so I ought to get on.
她有一间房间，房子里没有酒精。
So she's got a room, and there's no alcohol in the house.
所以如果她真有机会的话
So if she was ever gonna have a chance
就像奥利弗·特威斯特被好心家庭收留的那一段一样。
It's like the bit where Oliver Twist is taken in by the kindly family or whatever.
但不幸的是，这并不是一部小说。
But unfortunately, this isn't a novel.
而且，结果还是不顺利。
And it again, it doesn't work out.
对吧？
Right?
不知什么原因，她和他们相处不来。
She doesn't get on with them for some reason.
我觉得她想喝酒，但家里没有酒。
I think she she wants drink and there's no drink in the house.
于是她逃走了。
And so she absconds.
还有科德里太太。
And Mrs.
科德里太太给济贫院写了信，我们正是通过这封信才知道这件事的，信中说波莉走了，还带走了价值超过三英镑的衣物，这些衣物 presumably 是科德里太太提供给波莉的，比如工作服、连衣裙之类的。
Cowdery wrote to the workhouse, this is how we know about it, saying that Polly had gone and that she had taken clothing with her worth just over £3 And that clothing presumably was the clothing that Mrs.
科德里太太提供给波莉的，比如工作服、连衣裙之类的。
Cowdery had provided to Polly, you know, her kind of work uniforms or dresses or whatever.
她很可能把这些衣服当掉换钱买酒喝。
Which she probably pawned for money for booze.
对吧？
Right?
是的。
Yeah.
而且她可能还留了一些钱，你知道的，用来支付住宿费，因为她最后住在斯皮塔菲尔德特拉尔街的廉价旅馆里。
And probably kept some money, you know, to keep a roof over her head because she ends up in a doss house on Thrall Street in Spitalfields.
这是威尔莫特的寄宿屋，以一个叫乔治·威尔莫特的人命名，他在19世纪60年代和70年代经营这家旅馆。
And this is Wilmot's lodging house, which was named after a guy called George Wilmot, who'd run it in the 1860s and 70s.
我认为，在斯皮塔菲尔德的街头，这是一家以接纳所有女性而闻名的地方。
And it is, I think, well known on the streets of Spitalfields as a place that accommodates all women.
我想象着，波莉在街头经历的种种遭遇，会让她觉得这一点对她来说至关重要。
I imagine that the experiences that Polly has been having on the streets would make that something that she would really, you know, would be important to her.
因此，她在这里遇到了艾伦·霍兰德，因为艾伦·霍兰德是与波莉共用一间房的三位女性之一。
And so this is where she meets with Ellen Holland, because Ellen Holland is one of three women who is sharing a room in this doss house with Polly.
有时候，她和艾伦会省钱，合用一张床。
And sometimes she and Ellen would save money by sharing a bed.
艾伦告诉警察，她喜欢波莉，但不出所料，发现她沉默寡言、性格内向，正如艾伦所说，仿佛有什么烦忧压在她心头。
And Ellen, you know, she told the police that she'd liked Polly, but unsurprisingly had found her quiet and withdrawn, to quote Ellen, as if some trouble was weighing upon her mind.
我想，当时一定有很多很多麻烦。
And I would guess that there were, you know, there were many, many troubles.
嗯，这些麻烦是不是变得更糟了？
Well, those troubles get worse, don't they?
因为她把钱花光了。
Because she runs out of money.
她把这笔钱花得一干二净，到了八月就被赶了出去。
She she burns through this money, so by the August, she's kicked out.
这又会是很多开膛手杰克受害者的一个共同主题。
Again, this will be a theme of a lot of the Ripper victims.
她们最终都会把钱花光，被赶回街头。
They end up running out of money and being kicked out onto the streets.
而且，我们只能推测她是如何做到的，但显然有一些可能性：她用钱买了更多的酒，同时也找到了位于弗洛尔和迪恩街的一家非常凄惨的收容所。
And somehow, you know, we can only speculate how, but there are some obvious possibilities, she gets the money for more drink, and also she finds a doss house on Flower And Dean Street, a very grim doss house.
实际上，她如何弄到钱这个问题，在很大程度上正是整个开膛手杰克故事及其罪行与受害者的中心所在。
And actually, this question of how she gets the money, this is at the heart, in many ways, of the whole story of Jack the Ripper and his crimes and his victims.
因为从最早期的报道和验尸报告开始，一直笼罩在受害者身上的一个观念就是，她们都是妓女，对吧？
Because the thing that has hung over his victims from the very beginning, from the very first reports and from the inquest, is the notion that they were all prostitutes, right?
是的。
Yeah.
因此，在验尸听证会上，埃伦·霍兰被直接问到波莉是否是妓女。
And so Ellen Holland at the inquest was asked directly if Polly had been a prostitute.
她否认了，并说她不认为死者过着放荡的生活。
And she denied it and said she did not think the deceased was leading a fast life.
事实上，她似乎对此非常恐惧。
In fact, she seemed very afraid of it.
我认为关于这一点有两点要说。
I think there are two things to say about this.
第一点是，埃伦真的很喜欢波莉，对她的死感到悲痛欲绝，因此显然不愿意说她的坏话。
The first is that Ellen had really liked Polly and was grief stricken by her death, and so obviously would have been reluctant to speak ill of her.
另一点是，波莉显然一直执着于她失去的体面记忆。
And the other thing is that Polly clearly clung to memories of her lost respectability.
因此，她绝对会害怕沦为放荡的女人，你知道的，一个妓女。
And so she would absolutely have dreaded becoming a fast woman, you know, a prostitute.
她显然更喜欢远离男人的住所。
She clearly preferred to take lodgings away from men.
这就是她住在威尔莫特的寄宿屋的原因。
So that's why she was in Wilmot's lodging house.
但我并不认为这些事情就能证明她从未因绝望而沦为妓女。
But I don't think that any of these things necessarily prove that she was never reduced by desperation to prostitution.
事实上，你几乎可以说恰恰相反。
And in fact, you might you might almost say the opposite.
我们确实知道，按照当时的标准，她被视为妓女。
And we certainly know that by the standards of the age, she was accounted a prostitute.
这是因为她在离家出走一年后，被人口普查记录为与另一个男人同住。
And this was because one year after walking out on her husband, she'd been recorded in the census as living with another man.
而这使得她的丈夫威廉·尼科尔在法律上免除了此前他一直承担的对她经济责任。
And this had enabled William Nicol, her husband, to be legally absolved of the financial responsibilities that up until that point he had had for her.
因此，根据克里斯汀·科顿在《伦敦雾》一书中的说法，任何女性，无论与男性同居时间长短，只要未经婚姻仪式，就会被归类为妓女。
So to quote Christine Cotton in her book, London Fog, any female who was kept by a man for however long or short a period of her life without benefit of a marriage ceremony was categorised as a prostitute.
因此，在这一时期，工人阶级女性总是拼命保存自己的结婚证书，因为这在某种程度上是她们体面的证明。
And this is why in this period, working class women are always desperate to keep hold of their marriage certificates, because in a sense, it's a testimony to their respectability.
如果没有它，她们就始终面临被贴上妓女标签的风险，尽管这并非我们今天所理解的‘职业性工作者’意义上的妓女。
Without it, there is always the risk that they will be labeled a prostitute, even though it's not in the sense that we would use it today, you know, as a professional sex worker.
这是一个更加宽泛的术语。
It is, it is a much more embracing term.
是的。
Yeah.
这个词真的非常模糊。
It's a really, really slippery term, this.
因此，我认为唯一诚实的回答是，即使我们想这么做，也无法确切地给任何人贴上这个标签。
And so I think the only honest answer is it's impossible for us to sort of pin this label definitively on people even if we we wanted to.
在关于十九世纪伦敦的著作中，杰里·怀特明确指出：没有人知道伦敦到底有多少妓女。
In his book about London in nineteenth century, Jerry White says quite explicitly, No one knows how many prostitutes there were in London.
估计人数从8,000到80,000不等，有时甚至更多。
Estimates varied from 8,000 to 80,000 and sometimes more.
所有这些数字都是毫无根据的。
All these numbers were clueless.
大多数都受到自身利益的影响。
Most were influenced by self interest.
甚至对妓女的定义也不明确。
Even the definition of a prostitute was unclear.
有些人将其扩大到包括任何与男人同居但未结婚的女性，这正是你刚才说的。
It's enlarged by some to include any woman living with a man out of wedlock, which is what you've just said.
在社会研究中，很少有其他对象比妓女这个话题引发更多的混乱和不诚实。
There were few objects of social inquiry that caused more muddle and dishonesty than the prostitute.
换句话说，这是一个极其模糊的标签。
In other words, it is an immensely amorphous label.
警察在彼此讨论这个问题时，实际上对此相当坦诚。
The police themselves are actually quite honest about this when they're talking to each other about it.
他们说，我们其实不知道这到底意味着什么，因为我们使用了不同的定义。
They say, we don't we don't really know what it means, and we don't really you know, because we use different definitions.
有些定义是，如果你曾因卖淫被定罪，那你就是妓女。
So there are some definitions that are you're a prostitute if you've been convicted of prostitution.
还有其他定义则说，不，不，不是这样的。
And there are others that are like, no, no, no.
如果你和男人同居且未婚，那你就是妓女。
You're a prostitute if you're sleeping with men and you're not married.
你知道，一个女人可能因为走投无路、无家可归，而偶尔卖身一次。
You know, a woman can resort to selling herself once or twice because she's desperate, because she's homeless.
但这并不意味着她就是职业妓女，对吧？
But it doesn't mean that she's a career prostitute, does it?
波莉·尼科尔斯显然不是。
And Polly Nichols clearly wasn't.
因此，警察有一个术语叫‘职业妓女’，指以卖淫为生的人，而显然波莉并不是那种人。
So the police have a phrase common prostitute by which they mean a career prostitute, and it's evident that Polly was not that.
但你知道，我们根本不知道，她因贫困、无家可归和绝望而沦落到何种地步。
But, you know, we just don't know, you know, to what desperate straits was she reduced by her poverty, by her homelessness, by her desperation.
当然，白教堂地区从来都不缺顾客，因为那里是整个东区的劳工、码头工人、屠夫和搬运工经常去寻欢的地方。
And certainly, you know, there would have been no lack of clients in Whitechapel because it's where labourers and dockers and slaughtermen and porters from across the whole East End habitually go to sex.
所以，这样的机会始终存在。
So it would always have been an opportunity.
但我们就是无法确定。
We just can't say.
但我们确实知道，到8月30日，她不知怎的已经赚到了足够的钱，买了一顶新帽子——那顶用黑色稻草制成、饰以黑色天鹅绒的帽子，正如验尸官所描述的那样。
But we certainly know that by the August 30, she had somehow made enough money to buy her new bonnet, you know, the one that fashioned out of black straw and trimmed with black velvet that was described by the coroner.
而且那天晚上，她还在砖巷和特尔街拐角处那家臭名昭著的酒吧‘煎锅’里喝得酩酊大醉。
And she'd also had enough money to get incredibly drunk that evening in the frying pan, which was a notorious pub on the corner of Brick Lane and Thrall Street.
如果你去那里，现在那里是一家中餐馆，但餐馆上方仍挂着‘煎锅’的标志。
And if you go there, you can still it's a Chinese restaurant now, but the image of the frying pan is up there above above the Chinese restaurant.
于是，她在午夜过后不久离开酒吧，又身无分文了。
And so she leaves the pub about half past midnight and she's skint again.
于是她去了威尔莫特的寄宿屋，想找个床位，却被拒之门外。
And so she goes to Wilmot's lodging house to try and get a bed there and she's turned away.
她对看门人说：我很快就能拿到我的 DOS 工资了。
And she tells the doorkeeper, I'll soon get my DOS money.
看看我这顶多漂亮的帽子。
See what a jolly bonnet I've got now.
然后她又走了出去，显然她设法弄到了一些钱，听众们可以自行想象她是如何做到的。
And she goes back out, and clearly she does manage somehow to get some money and listeners can, you know, make up their own mind about how she does that.
但她没有用这笔钱住店。
But she doesn't spend it on a bed.
相反，她又回到了煎锅酒馆，喝得更醉了。
Instead, she goes back to the frying pan and gets even more drunk.
她在凌晨两点二十九分左右离开了煎锅酒馆。
And she leaves the frying pan shortly before 02:30 a.
M。
M.
她向南前往白教堂路。
And she heads southwards towards Whitechapel Road.
在白教堂路的拐角处，她遇到了艾伦·霍兰德，艾伦·霍兰德记得她当时摇摇晃晃，醉得厉害，当艾伦拦住她时，波莉瘫靠在墙上，艾伦试图劝她一起回威尔莫特家。
And on the corner of Whitechapel Road, she runs into Ellen Holland and Ellen Holland remembers that she was, you know, she was staggering, that she was so drunk that when Ellen stopped her, Polly slumped against the wall and Ellen tried to persuade her to come with her back to Wilmot's.
但波莉说，我不能，因为我没钱。
But Polly said, you know, I can't because I don't have the money.
所以我得去弄点钱。
So I need to go and get money.
我一天三次拿到住宿费，都花光了。
I've had my lodging money three times a day and I've spent it.
用不了多久我就会回来的。
It won't be long before I'll be back.
于是艾伦向波莉道了晚安。
And so Ellen says goodnight to Polly.
她知道当时是凌晨两点三十分，因为马路对面有一座教堂，她听到了钟声敲响。
She knows it's 02:30 because there's a church on the other side of the road and she hears the chimes striking.
埃伦看着波莉摇摇晃晃地沿着白教堂路向东走去，方向是巴克街。
And Ellen watches Polly staggering eastwards along Whitechapel Road, which is in the direction of Buck's Row.
埃伦·霍兰是最后一位见到活着的波莉的目击者，但当然不是最后见到她的人。
And Ellen Holland is the last witness to have seen Polly alive, but not, of course, the last person to have seen her alive.
至于那个人——凶手——如何在她与埃伦分别约半小时后，出现在巴克街的院门旁，我们不得而知。
And how that person, the murderer, came to be with her perhaps half an hour after she'd parted from Ellen, beside the yard crossing on Bucks Row, we don't know.
因此，有各种推测。
So there are various suggestions.
五人组中哈莉的推测是，波莉找到了一个黑暗的角落，蜷缩在那里睡着了，而他趁她熟睡时杀了她。
Hallie's suggestion in the five is that Polly had found a kind of dark corner and had curled up there and had gone to sleep and he killed her while she was sleeping.
我认为普遍的共识是，她需要酒钱，于是去了那里卖身，以赚取回特里尔街与埃伦同床的钱。
I would say the kind of the broad consensus is that she needed her DOS money and she had gone there to have sex, to earn the money that would enable her to join Ellen in the bed back in in on Thrill Street.
或者，也许两者都不是。
Or maybe maybe it was neither of those.
也许只是单纯的趁机行事。
Maybe it was just opportunism.
也许她只是在错误的时间出现在了错误的地点，你知道的，一个醉醺醺、毫无防备的女性。
Maybe she was just in the wrong place at the wrong time, you know, a drunk, defenseless woman.
我们永远无法确定。
We will never know for sure.
但是，多米尼克，有一件事我们可以肯定，那就是在1888年8月31日凌晨3点15分与波莉·尼科尔斯相遇的那名杀人狂魔，他的恐怖统治才刚刚开始。
But, Dominic, there is one thing we can be certain of, and that is that the the murderous predator who Polly Nichols had met with around 03:15AM on the 08/31/1888, that his reign of terror had only just begun.
天哪。
Crikey.
汤姆，这个结尾真是令人不寒而栗。
A chilling cliffhanger to end on there, Tom.
所以下次，我们将回到对波莉·尼科尔斯谋杀案的调查，以及这条可怕链条中的下一个环节。
So next time, we'll be back with the investigation of the murder of Polly Nichols and the next link in this terrible chain.
汤姆，非常感谢你。
Tom, thank you very much.
再见。
Bye bye.
再见。
Bye bye.
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