古希腊——《极简导论》播客——第一集

大家好，欢迎来到这个简短的介绍。从古希腊到品牌塑造，从全球化到荷马史诗，从逻辑学到时尚，我们将以简洁生动的方式展示一系列多元主题，满足你的好奇心。那么，以下是今天的简短介绍。

Hi, and welcome to a very short introduction. From ancient Greece to branding, globalization to Homer, and logic to fashion, we'll showcase a concise and dynamic insight into a range of diverse topics for wherever your curiosity may lead you. So here is today's very short introduction.

你好。我是保罗·卡特利奇，现任剑桥大学克莱尔学院AG列文迪斯高级研究员，此前曾任剑桥大学希腊文化AG列文迪斯教授。我曾写过一本名为《古希腊：简明导论》的书，属于该系列之一。这本书比系列中的常规篇幅略长，因为它最初是以精装本出版的，所以我被允许多写了一些内容。

Hello. I'm Paul Cartledge. I'm AG Levendes senior research fellow at Clare College Cambridge, and previously I was the AG Levendes professor of Greek culture in Cambridge University. So I have written it's now some while ago, and it's, one of the series called Ancient Greece, a very short introduction. Slightly longer than the normal book in this series because it was originally published unusually as a hardback, so I was allowed just a few more words.

‘古希腊’这个标题在某种程度上显而易见，但另一方面又存在问题。我有时半开玩笑地说，根本不存在‘古希腊’这种东西。我的意思是，它并非一个统一的实体。如今我们说希腊，想到的是希腊这个国家，它有边界，是一个政治单位。而在古希腊，并不存在这样一个单一的政治实体，事实上我们估计有大约1000个分散的古希腊社区。

The title ancient Greece is, in a way, an obvious one, but on the other hand, it's problematic. And I sometimes, partly as a joke, say there was no such thing as ancient Greece. And by that, I mean that there was no one thing. In other words, today we say Greece and we think of the state of Greece, and it has boundaries and it's a political unit, an entity. Whereas in ancient Greece, there was no such single political entity, and in fact, there were about, we estimate, 1,000 separate ancient Greek communities scattered.

柏拉图形容得很贴切，就像池塘边的青蛙和蚂蚁一样散布在地中海周边。后来亚历山大大帝征服了远至现今印度、巴基斯坦、阿富汗的波斯帝国，希腊的疆域也随之向东延伸。因此，这与我们熟悉的政治实体截然不同。但‘古希腊’不存在的另一个原因是，‘Greece’这个英语词汇源自拉丁语，而希腊人从不集体自称希腊人——他们自称为‘Hellenes’（赫伦人）。

Plato says it rather well, like frogs and ants around the pond scattered all around, in other words, the Mediterranean and all around the Sea. And then when Alexander the Great takes on the Persian Empire, which extended as far as what's now India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, then Greece extended as far east as that. So, it's a very, very different sort of entity from anything we're used to in political terms. But there's another reason why there was no such thing as ancient Greece, because Greece, our English term, is derived from Latin, and the Greeks never called themselves collectively. There were some people called, but they were very minor.

希腊人过去和现在都自称赫伦人（Hellenes）。当他们集体自认时，认为自己是‘赫拉斯’（Hellas）。如果把所有希腊社区——希腊大陆、爱琴海核心地带，以及向西延伸至今日马赛（古称马萨利亚）、向东延伸至今日格鲁吉亚的法西斯——全部加起来，就构成了赫拉斯。但赫拉斯是一个文化概念，只要说希腊语、有希腊血统和希腊意识形态（即认同这个源于神与英雄的超级家族），就属于赫拉斯。

Greeks were Hellenes, Hellenes today, and they've always been Hellenes. And so what they thought of themselves as when they did think of themselves collectively was as Hellas. So if you add together all the Greek communities, Mainland Greece, the Aegean heartland, and then spreading out around the Mediterranean as far West as Marseille today, Massalia, and as far East as Fasces, which is in what's today Georgia. If you add them all together, you get helas, but helas is a cultural concept. So anyone who speaks Greek, who has Greek ancestors and a Greek ideology, the the sense of belonging to a kind of super family, ultimately descended from gods and heroes, then that is helas.

他们共享语言和习俗，以此区别于其他人群。其他人群被他们称为‘野蛮人’（barbarians），最初这只是描述性词汇（模仿听不懂的语言‘吧啦吧啦’），后来逐渐带有‘粗野’‘未开化’的贬义。希腊人由此形成了一种团结意识，但也滋生了优越感——这种可能不太令人愉快的倾向，我们或可称之为‘种族中心主义’，甚至有人认为是某种种族主义。

And you share both language and customs, and that differentiates you from everybody else. And everybody else are what they call barbarians, originally just a descriptive term, bar bar bar bar, unintelligible language. But then coming to mean barbarous, barbaric, so Greeks developed a sense of solidarity, but also superiority, not necessarily so pleasant. And we might call it ethnocentricity. Some people would even say it's a kind of racism.

但无论如何，这就是我的主题概览。那么我是如何着手处理如此宏大的主题呢？时间跨度上约一千年，地理范围则如前述般广阔。

But, anyway, that was what my general topic was. So how did I set about tackling such a huge subject? In terms of time? We're talking about a thousand odd years. And in terms of space, as I've already described.

我的方法是精选11座城市（借用板球队的概念，这很英国化），这些城市能概括希腊文明在那千年间的演变，并体现其精髓——即我认为希腊人最重要的贡献及其自身成就。我最喜爱的作家希罗多德（他是我的文化始祖）在记录公元前五世纪初希波战争的史书中，曾借雅典人之口道出赫拉斯与希腊精神的本质。

Well, what I did was I selected just, well, in fact, cricket team. That's a very English kind of concept, but 11, not 12, not 10 cities, which would in some sense encapsulate the development of Hellenism over that thousand year period, and also capture the salient features, I. E. What I thought was most important about what the Greeks had to offer us and what indeed they achieved for themselves. So one of my favorite authors, in fact, he's my particular favorite because he is my ultimate cultural ancestor, Herodotus, wrote a history of the Greco Persian Wars, which culminated at the beginning of the fifth century BC BCE, before Christ or before the common era.

这很难得，因为希腊人通常更热衷于彼此争斗而非联合对抗外敌。那么这些非凡成就是什么？选择很困难，因为成就太多。你或许会问：为什么我们仍要了解古希腊？这主要归功于罗马人——他们视希腊人为文化祖先（非政治典范），学习其文学、哲学、修辞的范式。这些希腊词源的词汇通过罗马人、拜占庭人、文艺复兴和启蒙运动传承至今。

And at one point in his work, he makes one of his characters, the Athenians, in fact, utter a kind of statement of what Hellas, what Hellenism was. And so in that sense, he captures just a moment of what it was, a rare one because normally Greeks fought each other more than they fought against a common foreign enemy. They fought amongst themselves Greek against Greek. So what were these extraordinary achievements? It's very difficult to be selective because there were so many, and, you might perhaps be wondering why do we still know anything about the Greeks, or why do we care about the ancient Greeks at all?

正是通过罗马人（他们认定希腊人是文化祖先）、拜占庭人、文艺复兴和启蒙运动的传承，我们才得以了解古希腊的遗产。许多相关词汇的词源都来自希腊语。

Well, it's actually largely due to the Romans. The Romans decided that the Greeks were their cultural ancestors, not their political models, but their cultural ancestors. What it was to do literature properly, to do philosophy, to do rhetoric. And, of course, many of these words you'll notice are of Greek etymology. So it's through the Romans, then the Byzantines, and then ultimately the Renaissance, the Enlightenment to us that we have what we know about ancient Greece.

那么让我挑选几个方面来说。其一，政治。民主（democracy）这个词是公元前五世纪古希腊人发明的，很可能是在雅典，雅典人无疑是先驱者。他们创造了民主的最初版本，随后又发展出多种形式，接下来的故事，正如人们所说，就是历史了。

So let me just select a couple of aspects. One, politics. Well, democracy, Greek word invented in the fifth century BC, BCE, probably at Athens, and certainly the Athenians were pioneers. They had the first version of it. They then developed more than one version, and, well, the rest, as they say, it's history.

当然，我们的民主与古希腊人所理解的民主截然不同，但这个词却沿用至今。作为历史学家，我感兴趣的部分原因在于：为何在古希腊与现代世界之间，乃至雅典与古希腊米利都等城邦之间——这些地方虽都有民主但形态各异——人们仍使用同一个词汇来指代本质不同的事物。其二，文学。这个词虽源自拉丁语，但被我们称为西方文学源头的，无疑是希腊人（尽管我们无从知晓具体是谁）。

Our democracy is, of course, very, very different from anything that they understood by democracy, but the word is the same. And so part of my interest as a historian is why is that word used when actually the thing democracy very different as between both ancient Greece and the modern world and between, let's say, Athens and, let's say, Miletus in ancient Greece. Other Greek cities had democracy but of different kind. Secondly, literature. Well, that's of course a Roman, a Latin derived word, but the very fountain origin, the founder of Western, as we call it, literature is of course a Greek, though we don't know who he or they actually were.

这颇具讽刺意味。但荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》确实是整个西方文学的源头——这两部近三万字的宏大史诗讲述着精彩绝伦的故事，最初纯粹以口头传诵，后来用新创的希腊字母记录下来。

It's one of the ironies. But Homer is the fountain origin of all Western literature, the Iliad, the Odyssey. Massive epics, nearly 30,000 words. Fantastic stories, brilliantly told. Originally purely oral, then written down in the new Greek alphabet.

这正体现了古希腊令我着迷的特点：他们开拓创新，但若没有巴比伦人、腓尼基人等非希腊裔——尤其是东方民族——的贡献（他们毫不客气地借鉴后又重塑），这一切都不可能实现。比如字母表就是典型例证。

And this is one of the interesting features to me about ancient Greece. Yes. They developed. They pioneered, but they couldn't have done it without the Babylonians, the Phoenicians, all kinds of non Greek, especially oriental foreigners from whom they borrowed shamelessly, but then remade. So, for example, the alphabet.

最后谈谈哲学（philosophy）。这个词由两个希腊词组成：philein（爱）与sophia（某种智慧），据传是柏拉图所创。有句玩笑话说，整个西方哲学不过是柏拉图思想的注脚——我在牛津攻读哲学学位时，曾精读他的《理想国》。而他最著名的学生亚里士多德，其《伦理学》我也读过希腊原文。

And then I'll conclude with this, philosophy. Again, two ancient Greek words, philine to love and sophia wisdom of some sort. A word apparently coined by Plato, and Plato was once said, a bit of a joke in a way, but that all Western philosophy was merely a series of footnotes to Plato. And I did philosophy myself at Oxford, half of my degree, and I read in particular his republic. And his most famous pupil was Aristotle, and I read Aristotle's ethics both in the original.

这两人几乎穷尽了工业革命前人类所能构建的全部知识与智慧（他们根本无法想象后来的数字革命）。但就当时的技术条件而言，他们的成就已属非凡。不过必须指出，亚里士多德坚信存在天生奴性之人，认为将其合法奴役是合理的——这种如今令我们深恶痛绝的观念，恰恰反映了研究古希腊的吊诡魅力。

And those two between them pretty much mopped up knowledge, wisdom, such as it could be constituted before the huge technological developments of the industrial revolution and now the digital revolution of which they couldn't even have dreamed. But nevertheless, they were, you know, for what they could do given the technology of the day. And, of course, given the attitudes of the day, I mean, it's a very sad fact, and this is one of the ways in which I find studying the ancient Greeks so fascinating. Aristotle was a fervent believer that there really were people who were slavish by nature, and therefore actually it was good for them to be made legally slaves. Well, we are, at least I hope we, most of us, all of us find slavery, the very notion abhorrent.

古希腊人在许多方面是我们的文化祖先，但其社会形态与我们差异巨大。除了奴隶制，另一重大缺陷（或者说古希腊的阴暗面）是他们对待女性的态度——他们认为女性天生低男性一等，因而普遍将女性排除在公共政治领域之外。

Once upon a time, it was taken for granted. Aristotle took it for granted, but he had also to argue for it, and he put forward extremely bad arguments. So the ancient Greeks are, in many ways, our cultural ancestors. Their society, in many ways, is very, very different. Apart from the attitudes to slavery, the other major fault line, the dark side of ancient Greece, if you like, is their attitude to women, whom they believed were by nature, by definition, inferior to all men and whom they therefore by and large excluded from any kind of public political role.

鉴于公共政治对古希腊男性的重要性，这种排斥影响深远。以上便是我对古希腊最着迷之处，也是我著作的框架——从克里特岛的克诺索斯城开始，到拜占庭城（后成为君士坦丁堡，今伊斯坦布尔）结束，这座城恰如连接古代、中世纪与现代的纽带。至于我如何对这个看似深奥的领域产生兴趣？

And since politics, the public sphere, was so important to Greek men, that was a very major exclusion. So that just about wraps up, I think, what I found most interesting about the ancient Greeks and how I constructed my my book starting with, the city of Knossos in Crete and ending with the city of Byzantion, which then became Constantinople and then became and is today Istanbul. And so that served me as a kind of link between the ancient and the medieval world and the modern world. How did I myself get interested in this? You might think rather sort of rarefied and abstruse sphere.

这要追溯到我八岁那年——人生中罕见的决定性时刻。不知何故，我得到了一本荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的合辑（当然不是希腊原文，每部史诗原有24卷），那是名为《讲给孩子们听》的简写版，由著名荷马译者安德鲁·兰的女儿珍妮·兰改编。

I can actually trace it. It's one of those rare cases where one looks back and one knows that there was a particular turning point, a moment in one's life that was determinative. And it was when I was eight years old, and I don't know why or how, but at any rate, I was given or I got hold of a copy of the two epics of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. But, of course, I didn't read them in Greek nor did I read them complete. There are 24 books of each of them.

虽然两部长诗包含无数故事，但八岁的我唯独被其中一个情节吸引（说到这里就不得不提这个优质版本的血统——改编者珍妮·兰的父亲正是大名鼎鼎的荷马史诗译者安德鲁·兰）。

But I read a prose, very much stripped down version, and it was specifically called told to the children. That was the series in which, these two great works were included. And the the author, the person who did the slimming and stripping down was called Jeanie Lang, who happened to be the daughter of a very famous translator of Homer called Andrew Lang. So it's a really good pedigree. There are many, many, of course, stories in both those two epics, but the one that caught my attention, I was only eight.

我们回到1955年，那是奥德修斯在特洛伊战争后历经近十年漂泊归来的年代。他曾为夺回海伦而战，并策划了木马计。奥德修斯是个极其聪慧之人，但也犯过错误，并因此树敌——海神波塞冬。最终他回到了故乡伊萨卡岛，这个位于希腊大陆最西端的王国。在守护女神雅典娜的帮助下，他伪装成乞丐归来。正是以这副模样，他遇见了自己的奴隶——一个牧羊人和养猪人。

We're in 1955, was when Odysseus, having traveled for nearly ten years to get back from Troy where he'd been fighting Trojan war to rescue Helen and had devised the wooden horse strategy. Mean, Odysseus is a very smart guy, but he also made some mistakes, and he acquired some very powerful enemies, the god Poseidon. Anyway, he finally did get back to his native, his home island kingdom. He was a king of Ithaca in the Far West of Mainland Greece, and he was helped to do this, to get back by his patron goddess Athena, who disguised him as a beggar. And so as a beggar, he meets his own his own slave, a shepherd and swineherd.

他遇见了昔日的仆从，但对方已认不出他。在这些仆人眼中，他只是个乞丐。他请求道：请带我去宫殿吧，我想看看那里发生了什么。

He meets his own former staff, as it were. They don't know who he is. To them, he's a beggar. And he asked them, please take me to the palace. I'd like to see what's going on there.

在宫殿后门外，他看见一条老态龙钟的狗，满身虱子跳蚤，骨瘦如柴，显然已到生命尽头。他询问两个仆人：这是谁的狗？它看起来曾威风凛凛。仆人们便动情讲述阿尔戈斯昔日的辉煌——它曾是主人最心爱的猎犬。他们说：您知道吗？就是我们的国王奥德修斯大人，但他离开后再无音讯。听到这里，奥德修斯落下一滴泪。

And outside the back door of the palace, he sees a dog, a very, very old dog, tick ridden, flea ridden, neglected, scrawny, and really at the end of his life as a matter of fact. And he asks his two servants, who is this dog? He looks as if once perhaps he was quite something, and the servants give a great tale about what a wonderful dog Argos had been, and he was actually the favorite hunting dog of his master. You know, Odysseus, his master, the man who was king here, but he's gone away and we we don't know what's happened to him. And Odysseus sheds a tear.

当他转身离去时，阿尔戈斯再也支撑不住，咽下了最后一口气。当年八岁的我读到这里，突然崩溃大哭，整整哭了半小时。但我如此痴迷这些故事，痴迷关于古希腊的传说，具体缘由我也说不清。

And then as he moves away, Argos, it's too much for him. He he dies. And I was eight, I was reading this, just broke down in tears and wept for about half an hour. But I so loved the stories, the tales, the thought of ancient Greece. I don't know.

正是这段经历指引了我的人生道路。若您一直聆听至此，我衷心感谢。

That's what set me off on my path. So if you have been listening, thank you very much indeed.